Sports Medicine Sports Medicine 1515

Musculoskeletal ModuleMusculoskeletal Module

DescriptionDescription Students explore the structure and function of the Students explore the structure and function of the

musculoskeletal system, gain an understanding of conditions of musculoskeletal system, gain an understanding of conditions of the musculoskeletal system and achieve an appreciation for the the musculoskeletal system and achieve an appreciation for the benefits of practicing a healthy lifestyle as it pertains to the benefits of practicing a healthy lifestyle as it pertains to the individual, family, peers and community.individual, family, peers and community.

Common Roots, suffixes, Common Roots, suffixes, prefixesprefixes

CompoComponentnent

MeaningMeaning ExampleExample

ARTHROARTHRO--

JointJoint Arthritis = inflammation of the Arthritis = inflammation of the bonebone

CHONDCHONDR-R-

CartilageCartilage Chondrocyte = a cartilage cellChondrocyte = a cartilage cell

COST-COST- RibRib Costalgia = pain in the ribsCostalgia = pain in the ribs

OSTEO-OSTEO- BoneBone Osteosarcoma = a type of bone Osteosarcoma = a type of bone tumourtumour

SCOLIO-SCOLIO- Curved/Curved/crookedcrooked

Scoliosis = curvature of the spineScoliosis = curvature of the spine

-LYSIS-LYSIS DisintegratiDisintegrationon

Osteomyelitis = inflammation of Osteomyelitis = inflammation of the bonethe bone

-OSIS-OSIS DiseaseDisease Osteoporosis = reduced bone Osteoporosis = reduced bone mass-fracture pronemass-fracture prone

-TOMY-TOMY Incision Incision intointo

Thoracotomy = incision into Thoracotomy = incision into chest/thoraxchest/thorax

AnatomyAnatomy Anatomy deals with the structure of the human body, Anatomy deals with the structure of the human body,

and includes a precise language on body positions and includes a precise language on body positions and relationships between body parts.and relationships between body parts.

Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise Proper instruction on safe and efficient exercise technique requires a comprehensive understanding of technique requires a comprehensive understanding of movement within the human body.movement within the human body.

The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries The proper analysis and treatment of athletic injuries requires an extensive background in Anatomy, requires an extensive background in Anatomy, Physiology, and often in the sporting field, Physiology, and often in the sporting field, Biomechanics.Biomechanics.

AnatomyAnatomy Proper vocabulary is extremely Proper vocabulary is extremely

important when discussing important when discussing anatomy. Common terms make anatomy. Common terms make communication with others communication with others (physicians, coaches, (physicians, coaches, therapists, athletic therapists)therapists, athletic therapists) much easier.much easier.

Knowledge of these structures Knowledge of these structures and common terms used to and common terms used to describe movementdescribe movement also allows also allows us to deliver proper explanation of us to deliver proper explanation of therapeutic techniques in therapeutic techniques in treatment and rehab of injuries.treatment and rehab of injuries.

Body is uprightBody is upright

Face is forwardFace is forward

Palms face forwardPalms face forward

Thumbs point outwardThumbs point outward

Describing MovementDescribing Movement SUPERIORSUPERIOR: a : a

structure that is structure that is higher than higher than another. another.

The knee joint is The knee joint is superior to the superior to the

ankleankle joint.joint.

INFERIOR:INFERIOR: a a structure that lies structure that lies below another. below another.

The ankle joint is The ankle joint is inferior to the knee inferior to the knee jointjoint

Anterior:Anterior: towards the towards the frontfront of the body or of the body or limb. limb. The abdominals The abdominals are anterior to the are anterior to the muscles in the back.muscles in the back.

Posterior:Posterior: towards towards the the backback of the body of the body or limb.or limb. The muscles The muscles of the back are of the back are posterior to the posterior to the muscles in the muscles in the stomach.stomach.

MEDIAL:MEDIAL: A structure A structure closer to the midline of closer to the midline of the body or movement the body or movement towards the midline. towards the midline. The The chest is medial to the chest is medial to the shouldersshoulders..

LateralLateral: a structure : a structure further away from the further away from the midline of the body or midline of the body or movement away from movement away from the midline. the midline. The The shoulders are lateral shoulders are lateral to the chestto the chest..

PROXIMAL:PROXIMAL: The end The end of a structure of the of a structure of the extremities located extremities located closest to the trunk. closest to the trunk. The elbow is The elbow is proximal to the proximal to the hand.hand.

DISTAL: DISTAL: The end of a The end of a structure of the structure of the extremities located extremities located farthest away from farthest away from the trunk. the trunk. The hand The hand is distal to the is distal to the elbowelbow

Angular MovementAngular Movement

Abduction:Abduction: Movement Movement away away from the midline of from the midline of the bodythe body

Adduction:Adduction: Movement Movement towardstowards the midline of the the midline of the bodybody

Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.

Abduction: think! To abduct means to take away.

Flexion:Flexion: DecreaseDecrease the angle formed the angle formed by bones of the by bones of the jointjoint

Extension:Extension: IncreasingIncreasing of the of the joint angle. joint angle.

Forearm & Ankle MovementForearm & Ankle Movement

Dorsiflexion:Dorsiflexion: Raising the toe to Raising the toe to the shinthe shin

Plantarflexion:Plantarflexion: Pointing the toe Pointing the toe downward.downward.

Supination:Supination: Rotation of the Rotation of the

palm so it faces palm so it faces upwardupward

Pronation: Pronation: Rotation of the Rotation of the

palm so it faces palm so it faces downwarddownward

Inversion:Inversion: sole of sole of the foot turns the foot turns inwardsinwards

Eversion:Eversion: sole of sole of the foot turns the foot turns outwardsoutwards

Circular MovementCircular Movement

Circumduction: Circumduction: Combination of Combination of angular angular movementsmovements

Rotation:Rotation: twisting twisting or turning of a or turning of a bone on its own bone on its own axisaxis

Shoulder MovementShoulder Movement

Elevation:Elevation: Lifting a body part Lifting a body part

Depression:Depression: Lowering a body part Lowering a body part

Protraction:Protraction: Anterior movement of arms Anterior movement of arms at shouldersat shoulders

Retraction:Retraction: Posterior movement of arms Posterior movement of arms at shouldersat shoulders

In groups of 2, you will make cue cards for In groups of 2, you will make cue cards for anatomical terms, planes, and ALL types anatomical terms, planes, and ALL types of movement.of movement.

Each cue card should have the name/term Each cue card should have the name/term on the front, and the movement/direction on the front, and the movement/direction on the back:on the back:

Front of cardFront of card Back of cardBack of card

SupinationTurning palm up or

forward

Movement of the Human Body

Anatomy – The Skeletal Anatomy – The Skeletal SystemSystem

The skeletal system, or skeleton is aThe skeletal system, or skeleton is aframework of bones designed forframework of bones designed forFiveFive important functions: important functions: Protect organs and soft tissuesProtect organs and soft tissues To give support to soft tissuesTo give support to soft tissues To facilitate the production of To facilitate the production of

red blood cellsred blood cells To act as a reservoir for minerals To act as a reservoir for minerals

including phosphorus and including phosphorus and calciumcalcium

To provide attachments for To provide attachments for skeletal muscle, producing a skeletal muscle, producing a lever system for body movement.lever system for body movement.

Anatomy – The Skeletal Anatomy – The Skeletal SystemSystem

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System The human skeleton can The human skeleton can

be divided into two be divided into two areas:areas:

The Axial Axial Skeleton which includes the head, neck, thorax and vertebral column

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System The second part of the

Skeletal System is the AppendicularAppendicular skeleton, which includes the pelvis and bones of the upper and lower extremities.

Color the axial and appendicular skeleton in your notes.

Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonSkull

Cranium 8Face 14

Hyoid 1Auditory Ossicles 6Vertebral Column 26Thorax

Sternum 1Ribs 24

Total 80

The single hyoid bone The single hyoid bone (hyoedes = U-shaped) (hyoedes = U-shaped) is a unique component is a unique component of the axial skeletal of the axial skeletal because it does not because it does not articulate with any articulate with any other bone.other bone.

Rather, it is suspended Rather, it is suspended from the styloid from the styloid processes of the processes of the temporal bones by temporal bones by ligaments and muscles.ligaments and muscles.

The SkullThe Skull

Bones of an Infant SkullBones of an Infant Skull

• The skull of the infant has areas in which the bone formation is incomplete, leaving “soft spots”.

• At birth these membrane filled spaces called fontanels are found between cranial bones. They are areas of fibrous connective tissue and will eventually be replaced with bone by intramembranous ossification and become sutures.

Functionally, the fontanelles enable the fetal skull to modify its size and shape as it passes through the birth canal and permit rapid growth of the brain during infancy.

Infant SkullInfant Skull

Infant Infant SkullSkull

Vertebral ColumnVertebral ColumnIt encloses and protects the spinal cord,It encloses and protects the spinal cord,supports the head, and serves as a pointsupports the head, and serves as a pointof attachment for the ribs and theof attachment for the ribs and themuscles of the back.muscles of the back.

The vertebral column is divided into The vertebral column is divided into fivefive areas: areas:

1.1. The The cervicalcervical spine or neck (7 spine or neck (7 vertebrae)vertebrae)

2.2. ThoracicThoracic spine (12 vertebrae) spine (12 vertebrae)3.3. LumbarLumbar, or lower back (5 vertebrae), or lower back (5 vertebrae)4.4. TheThe sacrum sacrum has 5 bones that are fused has 5 bones that are fused

into a single unitinto a single unit5.5. CoccyxCoccyx,, or tailbone has 4 bones or tailbone has 4 bones

In total there are 33 segments to the spine In total there are 33 segments to the spine in 5 sectionsin 5 sections

ThoraxThorax The thorax refers to the entire chest. The thorax refers to the entire chest.

The skeletal part of the thorax is a The skeletal part of the thorax is a bony cage formed by the sternum, bony cage formed by the sternum, costal cartilage, ribs and the bones of costal cartilage, ribs and the bones of the thoracic vertebrae.the thoracic vertebrae.

The thorax protects the heart, lungs The thorax protects the heart, lungs and other organs.and other organs.

At the very bottom of the sternum is At the very bottom of the sternum is the xiphoid process. In infancy and the xiphoid process. In infancy and youth it is made of cartilage and does youth it is made of cartilage and does not completely ossify until about age not completely ossify until about age 40.40.

ThoraxThorax

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton Pectoral (shoulder) girdles Pectoral (shoulder) girdles

ClavicleClavicle 22

ScapulaScapula 22 Upper Limbs (extremities)Upper Limbs (extremities)

HumerousHumerous 22

UlnaUlna 22

RadiusRadius 22

CarpalsCarpals 1616

MetacarpalsMetacarpals1010

PhalangesPhalanges2828

Pelvic (hip) girdlePelvic (hip) girdle

Hip, Pelvis or Hip, Pelvis or 22

coxal bonecoxal bone

Lower limbs (extremities)Femur 2Fibula 2Tibia 2Patella 2Tarsals 14Metatarsals 10Phalanges 28

Total= 126

SCAPULASCAPULA ““shoulder blade”shoulder blade” ““wing” like bone in wing” like bone in

the back of the the back of the shouldershoulder

Helps make up the Helps make up the shoulder jointshoulder joint

Shoulder GirdleShoulder Girdle

CLAVICLECLAVICLE This is your collarboneThis is your collarbone This is in constant This is in constant

movement (with your movement (with your breathing rate)breathing rate)

Second bone that helps Second bone that helps make the shoulder jointmake the shoulder joint

HUMERUS:HUMERUS: Long, upper arm boneLong, upper arm bone Helps make shoulder Helps make shoulder

and elbow jointand elbow joint

Forearm BonesForearm Bones RADIUS-ULNA:RADIUS-ULNA: These are your forearm These are your forearm

bonesbones Radius is Radius is laterallateral to the ulna to the ulna

in the body’s anatomical in the body’s anatomical positionposition

These bones make up elbow These bones make up elbow joint joint proximallyproximally and wrist and wrist joint joint distallydistally

Hand BonesHand Bones

Carpals and Metacarpals:Carpals and Metacarpals:

Carpals make up wrist joint Carpals make up wrist joint with the radius and the ulnawith the radius and the ulna

There 8 carpal bonesThere 8 carpal bones There are five metacarpal There are five metacarpal

bonesbones

Pelvic (Hip) GirdlePelvic (Hip) Girdle Consists of two hip bones also called coxal bonesConsists of two hip bones also called coxal bones The hip bones are united at a joint called the pubic symphysisThe hip bones are united at a joint called the pubic symphysis Each bone begins its development as three separate bones which Each bone begins its development as three separate bones which

later fuse.later fuse. The ilium, which forms the upper flared portion and can be felt The ilium, which forms the upper flared portion and can be felt

just below the waist.just below the waist. The ischium, which is the lowest and strongest part.The ischium, which is the lowest and strongest part. The ischial tuberosity helps support the weight of the trunk The ischial tuberosity helps support the weight of the trunk

when one sits down. (“Bony bum”, if someone sits on your when one sits down. (“Bony bum”, if someone sits on your lap)lap)

Pubis, which forms the anterior part of the pelvis. Pubis, which forms the anterior part of the pelvis.

Difference between male and female pelvisDifference between male and female pelvis Male – less circularMale – less circular NarrowerNarrower

Female – less depthFemale – less depth Wider and shallowerWider and shallower Larger openingLarger opening

LEG bonesLEG bones

FemurFemur largest bone in the largest bone in the

bodybody strongest bone of the strongest bone of the

lower limbslower limbs

PatellaPatella

““knee cap”knee cap” Helps make up the Helps make up the

knee jointknee joint Round boneRound bone

Shin BonesShin Bones

Tibia and FibulaTibia and Fibula Tibia – shin bone, on the Tibia – shin bone, on the

rightright Third bone to make up the Third bone to make up the

knee jointknee joint Fibula – Fibula – laterallateral to the to the

tibiatibia Along with tibia they help Along with tibia they help

make up the ankle jointmake up the ankle joint

Feet BonesFeet Bones

TARSALSTARSALS

Small bones in the Small bones in the footfoot

Also help make up Also help make up the ankle jointthe ankle joint

Metatarsals and PhalangesMetatarsals and Phalanges

Metatarsals are the bones between Metatarsals are the bones between the tarsals and the phalanges (5 in the tarsals and the phalanges (5 in total)total)

Phalanges – toesPhalanges – toes Two phalanges on the big toe, and Two phalanges on the big toe, and

three phalanges on bones two three phalanges on bones two through five (14 in total)through five (14 in total)