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Ancient Africa 1500 B.C. – 1500 A.D.. Georgia State Standards SSWH6: The Student will describe the...
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Transcript of Ancient Africa 1500 B.C. – 1500 A.D.. Georgia State Standards SSWH6: The Student will describe the...
Ancient Africa
1500 B.C. – 1500 A.D.
Georgia State Standards SSWH6: The Student will describe the diverse characteristics
of early African societies before 1800 C.E.• Identify the Bantu migration patterns and contribution to
settled agriculture.• Describe the development and decline of the Sudanic
kingdoms (Ghana, Mali, Songhai); include the roles of Sundiata, and the pilgrimage of Mansa Musa to Mecca.
• Describe the trading networks by examining trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, and slaves; include the Swahili trading cities.
• Analyze the process of religious syncretism as a blending of traditional African beliefs with new ideas from Islam and Christianity.
• Analyze the role of geography and the distribution of resources played in the development of trans-Saharan trading networks.
African Geography Desert
• Sahara dominates northern Africa• Kalahari largest desert in southern Africa
Savanna• Best areas for herd animals and growing of grains
Rainforest• Diverse life forms and natural resources, very difficult
to travel through or live in• Tsetse flies
Mediterranean• Small region in northern Africa that supports abundant
life
Tsetse Fly & African Sleeping Sickness
Early Sub-Saharan African Life East Africa was the beginning of human
life• “Lucy”
Nomadic herders• Masi and other groups still practice
Agriculture develops (~6,000 B.C.)• Permanent settlements develop• Animism = ?• Griots = ?
West African Iron Age• Nok Culture (Niger River Valley)
• Trade city of Djenne-Djeno• Use of Iron tools
Push-Pull Factors
Chart page 221 3 main migration factors
• Environmental
• Economic
• Political
Migration of the Bantu Peoples
Trace the Bantu Migrations on your map of Africa (page 222)
Where did they go? How did they adapt to each region?
• Slash & burn
• Raising cattle
• Adopting new crops
Why did they migrate?• Agriculture led to more land use and great population
Effects of Bantu Migration
Forced interaction between different groups (BaMbuti and San)• Some mixed, some left, some
fought Brought new technologies to
regions Brought Bantu ideas about politics
and social organization Centralized language branch
throughout the continent
Kingdom of Aksum South of Kush
• Modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea
International trade center (Adulis)
• Caravans to Egypt through Meroe
• Access to Mediterranean Sea & Indian Ocean through Red Sea
• Exported: salt, ivory, emeralds, gold
• Imported: cloth, glass, wine, iron, copper
Kingdom of Aksum (cont.) Ezana (325 – 360 A.D.)
• Expanded territory into Arabian Peninsula (modern day Yemen)
• Conquered Kush
• Converted to Christianity• Made official religion for Aksum
Decline &Isolation• Islamic invaders began to cut
into the empire and take-over trade routes
• Moved to the mountains of northern Ethiopia• Remained isolated for a few
hundred years
West African Societies
Ghana (700 – 1076 A.D.) Use of camels led to development
of the trans-Sahara trade routes Gold-Salt Trade
• Arab and Berber traders
• Gold from western Africa, salt from Sahara
Empire of Ghana developed from taxing trade routes
Ghana’s kings convert to Islam• Led to literacy (learning to read the
Qur’an) 1076 – Muslim Almoravids
conquered
Mali (1235 – 1400s) Gold deposits east of Ghana
allowed Mali empire to gain wealth and power by moving the trade routes
2 important leaders• Sundiata
• United Mali• Led to period of peace and
prosperity
• Mansa Musa (1312 – 1332)• Muslim leader• Expanded empire to twice the size
of Ghana• Hajj to Mecca in 1324-1325
exposed riches of Mali to Arab peninsula
• New trade centers develop (Timbuktu and Gao)
Songhai (1400s – 1500s) Gained control of trade routes due to
gold deposits near Niger River (Gao) 2 important leaders
• Sunni Ali• Muslim leader
• Conquered Timbuktu & Djenne
• Military hero
• Askia Muhammad• Overthrew Sunni Ali’s son
• Spread more orthodox Islam
• Efficient and fair ruler Conquered by Moroccans in 1591
(guns)
East Coast Trade Cities Islamic Influence
• New trade centers on Indian Ocean after fall of Aksum
• Spread Muslim religion along trade routes
• Slave trade Swahili language group
• Mix of Bantu & Arabic City-states
• Kilwa, Sofala, Mogadishu Great Zimbabwe (1200s – 1450)
• Shona people’s in south-eastern Africa
• Controlled trade routes
• Disappeared suddenly Portuguese Conquest (1488)