ANCIENT EGYPT Herodotus “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

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ANCIENT EGYPT Herodot us “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

Transcript of ANCIENT EGYPT Herodotus “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

Page 1: ANCIENT EGYPT Herodotus “Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

ANCIENT EGYPT

ANCIENT EGYPT

Herodotus“Egypt is the gift of the Nile”

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ONLY “WONDER OF ANCIENT WORLD” THAT STILL EXISTS

•+100 STILL EXIST•WEST SIDE OF NILE

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Step Pyramid “staircase to the stars”

Step Pyramid “staircase to the stars”

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Red Pyramid

Red Pyramid

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“Bent” Pyramid“Bent” Pyramid

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481’ high2.3 million stones

Avg. weight of a stone - 2.5 tons20-30 years to build

GIZA “Great” Pyramid

GIZA “Great” Pyramid

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The Valley of the Kings

+60 buried

The Valley of the Kings

+60 buried

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VALLEY of the QUEENSVALLEY of the QUEENS

Temple of Queen

Hatshepsut

Temple of Queen

Hatshepsut

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EGYPTIAN RELIGIONoPolytheism

oPharaohs = god• took form of “Horus” [“protector of Egypt”] when ruling

son of “Re” (Sun god)• took form of “Osiris” at death (“god of underworld”)

oat death, life weighed against “Feather of MAAT”MAAT – truth, justice, order, right living

provided “moral” baseo”KA” = “Eternal Spirit”Believed to continue ruling Egypt in afterlife“Ka” needed the physical body to survive in afterlifeMummies

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MUMMIes•Anubis – god of embalming•removed all organs (Canopic Jars), except the heart•Felt heart controlled wisdom, knowledge, emotions (“CPU”)

--Why would Egyptians feel it was the heart and not the brain?

•70 days•“Hired Mourners”•“Opening of the Mouth” Cermonypriest touched mouth which restored the senses

beginning of “Journey to the Afterlife”

The heart beat differently when

emotions/thoughts changed

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Egyptian Mummies

Seti I1291-1278 BC

Seti I1291-1278 BC Queen Tiye,

wife of Amenhotep II

1210-1200 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of

Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

Ramses II1279-1212 B.

C. E.

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Preparation for

the Afterlife

Preparation for

the Afterlife

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Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants

in the Afterlife

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EGYPTIAN UNDERWORLD

•“Heart of the Two Truths”Anubis weighed the heart (body’s dvd

recorder) against “feather of MAAT”Scarab beetle placed on heart to prevent it

from testifying against the person Chapter 30 from the Book of the Dead: “O my heart which I had upon earth, do not

rise up against me as a witness in the presence of the lord of things; do not speak against me concerning what I have done, do not bring up anything against me in the presence of the great god of the west...“

-if judged as sinner = “Devourer of Souls”•“Ankh”

sign of life

•“Book of the Dead””passport” through dangers of underworld”Solar Bark”

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Menes: United EgyptMenes: United Egypt 3050 BC

3050 BC

BEGINNING OF FIRST DYNASTY

THEOCRACY

PHARAOH = GODResponsible for well-being

of Egypt

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OLD KINGDOM “Pyramid Age”

Time: 2650 BC – 2150 BC # of dynasties 4

Accomplishments: Pyramid buildingStrong Central GovernmentStrong EconomyStronger ArtsMost peaceful time period

Egyptian history divided into 3 time periods:

Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

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1st ILLNESSTime: 2150 BC – 2040 BC # of dynasties: 4

Reason for collapse of Old Kingdom:1)Poor flooding of the Nile RiverPharaoh could not improvePower of pharaoh decreasedPower of Nomarchs increased

powerful nobles

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Time: 2040 BC – 1640 BC # of dynasties: 3

Accomplishments: Pharaohs power -weakened nomarchs

Nile flooded betterRe-United Egypt

-Mentuhotep II (2nd founder)

Building CampaignStronger EconomyCommoners had afterlife

MIDDLE KINGDOM

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Time: 1640 BC – 1550 BC # of dynasties: 4Reason for fall of Middle Kingdom:1)Invasion by Hyksos

allowed Pharaohs to continue rulingmore concerned with “Tribute”

a)bronzeb)war from chariotsc)better bow/arrowd)new spinning/weavinge)Nationalism

2nd ILLNESS

These helped strengthen and

“modernize” Ancient Egypt

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Time: 1550 BC – 1070 BC # of dynasties: 12

Accomplishments: 1)King Ahmose kicked Hyksos out of Egypt2)Re-United Egypt3)Very militaristic4)Empire building5)Extreme wealth/prosperity6)Massive building campaign7)Pharaohs tombs placed in “Valley of the Kings”

NEW KINGDOM

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Thutmose I -- 1520 BC – 1492 BCexpanded Egyptian borders”Hammer of the Nubians”

hung the Nubian king from prow of his ship

1st to have tomb in “Valley of the Kings”

Queen Hatshepsut – 1518 BC – 1484 BCfemale pharaoh (Sobeknefru – 1st)dressed like a man – wore beardincreased trade/economyavoided wartremendous building program

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS

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Thutmose III – 1479 BC – 1425 BC”Napoleon of Egypt”Egyptian Empire reached its largestpierced ears

Akhenaton – 1352 BC – 1334 BC”Heretic King” – changed religion to monotheism

Aton was only godlooked like a femaleeverything associated with Akhenaton was destroyed after his death

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS

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Tutankamen (King Tut) – 1333 BC – 1325 BC”Boy King” (age 9)Re-established polytheism1922 – Howard Carter found his tomb

Valley of the Kings”Curse of King Tut”

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS

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“King Tut”

“King Tut”

Solid Gold2500 lbs

$13 million

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Ramses II (“the Great) – 1279 BC – 1213 BCruled 67 years150 - 160 childrentremendous builder (Abu Simbel)consumed with his “legacy” (Master of Political Spin)-Battle of Kadesh (political spin)>v. Hittites (iron / 3 man chariots)>Official version – TIE>Ramses version – RAMSES WON-had monuments built inscribed with him winning-no contrary sourcesafter death, gradual decline of New Kingdom

overextended, revolts, immorality/corruption

“NEW KINGDOM” PHARAOHS

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EGYPTIAN ACHIEVEMENTS

Medicine – Mummification

Irrigation

Calendar

Astrology – est. a form of “Poor Man’s Almanac”

Pyramids (Mathematics)

Hieroglyphics (wrote on Papyrus)

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Hieroglyphics “Alphabet”Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic

symbols

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Jean Francois

Champollion

Rosetta Stone

Jean Francois

Champollion

Rosetta Stone

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Egyptian MathEgyptian Math

1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000

What number is this?

What number is this?

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EGYPTIAN SOCIETYLIFE EXPECTANCY >age 30

>living past 40 was rewarded by government

MARRIAGE >similar to our concept of marriage>kids died w/in 1st year (IMR = 60-70%)>children seen as a blessing if lived past 1 yr

EDUCATION >boys from wealthy families from ages 12-16>poor families followed job of dad>girls focused on home/family

BEAUTY >loved the body>facial hair = unclean>”perfume cones”

FOOD >fish, beer, bread, honey, peas, beans, onions, lettuce/cabbage, turnips, figs, grapes>little/to no beef – geography made it difficult