Anatomy - study of the structures of the human body visible with the naked eye Physiology - study of...
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Transcript of Anatomy - study of the structures of the human body visible with the naked eye Physiology - study of...
Anatomy - study of the structures of the human body
visible with the naked eyePhysiology - study of the
functions and activities performed by the body structures
Histology – study of tiny structures found in living tissues
CELLS: basic units of all living things
Cell Structures:protoplasm - colorless jelly-like substance
nucleus - center of cell, responsible for reproduction
cytoplasm - surrounds nucleus
cell membrane - acts like balloon to contain protoplasm, acts like a filter for the cell
Reproduction & Division:Mitosis - splitting of cells into daughter cells (aka- Binary Fission)
2 Phases of Metabolism:Anabolism - constructive / building up
Catabolism - breaking down/ energy release
Tissue: collection of similar cells
5 types: Connective - binds together/ bones
Epithelial - protective covering of body
Liquid - blood / lymph
Muscular - contracts / moves body
Nerve - sends messages / controls body
Organs:groups of tissues designed to perform a specific function
BrainEyesHeart
KidneysLungsLiverSkin
Stomach
Body Systems: groups of organs acting together
11 Systems in the body:CirculatoryDigestiveEndocrineExcretory
IntegumentaryLymphatic/ Immune
MuscularNervous
ReproductiveRespiratory
Skeletal
Skeletal System: physical foundation of the body
206 Bones OS- means Bone Osteology – Study of Bones Bone is the hardest tissue in the body – teeth being
the strongest 1/3 organic matter & 2/3 mineral matter Joint – connection of 2 or more bones
Functions: Give shape & support to the body Protect internal organs Attachments for muscles / acts as levers to produce
body movements Produce white & red blood cells
Bones of the Face:Nasal Lacrimal Zygomatic or MalarMaxillaeMandibleTurbinalVomerPalatine
Bones of the Chest,Shoulder & Back:ThoraxRibsScapulaSternumClavicle
Bone of the Neck:HyoidCervical Vertebrae
Bones of the Arms / HandsHumerusUlnaRadiusCarpusMetacarpusPhalanges / Digets
Bones of the Leg / Foot:FemurFibulaPatellaTalusTarsalMetatarsalPhalanges
Key Medical Terminoligy:Superior - top, aboveInferior - lower, belowExterior / External - outsideInterior / Internal - insidePosterior - behindAnterior - in frontOrb / orbicularis - roundOculi - eyeOris- mouthEpi - centerLabii / labial - lipsZygomatic - cheeksAuricularis - earProcerus - noseBuccinator - mouth areaPeripheral - outerDorsal - topSuperficial - not deep / near the
surface
Muscular System - *covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton *contracts & moves body*Myology - study of muscles*600 muscles in body*40% of body weight
*3 types of muscles 1)Striated - skeletal/ voluntary / controlled at
will 2)Non-striated - smooth / involuntary / functions
automatically 3)Cardiac - heart
*3 parts to a muscle 1) origin- attached to skeleton & does not move 2) insertion - moveable attachment 3) belly - center of the muscle
*Pressure in massage is directed from Insertion to Origin (I before O)
Muscles of the Scalp:Epicranius - covers top of skull
Occipitalis - back Frontalis - front
Epicranial aponeurosis - tendon that connects occipitalis to frontalis
Muscles of the Ear:Auricularis superiorAuricularis anteriorAuricularis posterior
Muscles of Mastication (chewing):Masseter
temporalisMuscles of the Neck:
PlatysmaSternocleidomastoideusMuscles of the Eyebrow:
Corrugator Orbicularis oculi
Muscles of the Nose:Procerus
Nervous System:*coordinates all body activities
*100 billion nerve cells aka neurons*study of nerves is Neurology
*3 principal componentsnerves
spinal cordbrain
*3 main subdivisionsCentral - controls senses & voluntary muscle actionsPeripheral - connects the outer parts of body to stem
Autonomic - controls the involuntary muscles
*Brain - largest most complex nerve tissue, sends & receives messages through 12 pairs of cranial nerves
*Spinal Cord - originates in the brain and travels down the body, protected by the spinal column, 31 pairs of nerves extend from spinal cord
*Neuron aka Nerve Cell
*Dendrites - tree like branches of nerve fibers
*Axon - sends impulses
*Nerves - whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue through which impulses are transmitted
*Types of NervesSensory - carry impulses from sense organs to the brain
Motor - carry impulses from the brain to the muscles*Reflex - automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus
Nerves of the Head, Face & Neck:*Fifth cranial nerve - aka trifacial or trigeminal
-Chief sensory nerve of the face
3 Branches:Opthalmic – forehead / eye area
Mandibular – lower faceMaxillary – upper face
Circulatory System aka cardiovascular or vascular
2 Divisions: Blood Vascular & Lymph Vascular
Blood Vascular: Heart, Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries
Lymph Vascular: Lymphatics, Lymph nodes, Lymph
*size of a closed fist*beats 72-80 times per min
The Heart - muscular cone shaped organ that keeps blood moving
Blood Vessels Tube like structures that transport blood to & from heart & organs
Ateries - thick walled, muscular, flexible tubes that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the body. Largest artery is Aorta
Veins - thin walled vessels that are less elastic than arteries, they contain cup-like valces that prevent backflow they carry blood containing waste back to the heart for cleaning. They are located closer to the surface of the body.
Capillaries - tiny thin walled vessels that connect smaller arteries to veins
Chief Functions of the Blood*carries water, oxygen & food to all cells
*carries away carbon dioxide and waste to be eliminated through the lungs, skin, kidneys, and large intestines
*equalize body temp
*works with immune system to protect body
*seals leaks found in injured blood vessels by forming clots, preventing further blood loss
Lymph Vascular*lymph is circulated through the lymphatic vessels and filtered by the lymph nodes
*they filter blood to fight infections
*carry nourishment from the blood to the body cells
*act as defense against invading microorganisms & toxins
*remove waste material from cells
*provide a fluid environment for cells
Superficial temporal artery is a continuation of the external carotid artery
Some of its important branches:*Frontal artery- forehead, upper eyelid*Parietal artery - sides & crown of head*Transverse facial artery - skin & masseter*Middle temporal artery - temples*Anterior auricular artery - front of ear*Occipital artery - back of head*Posterior auricular artery - behind & above ear
Veins of the Head, Face, and Neck:2 Principal Veins:Internal Jugular & External Jugular
The most important veins of the head, face, and neck are parallel to the arteries and take the same name as the arteries
Endocrine System: group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities and health of the entire body
*Exocrine glands - duct glands - sweat and oil glands of the skin and intestinal glands
*Endocrine glands - ductless glands - secrete hormones such as insulin, adrenaline and estrogen
Digestive System:*Also called gastrointestinal *Responsible for breaking down food into nutrients & waste*entire food digestion process usually takes about 9 hours to complete
Excretory System:*purifying the body by eliminating wast matter*kidneys excrete waste containing urine*liver discharges wast containing bile*skin eliminates wast containing perspiration*large intestin eliminates decomposed & undigested food*lungs exhale carbon dioxide
Respiratory System:*Enables breathing*Lungs are spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells that exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide*Diaphragm is a muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal region & helps control breathing*Oxygen is more essential than food or water
Integumentary System:*Skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil & sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair & nails Reproductive System:Performs the function of producing opffspring and passing on the genetic code from one generation to the next