TYPE OF JOINTS Group members

Fanny

Naga

Navleen

Molinah

Suganya

Sharumathi

Ameerah

WHAT IS JOINTS?

An articulation is a place of union or junction between two or more bones,

regardless of the degree of movement allowed by this union

The sutures between various bones of the skull are considered as much a

part of the articular system as the knee or elbow joint

Joints are classified according

i.) The type of material that hold the bones of the joint together (Structure)

ii) The degree of movement (Functional )

TYPE OF JOINTS STRUCTURE

• Joined by fibrous connective tissue and no joint cavity present

• The amount of movement allowed depends on the length of the connective tissue fibersuniting the bones

• Sutures, syndamoses and gomphoses

Fibrous Joints

• United by cartilage

• Lack joint cavity and not highly movable

• Synchondroses and symphyses

Cartilaginous Joints

• Articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity

• Permits substantial freedom of movement and all synovial joints are freely diarthroses

• Near all joints of the limbs fall into this class

Synovial joints

FUNTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS TYPES Description Examples

Synarthrosis Immovable Joints

(Joints that are fused

together for strength)

•Skull sutures

•Epiphyseal plates

•Joint between first

rib and manubrium

of sternum

Amphiarthrosis Slightly Movable

joint

( Joints which bind

bones together to

make up the

skeleton with limited

movement)

• Vertebral joints

•Joint of the

symphysis pubis

Diarthrosis Freely movable joint

( Joints which allow

movement and also

called synovial

•Joints of the

extremities

•Shoulder joints

•Hip Joints

1. TYPE OF FIBROUS JOINTS

Fibrous Joints Sutures

1) An articulation in which the bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue e.g. suture joints of the skull

2) Skull bones are formed by intramembranousossification

Syndesmoses

1) Joints which the bones are connected by ligaments between the bones e.g. Radius articulates with the ulna and fibula articulates with the tibia

Gomphosis

1) Joints which a conical process fits into a socket and is held in place by ligaments e.g. A tooth in its alveolus (socket) held in place by the periodontal ligament

2) TYPE OF CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

cartilaginous Joints Synchondrosis

1) Joints which two bony surfaces are connected by hyaline cartilage

2) The cartilage is replaced by permanent bone later in life e.g. Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children

Symphyses

1) Joints which bones are connected by a disk of fibrocartilage e.g. A symphysiswould be the pubis where the two pelvic bones at the pubis are joined

2) During delivery this joint allows the pelvic bone slight movement to increase the size of the birth canal

3) TYPE OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS FEATURES Articular cartilage

• Glassy smooth hyaline cartilage covers the bone surfaces

• Thin but spongy cushions absorb compression placed on the joint and thereby keep the bone ends from being crushed

Articular capsule

• Enclosed 2 layered articular capsule

• The external layer is a tough fibrous capsule composed of dense irregular connective tissue, that is continuous with the periosteum and its strengthens the joints so that the bones are not pulled apart

• The Inner layer of the joint capsule is a synovial membrane composed of loose connective tissue

• Lining fibrous capsule internally covers all internal joint surfaces that are not hyaline cartilage

Joint (Synovial) cavity

1) The joint cavity is a space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Synovial Fluid

1) Small amount of slippery synovial fluid occupies all the free spaces within the joint capsule

2) Secreted in cell of the synovial membranes

3)Found in the articular cartilages provides a slippery weight bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages (As a lubricant)

Reinforcing Ligaments

1)Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by a number of bandlikeligaments

2.)Most often, These are capsular or intrinsic, ligaments which are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule

3) In other cases, they remain distinct and are found outside the capsule or deep into it

Nerves and blood vessels

1) Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers that innervate the capsule

2) Some of these fibers detect pain but most monitor joint position and stretch, thus helping to maintain muscle tone

3) Synovial joints are also richly supplied with blood vessels, most of which supply the synovial membrane

OTHER STUCTURE OF SYNOVIAL

JOINTS

1) Fatty pads

e.g. Hip and knee joints which have the fatty pads between the fibrous capsule

and the synovial membrane or bone

2.) Menisci

Its improve the fit between articulating bone ends , making the joint more stable and minimizing wear and tear on the joint

surfaces e.g knee and jaw

3.) Bursae

Facilitates the gliding of either muscle over muscle or tendons

over bony ligamentous surfaces

4.) Tendon Sheath

Is an essentially an elongated bursa that

wraps completely around a tendon subjected to

friction

TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS

1) Ball and socket

- Is a Multiaxial which allow bones to rotate and move freely in all directions

- Provides wide range of motion especially the shoulder. E.g. The head of the humerus fitting into the glenoid fossa of the scapula

2.) Hinge Joint

- This type of joint motion is limited to flexion and extension. E.g. The elbow and the knee joint

3.) Pivot joint

- A ring of bone that fits over a bone protrusion, around which it can rotate. These joint only can allow rotation

- E.g. The joint between the atlas and axis in the neck which allows you to shake your head

4.) Condyloid joint / Ellipsoidal joint

- The convex oval shaped projection of one

bone fits into the oval shaped depression of

another bone

- Provide biaxial movement ( flexion-

extension, abduction- adduction)

5.) Saddle joint

- This type of joint occurs when the touching

sufaces of two bones have both concave and

convex regions with the shapes of the two

bones complementing one other and

allowing a wide range of movement

- E.g. The thumb

6.) Gliding Joint

- Is a multiaxial joint

- -This type of joint is formed by either opposing planes surfaces or slightly convex and concave surfaces

- - This type of joint only allows gliding movement

- - E.g. Between the superior and inferior articularprocessess of the vetebrae in spine

MAIN SYNOVIAL JOINTS OF THE LIMBS

Shoulder Joint

- This ball and socket joint is formed by the glenoidfossa of the scapula and the head of humerus

- Movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial and lateral rotation

Elbow joint

- This hinge joints is formed by the trochlear and capitulum of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna and the head of the radius

- diarthrotic and uniaxial

- Movements: Flexion and extension of the forearm

Proximal and distal radioulnar Joints

- Formed by the rim of the head of radius rotating in the radial notch of the ulna

- diarthrotic and uniaxial

- Movements: Pronation and supination

Wrist Joint

- Is a condyloid joint between the distal end of the radius and the proximal ends of scaphoid, lunate and triquetral

- A white fibrocartilage disc seperates the ulna from the joint cavity and articulates with the carpal bones

- Is diarthrotic and biaxial

- Movements: flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Joints of the hands and fingers

- There are synovial joints between the carpal, between the carpal and metacarpal, between the metacarpal and proximal phalanges and between the the phalanges

- There are diarthrotic

Hip Joint

- This ball and socket joint is formed by the cup shaped acetabulum of the innominate bone and the head of the femur

- Is diarthrotic and multiaxial

- Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, rotation and circumduction

Knee joint

- Largest and most complex joint

- It’s a hinge joint formed by the condyles of the femur, the condyles of the tibia and the posterior surface of the patella

- Is a diarthrotic and biaxial

- Movements: flexion and extension

Ankle Joint

- The hinge joint is formed by the distal end of the tibia and its malleolus, the distal end of the fibula and the talus

- Is diarthrotic and uniaxial

- Movements: flexion and extension

Joints of the foot and toes

- There are a number of synovial joints between the tarsal bones, between tarsal and metatarsal, between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges and between the phalanges

- The tendons crossing the ankle joint are encased in synovial sheaths

- The move smoothly within their sheats as the joints move

- Is diarthrotic and movements are depends on the part of the joints

REFERENCES

Medical Surgical Nursing Critical Thinking

in Patient care LeMone Burke Bauldoff (5th

Edition)

https://www.arthritis-health.com/types/joint-

anatomy/what-cartilage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synovial_joint

https://www.pinterest.com/phylliskchan/joints-

of-the-upper-body/