Ancient greek
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Greek Philosophy natural philosopher Nothing comes from nothing Everything was made up of some fundamental substance [email protected] 1
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Transcript of Ancient greek
Greek Philosophy
natural philosopherNothing comes from nothing
Everything was made up of some fundamental substance
Historical period
Mycenaean civilisation 1580-1120 BCMinoan civilization 3000-1000 BCAncient philosophy (585B.C-529A.D)Pre-Socratic ( 585-400 BC)Southern Italy and Sicily Greek Empire (300-100 BC)Roman Empire (100 BC to 400 AD)Renaissance (1450-1600 AD) dark ages
The Big Questions
From where does everything come? From what is everything created? How do we explain the things found in nature? How might we describe nature systematically? What is the ultimate explanation of cosmos and world? The Questions mainly concerned on one and multiplicity Reality and appearance Being and non-being
The ancient Greek ThinkersA. Thales AnaximenesAnaximanderPythagorasBAnaxagoras ParmenidesHeraclitusCEmpedoclesDemocritus DProtagoras
Earliest first known philosopherPrimarily he wanted to know what was the principle behind nature. What was it made of and how was it made.Believed that the universe was controlled by fixed lawsAll things are made up of water.The earth floats on water.All life originated from the hydro and turn into water again.He measured the height of pyramid by shadow.Introduced deductive science, by means of logic.First attempt to explain the universe on scientific principles.
Thales of Miletus636-546 B.C.
He made first map of the world. Worlds are made up of apeiron, a boundless place
where things are evolved and dissolved. Aperion is neither hot or cold,nor wet or dry,it is
neutral. All creation of life is because of some change in
nature. Idea of inherent quality arise.Changes of quantity
into quality.
Anaximander 610-546 B.C.
The earth does not move in cylindrical shape.The earth was motionless and moved by opposite forces.Sea is the begetter of winds. Everything is air Air is in constant motion in the method of :ocondensation – increase in density (turns into earth).orarefaction – decrease in density (clouds & fire).The earth is on air surrounded by celestial bodies.
Anaximenes 570-526 B.C.
All things are number in ratio and proportions. The universe could only be understood through numbers. Number 1 is point,2 is line 3 is surface & 4 is solid. Line is infinite divisible so space is in infinite Things are in opposites odd and even ,plus and minus. Established deductive reasoning with axiom 2 + 2 = 4. Famous for the Pythagorean Theorem: a2 + b2 = c2
discovered music is governed with the principle of math.
Pythagoras582-500 B.C.
Heraclitus 540-480B.C
Everything is flux , a change of nature. There is no being just becoming. We cannot step twice into the same river. Our sense perception are reliable source. The nature force is fire. The world is characterized by two opposites. Teach “unity of opposites” dark and light are
the form of temperature. The road up and down are the one and same.
Nature is constant which is one . Change in nature are delusion. Reality is single. Change become something,something become
nothing. Something exist it is said it cannot exist (it is not) Multiplicity occur due to our senses that gives illusion. What is, is; what is not, is not. Change requires motion. Motion requires empty space. Empty space is not. Therefore, Nothing ever changes or can change.
Parmenides540-480 B.C
He was the father of inorganic chemistry He believed that both Parmenides and Heraclitus are right Nothing changes means water could not be destroyed. Nature changes means we believe what we see First to suggest all four root of nature Air-water-earth-fire Two opposites nature force to unite : love and strife Love attract and hate separate these 4 elements. Perception is affected by imbalance of these four
elements. Eye consists of all these four element to see. Thought is physical,man is upset by changes in 4
elements.
Empedocles 490-430 B.C.
Motion and changes are possible. There are no basic 4 elements ,they are unlimited . Nous ,mind (intellect) is a force which is infinite. Mind is immaterial that animates all living thing. The world is built of seeds that is indivisible Mind is there where everything else is others. a skin cell contain nucleus reveal hair,body i-eDNA
Anaxagoras 500-428 B.C
On his concept, the atomic theory was developed. the universe came in atom that are indivisible
particles. Atom has size ,shape ,motion,color and heat. Nothing beyond the natural order. There is Only two things, atoms and empty space. The atoms move is space which is uncountable. Man is the micro organism of the universe.
Democritus460?- 360 B.C
Man is the measures of all things of what are that(how?)they are ,of what are not that (how?)they are not.Most famous of the Sophists who teach to elite.The sophist have encyclopedic knowledge.Teachings to equip citizens for life ie -art of rhetoricConcept of Relativism :each one has own truth.Might is right –everything is relative.Both people speak truth at same time.We communicate in symbols & no one symbolize same.
Protagoras485 - 410 B.C.
The Sophists
• Democracy and the need for public speakers.• Relativism.• “A human being is the measure of all things – of things
that are, that they are, and of things that are not, that they are not.”
• There are two opposing arguments concerning everything.”
• “To make the weaker argument the stronger.”
Thales “All is water” Anaximander “All is boundless” Anaximenes “All is air” Parmenides “All is permanent” Heraclitus “All is change” Empedocles “All are air ,water, fire and earth. Pythagoras “All are numbers”
Natural philosophy
Study text onancient philosophy
History of western philosophy By Bertrand Russell An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy by A. H. Armstrong A History of Philosophy by Frederick Copleston
