ANCIENT GREECE ANCIENT GREECE

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

–In what ways did In what ways did geography and geography and climate shape climate shape

Greek life?Greek life?

ANCIENT GREECEUNIT 2 – Early Civilizations

• PRE TEST:

1. Among the greatest gifts to western culture from ancient Greece were:a. Latin, republican governments, and artb. Democracy, philosophy, and engineeringc. Hieroglyphics, pyramids, and mummificationd. Arena sports, Christianity, and republican

government

ANCIENT GREECE

2. In order to vote in Athens and Rome, a person had to be: born of citizen parents, 18 years of age, and;

a. In the militaryb. Marriedc. A high school graduated. A male

ANCIENT GREECEANCIENT GREECE

•Greece was not a united Greece was not a united countrycountry. . •ItIt was a collection of was a collection of separate lands where separate lands where Greek speaking people Greek speaking people lived. lived.

Geography

• The Sea• The Land

Ancient Greece 750 B.C.

City- States• A city-

state or a polis is a city and its surrounding countryside.

• An acropolis – a high city, a meeting place on top of a hill

Acropolis – a city on a hill

City-States

• Geography plays a huge role in the formation of city-states

• Mountains divided the lands into many different regions (naturally separated)

• Growth of city-states with many different forms of government- monarchy, aristocracy, oligarchy, democracy

Forms of Government

– Please open your textbooks to 128 and define the following forms of government in your notes:

– Monarchy– Aristocracy– Oligarchy– Direct Democracy

City-States

• Two examples of how different city-states were are:

– Athens – Sparta

Athens• Democracy- After many reforms

(changes) Athenians moved towards a rule by the people considered a limited democracy – Participation based on citizenship.

When the people rule…

• New rules started emerging…– No citizen shall own another

citizen (slavery)– Any citizen could charge another

citizen with wrongdoings– All citizens could submit laws

for debate– Only citizens could vote.

What is a citizen?

• In Athens, a citizen had to be1. Free2. Male3. Own property4. Born in Athens

– So, women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship and had few rights.

Discussion Question…• How is Athenian Government different from

modern American Democracy??

VS.Answer:

• In Athens: participation in politics is limited to adult male property owners.

• In the U.S. it is open to all . In the U.S. elected representatives, not citizens, govern.

Education in Athens (boys)

• Sons of wealthy families received formal education

• Schooling prepared boys to be good citizens

• Studied reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, and music

• Received training in logic and public speaking– (to be good debaters in politics)

• When boys got older they went to military school to prepare them to defend Athens

Education in Athens (girls)

• Girls were educated at home

• Learned about child-rearing, weaving, preparing meals, managing the household, and how to be good wives and mothers– Few women were able to read

and write

Athens and Pericles461-429 B.C.

• Pericles is a statesman that led Athens

• He was a politician, speaker, and general

Pericles’ Three Goals

1. Strengthen democracy – Increased number of public

officials to include rich or poor, to serve if elected

– This made Athens one of the most democratic governments in history

– Direct democracy: citizens rule directly instead of through representative

Pericles’ Three Goals

2. Hold and strengthen empire– Strengthen army

3. Glorify Athens– Beautify city: art,

architecture

SPARTA• Military State

(unlike Athens, which had a – Democracy

• Spartans were warriors, raised to protect themselves and their country

Spartan Government

• Government divided into branches1. Assembly

• Spartan citizens (males) and elected officials

2. Council of Elders• 30 older citizens- proposed laws

3. Five elected officials- carried out laws

4. Two kings - ruled over the military

• Combination of monarchy, oligarchy, and democracy

Spartan Citizens

• Social Order of Citizenship:– 1st- people who are related to

original inhabitants• Ruling families who owned land

– 2nd- non citizens• Were free, worked in commerce

and industry– 3rd- Helots – a littler better than

slaves• Worked in fields, as house

servants

Spartan Education - boys• Goal- to create a strong

warrior• Children are beaten and

whipped to make them tough– They were not allowed to cry

out in pain

• Given very little food– Encouraged to steal food

Spartan Education

• Some grew up to be warriors• Others became secret police.

– They would spy on people like slaves

• As adults, men did not live with their families– They lived with other soldiers

Sparta Education- girls

• Spartan women had more freedom than any other Greek city state

• Educated to be fighters

• Some became warriors

• Life purpose was to serve the military

– “Come back with your shield or on it.”

•Spartans only focused on the military

–So they did not value art or literature

Greek Culture And Art

ART• Greek art – sculptures,

architecture, and pottery• Drama & Poetry– invented

drama– Expression of Pride– Tribute to the Gods

Architecture & Sculpture

• Sculptures reflect ideal beauty and reality

Winged-Victory – Goddess of Nike

Discobolos – The Disc Thrower

Venus de Milo

Philosophy- “Lovers of Wisdom”

• Believe that the universe is put together in an orderly way

• People can understand this through logic and reason

Socrates• The Unexamined Life is Not Worth

Living• “Question yourself and your moral

character”• “What is the right thing to do?”• Questions people about life

• “Be as you wish to seem.”• “It is not living that matters, but living

rightly.”

Platostudent of Socrates

• In a perfect society all citizens would either be – Farmers and artisans– Warriors– Ruling class

• Those who rule should have great insight and intellect

Plato

• “If a man neglects education, he walks lame to the end of his life.”

• “Only the dead have seen the end of the war.”

• “Opinion is the medium between knowledge and ignorance”

Aristotlestudent of Plato

• Began the use of the scientific method we use today

• Questioned nature of the world, human belief, thought

• “All human actions have one or more of these seven causes: chance, nature, compulsions, habit, reason, passion, desire.”

• “Good habits formed at youth make all the difference.”

Science and Technology• Astronomy

– Studied the planets and stars– Circumference of the earth– Size of the sun– Hypothesis about the earth

being the center of the universe

• New Technology included lever, pulleys and pumps