Anchoring Is Important - elearntosail.comelearntosail.com/images/pdf/ASA103_Class3.pdf · Anchoring...

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BCC Sailing Classes - Third Theory

Anchoring© eLearnToSail.com 2013

Anchoring Is Important

© eLearnToSail.com 2013

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Anchoring

• The Anchor is your last resort.– Keep off a lee shore.

– Needs to be shaped (type of anchor) to bury in the type of bottom for the area.

– Needs to be light enough to be lifted aboard.

• When on vacation, either chartering or on your own boat, you

will anchor for the evening, if the boat starts to drag, the

chances are great, you will be asleep.– Many charter companies want you to use mooring buoys, not anchors.

• Most cruising boats carry multiple anchors.– Usually different types and weights.


Chartering and Anchoring

• You will not know there is a problem until you are on the lee

shore.

• If you discover you are dragging anchor, increase scope.

• Use the dive bag trick.


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4 Prerequisites to a Good Anchorage

1. Protection from current weather, forecasted weather and traffic.

2. Room to swing (360 degrees).

3. Proper depth of water.

4. Type of bottom (sand, mud – not weeds).


General Types of Anchors

• Cement Blocks (or any kind of weight).

• Burying anchors (A, B, C, D).– Shanks and flukes bury.

• Hooking anchors (B, E).– Bite more quickly and may require less scope.


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Using A Weight As An Anchor (1)


Using A Weight As An Anchor (2)


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The Proper Anchoring Diagram



Match The Type Of Anchor To The Type Of

Bottom You Will Be Anchoring In

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Burying Anchors


Anchors With Wide Flukes Will Not Go Through Weeds


• Probably the most common anchor style.

• Holds extremely well – especially in mud or sand.

• Inexpensive.

• Many copies available.

• Most copies not worth the $.

• Does not work in weeds, grass or soft mud!

Danforth Style Anchor

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The Plow

• Bury the shank so will not foul

anchor rode.

• Point will punch through hard

ground.

• Very good anchor with a pivoting

shank.


The Bruce

• No pivot on the shank.

• Can easily get stuck around

something on the bottom.


Notice the permanent attachment for the trip line.

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A Trip LineUsed Any Time You Suspect A Problem Raising The Anchor


Mushroom Style

• Used for permanent moorings.

• Works its way deeper and deeper.


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Fisherman Style


Hooking Style Anchors

Northhill Style

• All Hooking anchors are designed to

punch through any bottom type.

• One fluke will always sit proud on the

bottom.

• If boat rotates 360 degrees, the

anchor rode could snag on the

exposed fluke.


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Navy Style

• Designed to drag.


Other Anchors

• Not recommended.


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What Is Scope

• The single most important part of anchoring.– Total length of anchor rode as a ratio to the depth of water.

– 7:1 in an area where the water depth is 10 ft. would mean you would

need 70 ft of line.

– Always calculate for what the predicted high tide will be.

– Remember to add the amount of freeboard of the vessel.

– General guidelines are;

• Lunch hook - 3:1

• Overnight - 5:1 to 7:1 (7:1 is better if you have the swing room)

– The downfall, the longer the scope, the greater the swing room

requirement.© eLearnToSail.com 2013

Scope & Swing Room

• Boat “A” can

not anchor in

this spot. If the

wind was to

shift 180°, the

boat would be

aground.


A

B

C

Wind Direction

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Scope & Swing Room

• Boat “A” is now

positioned to

allow it to swing

a full 360° and

not run aground.

But what about

the other boats??


A

B

C

Wind Direction

Scope & Swing Room

• All the boats will swing

together, so there should

be no issues with the

spacing of the boats. If

the boats are vastly

different in configuration,

there could be issues that

you will need to plan for.


A

B

C

Wind Direction

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The Proper Anchoring DiagramThe first boat at an anchorage has the rights.


The Effect of Chain

• Keeps the stock of the anchor pulling flat along the bottom.

• Acts as a shock absorber:– When a wave hits the boat, the boat surges back, which lifts the chain off

the ocean floor.

– After the wave passes, the chain settles back down to the ocean floor, returning the boat to it’s original position.

• Prevents chafe of anchor rode.

• Decreases scope.


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Picking Up A Mooring Ball


1. Approach the mooring from

downwind.

2. Have someone ready with something

to snag the pennant with.

3. Practice hand signals ahead of time, so

that the person on the bow can guide

the boat to the mooring.

4. Attach to the bow cleat.

5. If you miss it the first time, go around

and try a second time.


Navigation© eLearnToSail.com 2013

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Chart Symbols© eLearnToSail.com 2013

We Are Going To Use Chart 13218


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Items Required For Basic (Coastal) Navigation


• A Compass.

• Navigation charts.

• Timekeeping Device.

• Parallel Rules (or Rolling

Ruler) & Dividers.

Parallel Rules

Rolling Rules

Dividers

Compass

Two Most Important Items To Notice On A Chart

• Soundings – What

are the depths

measured in.

• Projection – either

Mercator of

Polyconic.


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Two Most Important Items To Notice On A Chart

• Soundings:– Feet

– Fathoms (1 fathom = 6 feet)

– Meters (all the rest of the world)

• Projection:– Mercator

– Polyconic.


Depths

• All depths are relative to “Datum”.– Average low water (averaged daily in the US), over 18 + years.

– A solar year is 18 + earth years long.

– Areas that share a common depth are connected with a line. Areas to one side of

the line are shallower, the other deeper.


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Two Types of Projection

• Mercator Projection

– Think of the earth being placed inside a tube of paper, a

light from inside the globe shines an image of the earth

on to the sheet of paper.

– For distance measurements, one minute of latitude = 1

nautical mile (6076 ft) ( multiplying factor 1.15 statute

miles).


Two Types of Projection (2)

• Polyconic Projection

– Used mostly for air navigation, since the scale is

usually very large, the flat paper looks like the earth.

– For distance measurements - use the scale

provided.


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Chart # 1• Every country has a

Chart #1.

• The index and position of each symbol is the same for every country.

• To download a current (free) copy of the U.S. Chart No.1.

www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov/mcd/chartno1.htm


Rocks

• Rocks less than 6 ft. below datum.

• Rocks awash at Datum

• Rocks that cover and uncover with tidal flow.

• Rocks above high water all the time (Islands).

....( 6 )

28


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Nature of the Seabed

• Rocky bottom

• Sandy bottom

• Clay bottom

• Kelp

R

S

Cl


Shipwrecks

• Wreck – with some structure showing.

• Wreck – depth unknown.

• Direction of Flood Tidal Current.

• Direction of Ebb Tidal Current.


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On the Martha’s

Vineyard To

Block Island

Chart – go to the

following Area



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Traffic Separation Scheme


• Used By

Large

Ships– All ships

stay to

the right.


Navigation Light Patterns© eLearnToSail.com 2013

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Lit Beacons

• Visible day or night.

• To be able to distinguish between the lights, each light has a unique characteristic.

• The default time of a flash is every 4 seconds.

• The default color is white.


Light Patterns

• Whenever you are given a time for a light

characteristic, it is always the period of the

characteristic.

– The length of time from the start of one repetitive sequence to

the start of the next repetitive sequence.

– Example: An 4s. equal interval light (on for the same length of

time as off) will be on for ___ seconds and off for ___ seconds.


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To See An Example Of Light Patterns

• Go to:– www.eLearnToSail.com

– Lessons

– Navigation Light Patterns


Location Dropdown

Pattern Dropdown

Light Patterns – FlashingSymbol - Fl

• The light flashes once in a given period of time.

• Fl G 4s

– Flashing Green, once every 4 seconds.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


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Light Patterns – Group FlashingSymbol – Fl (2)

• The light flashes multiple times (at the start) in a given period of time.

• Fl (2) R 10s

– Flashing Red, twice every 10 seconds.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


Light Patterns – Quick FlashingSymbol - Q

• Quick Flashing

– Flashing, once every second.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


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Light Patterns – IsophericSymbol - Iso

• Isopheric – the old symbol was “Equal Interval”.

– Light is on for the same time that it is off.

– Iso 4s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


Light Patterns – OccultingSymbol - Oc

• Occulting.

– Light is on for longer than it is off.

– The opposite of flashing

– Oc 5s

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


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Light Patterns – Morse (A)Symbol – Mo (A)

• Always located on a “mid-channel” buoy.

– Light is always white.

– Typically a 6 second period.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


Light Patterns – Composite LightsSymbol – Fl R (2+1)

• Always located in a situation where the channel splits between a primary & secondary channel.– Light is always either red or green.

– Typically a 6 second period.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11


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Light Patterns – FixedSymbol – F

• The light remains on all the time.

• Typically used with another light as a combination of lights.


Get Your Cadence

• Count to 10 seconds without looking at your watch.

– How accurate were you?

• You need to be able to count the seconds, watch the light

and drive the boat – all at the same time.


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Navigation Lights – How Used – The Americas© eLearnToSail.com 2013

We Are Going To Use Chart 13218


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On the Martha’s Vineyard To Block Island

Chart – Go to the following Area



Chart - Note the Following

• G “1”

• Wrecks

• Fl R 2.5s 30ft 6M “8”

• F G 27 ft. 11M “3”


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Light Patterns

• Fl G 5 sec 67ft 20M Horn

– Flashing Green, once every 5

seconds, 67 feet above high

water, visible for 20 nominal

miles, with a horn as a fog

signal.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11© eLearnToSail.com 2013

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Navigation Buoy Standards (U.S.)

• Red Right Returning

– When returning to

harbor, keep the red lights

to the right.

– Red buoys are assigned

even numbers, green odd.


Day Beacons (Unlit Buoys)

• Can be anything from a floating (colored) stake in the water with no

symbols to a post with a red triangle (starboard side) or a green

square (Port side).

Red Starboard Day

Marker

Green Port Day

Marker


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Mid Channel Buoys (Safewater)

• Historically known as a “Mid

Channel” buoy, is now called

a Safewater buoy.

– Has vertical stripes

– Will flash a Mo (A) white light.

– Will have letters on the buoy, not

numbers.

– In a traffic separation scheme, the

mid channel buoy will separate the

inbound and outbound traffic.


Bifurcation Buoys

• Separates the channel

into a primary and

secondary channel.

– Is colored both red and

green – horizontal

stripes.

– The primary channel is

typically deeper, heavier

travelled and with fewer

navigational hazards.


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Standards for the Lateral System

• Standard Lateral buoys - Solid colors are on each side of the channel.– Starboard buoys are red, cone shaped (pointed) and evenly numbered.

– Port hand buoys are green, square and odd numbered.

• Mid Channel (Safewater) buoys have vertical stripes.– Always have letters as identifying markers.

– Flash a Mo (A).

• Bifurcation buoys (two colored horizontal coloring), indicate a buoy.– Top color indicates the primary channel (deeper, wider, more travelled).

– Use second color for the secondary channel.

– Will always have a composite light characteristic.





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Light Patterns

• Fl G 6s 35ft 5M “3” Horn– Flashing green, once every

6 seconds, 35 feet above high water, visible for 5 nominal miles, has the number 3 painted on it, with a fog horn.


Light Patterns

• Fl R 4s 40ft 5M “2”

– Flashing red, once every 4

seconds, 40 feet above

high water, visible for 5

nominal miles, has the

number 2 painted on it,

with a fog horn.


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Range Lights


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Columbia River Chart



Note the following:

1. Mid Channel Buoy

2. Entrance range

3. Bifurcation Buoy

4. Preferred Channel

5. Secondary Channel

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Tides & Tidal Currents© eLearnToSail.com 2013

Tides & Tidal Currents

• Tides are the vertical rise and fall of the water.

• Tidal Currents are the horizontal flow that is caused by the

vertical rise and fall.


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Tides & Currents


Tide Tables


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Why Tidal Currents• There are three factors that govern the amount of tidal

current.

– Height of tide.

– Time between high and low tides

– Ratio of size of channel to area behind it.


Current Tables


Anchoring Is Important - elearntosail.comelearntosail.com/images/pdf/ASA103_Class3.pdf · Anchoring...

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