Anatomy & Physiology - The Wildlife Center of · PDF file · 2012-08-27Anatomy &...
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Transcript of Anatomy & Physiology - The Wildlife Center of · PDF file · 2012-08-27Anatomy &...
11/15/2011
1
A Rabbit Rehab Room
Advanced Skills
16th Annual Call of the Wild
Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference
The Wildlife Center of Virginia
Presented by:
Diana Leggett
Lindsay Hooker
WildRescue, Inc./Rabbit Rescue
Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology
• How many teeth does a rabbit have?
Anatomy & Physiology
• How many teeth does a rabbit have? 24!
Illustrations courtesy of mybunny.org
Anatomy & Physiology
• Metabolism: 3 times faster than dogs or cats
• Pulse: 130-325 beats per minute
• Respiratory Rate: 32-60 breaths per minute
• Hindgut fermenter
• No vomit reflex
• Vision 330º
• Highly developedolfactory and auditorysenses
Rabbit Digestive Tract
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Cecotropes
• Formed in the cecum
• Rich in bacteria
• Rabbit’s “multi-
vitamin”
• Grape-like cluster in
mucosal sac
• Vital to rabbit’s
health
The Scoop on Poop
• Normal Poop
– looks like cracked black pepper
– small, hard and round
• What’s not normal?
– plops (dark brown, green, bloody, mucus covered)
– Yellow oozy
– Mucus
The Scoop on Poop
• Green– coccidia/nonspecific enteritis
• Biosol
• Albon
• Bactrim (trimethoprim sulfate)
• Marquis (Bayer Animal Health)
• Black– e. coli
– clostridium• Baytril
• Flagyl (metronitazole)
The Scoop on Poop
• Yellow
– coccidia
• Albon
• Bactrim
• White
– undigested proteins/formula
• start on Biosol
• cut back formula ratio to 4:1
The Scoop on Poop
• Wet Tail
– nonspecific enteritis
– characterized by moist green to brown leakage
around urogenital area
• How to treat
– revisit formula – both ratio and composition
– Biosol (neomycin sulfate)
Common Diagnoses
• Head trauma
– Concussion
– Ocular damage
– Sinus/jaw
– Auricular damage
• Wounds
– Abrasions (road rash)
– Lacerations
– Degloving
– Punctures
– Cuterebra
• Fractures
– Pelvic
– Spinal
– Femoral
– Tibia-fibia
– Ulna-radius
– Spinal
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Common Diagnoses
• Dehydration
• Ataxia
• Fed incorrect food
• Poisoning
• Burns
– Fire
– Chemical
(pesticide/fertilizer/po
ol)
• Malnourished
(underfed)
• Necrotic tissue
• Neurological
• Aspiration
• Hypothermia
• Hypoglycemic
Anomalies
• Albinism
• Sub-albinism
• Regional variation
in color
• Genetic mutation
• Alopecia
How to Clean Wounds
• Hydrotherapy
– Use lukewarm water
NOT cold
– 2 times daily
– Use spray head from
kitchen sink
• Vetricyn
• Novalsan
• Sterile saline
• In a pinch, boiled
then cooled water
• Use a curved tip
syringe for smaller
wounds
Wound Management
• Silvadine
• Tri-Top
• Triple Antibiotic ointment
• Telfa pads
• Bandaging materials
• Lidocaine
Capture Myopathy
• “White Muscle Disease”
Many of the effects of stress are linked to the release of catecholamines or
corticosteroids and can be life-threatening
– Catecholamine release can cause heart failure and death.
Stress due to overcrowding has been used to induce
cardiomyopathy in laboratory rabbits.
– Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system inhibits
activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Gut motility is reduced,
which can have a knock-on effect.
– Gut stasis, trichobezoar formation (hairballs), enterotoxaemia
and mucoid enteropathy can all be linked with stress.
What Stress Can Do
• Stress in rabbits causes a marked decrease in urine
flow, renal plasma flow and filtration rate. Oliguria
can last from 30 to 120 minutes.
• Stress can increase gastric acidity and cause gastric
ulceration in rabbits.
• Stress is immunosuppressive. Rabbits suffering from
dental disease have significantly lower lymphocyte
counts than healthy rabbits.
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What Stress Can Do
• Stress affects carbohydrate metabolism. Handling
alone can cause an increase in blood glucose to the
order of 8.5 mmol/l. Blood glucose levels can be very
high (20-25 mmol/l) in association with intestinal
obstruction and other stressful diseases.
• Stress can cause anorexia that, in combination with
disruption to normal carbohydrate metabolism, can
lead to hepatic lipidosis, liver failure and death
What Stress Can Do
• Rabbits are a prey species and susceptible to the effects of adrenal hormones.
• Stress can allow the flare up of latent infections and cause gastrointestinal hypomotility, reduce renal blood flow and increase gastric acidity.
• Pain, unfamiliar surroundings,loud noises and the proximityof predators can stress rabbitsthat are brought to aveterinary clinic
Zoonoses
• Not a major factor in wild rabbit rehab
• But their noses are awfully cute
• Tularemia
• Tyzzer’s Disease
• Staph
• Ringworm
• Skin mites
(Cheyletiella)
Ectoparasites
• Da outside bugs
– Fleas
– Ticks
– Lice
– Mites
• What to use:
– Advantage for kittens (light blue tube)
– Revolution
– Never use Frontline!
Endoparasites
• Da inside bugs
– Strongyles
– Tapeworms
– Ascarids
– Protozoas
• What to use:
– Albon and Bactrim (SMZ) excellent for protozoas
– Ivermectin (injectable and oral) hits all but tapeworms
– Drontal (tablet or injectable) hits tapeworms
Cuterebra (bot fly larvae)
•Larvae tend to burrow at the
base of the tail and various
locations where it is hard for
the rabbit to reach while
grooming
•Raised area or lump with
exudate
•Breathing hole visible after
gentle removal of fur/crust
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Cuterebra Removal
•Cut away fur surrounding the
breathing hole
•Place a glob of vasoline, mineral
oil, or any petroleum-based,
non-toxic product directly on
the breathing hole
•The cuterebra will surface
through the vasoline
•Gently grasp the cuterebra and
pull straight out, taking care to not burst the larvae inside the
body wall
•Lavage the wound with sterile saline ONLY as the body wall may
be compromised
THE TOOL KIT
Antibiotics
•Trimethaprim Sulfate
(Bactrim) in liquid pediatric
strength
30 mg/kg, q12-24 hrs Enteritis/diarrhea,
urinary tract/bladder
infections, control of pasteurella
Baytril - both
injectable and tablet
5-15 mg/kg, q12 hrs Broad spectrum
antibiotic which does not disturb the flora in
the cottontail’s GI tract and is a good
drug for cat-caught damage. Can cause
appetite suppression
Reglan
(metaclopramide)
0.5 mg/kg, q8 hrs Gut motility
• Bactrim (Trimethaprim sulfate)
– 20-30mg/kg PO, BID (approx. 1cc/kg PO)
– Pediatric strength oral liquid – safe antibiotic, good for controlling pasteurellosis in rabbits and also enteritis or clostridial event. Can be used for extended periods of time
• Baytril oral (enrofloxacin) 15- 20 mg/kg (5mg/kg maintenance)– Tablet – 5.7 mg of enrofloxacin treats 2.3 kg (5 lbs.) of body weight
– Broad-spectrum antibiotic. Has been contraindicated for use in very young mammals, including cats and dogs due to growth plate inhibition.
• Baytril injectable (enrofloxacin)
– 22.7% solution per ml as a single injection at a rate of 1ml/9.1kg (20 lbs.) to provide 2.5mg/kg (1.3mg/lb.)
– Same as above. Injectable can be used orally.
THE TOOL KIT
Antibiotics
Biosol
(neomycin sulfate)
2mg/ml strength
DOSE – 0.003(Ex.: 50g rabbit x 0.003 = 0.15cc dose)
1cc of 200mg.ml strength Biosol + 9cc
distilled water = 20mg/ml strengthTHEN take 1cc of the 20mg/ml strength + 9cc distilled water = 2mg/ml strength
and is dosed at 0.003cc/gmContinue until release.Used in the treatment of nonspecific
enteritis/diarrhea-like symptoms in the cottontail.
Chloromycetin
palmitate
50mg/kg PO, BID Broad-spectrum antibiotic. This drug is
extremely good for sinus/head infections and is also used in cat caught episodes.
THE TOOL KIT
Antibiotics
FLAGYL
Metronidazole
20-40mg/kg PO, BID For anaerobes, may be useful against
Clostridium sp. in severe diarrhea
Tetracycline 15-20mg/kg IM, PO, BID
400-1000mg/L in drinking water
For mycoplasma and Tyzzers disease
Procaine
Penicillin(penicillin G Benzathine
and penicillin G procaine)
40,000IU/kg IM, SC, SID INJECTABLE ONLY – give SC every
other day for 1 week. Excellent for susceptible Pasteurella and Staph –abscesses or cat/dog caught
THE TOOL KIT
Antibiotics
IVOMEC
(Ivermectin)(not approved by
USDA for use in rabbits)
injectable strength –
0.27%0.2-0.5mg/kg SC
ONCErepeat in 1-2 weeks
for 2-3 treatments
Safe to use for ear mites.
Also kills ascarids and pinworms.
Albon or Bactrovet
(sulfadimethozine)
25-50mg/kg PO, SID For coccidia, use for 10-14
days (may use up to 100mg/kg) First dose –
50mg/kg then reduce to 25mg/kg for remaining
treatment
Sulfaquinoxolone 0.25-1g/L drinking
water
Use for 30 days for coccidia
Piperazine 500-1000mg/kg PO
every other week
For pinworms
THE TOOL KIT
Antibiotics
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6
Acepromazine 5mg/kg IM Analgesia
Aspirin 100mg/kg PO Q 4-6
hours
Analgesia
Butorphanol
(Torbugesic)
0.1-0.5mg/kg SC TID Analgesia
Meloxicam 1-3 drops orally 1-2
times per day
1 drop diluted by 5
drops of water delivered orally 2-3
times per day
Mannitol Osmotic diuretic for
head trauma and oliguric kidney failure
THE TOOL KIT
Analgesicsand Anesthetics
THE TOOL KIT
Miscellaneous DrugsAtropine 10mg/kg SC 2 20 minutes FOR ORGANO-PHOSPHATE
TOXICITY ONLY
Banamine 0.3-2.0 mg/kgq12-24 hrs for no more than 3 days
For shock, anti-inflammatory
Meclizine 12.5-25 mg/kg, BID, TID, PO For torticullis, head trauma with presenting dizziness and/or head tilt. Helps
stabilize the inner ear. Bonine is the over-the-counter drug name.
Neo-PredefWith Tetracaine Powder(neomycin sulfate,
isoflupredone acetate, tetracaine HCI)
Powder Topical application for use in yeast infections or fungal infections surrounding the
uro-genital area.
THE TOOL KIT
Miscellaneous Drugs
Reglan
(metaclopramide)
0.2-1mg/kg IV, IM, SC,
PO, BID
Promotes GI motility
Simethicone Drops
“Little Tummies”
Pediatric strength – 2-3
drops BID
To help relieve and
dissipate gas build-up in the GI tract
Vitamin B complex 0.02-0.4ml/kg IM, SID Stimulates appetite,
supports healthy nervous system
Panacur Antithelmic – for e. cunn., all worms except tapes
Homeopathic
Remedies
Various
Rescue Remedy A Bach Flower Remedy used for extremely stressed wildlife
Mom Nursing Newborns Release!
11/15/2011
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JOIN WILDBUNS!
Email us at [email protected]
www.rescuedrabbits.org
www.facebook.com/wildrescueinc