Anatomy, Physiology and DiseaseAnatomy, Physiology and Disease

Chapter 2Chapter 2

The Human Body:The Human Body:

Reading the MapReading the Map

““I Have Pain in my Stomach”I Have Pain in my Stomach”What exactly does the patient mean?What exactly does the patient mean?

Exactly Exactly wherewhere is the pain? is the pain? Does it Does it movemove or or traveltravel to other parts of the body? to other parts of the body? WhenWhen did it start? did it start? What is the What is the intensityintensity? on a ? on a 1-101-10 scale… scale… Is it Is it sharpsharp, , dulldull, , achyachy, or , or crampingcramping…?…? Does the patient really mean abdomen for stomach?Does the patient really mean abdomen for stomach? Questions about type of pain, exact location, and Questions about type of pain, exact location, and

intensity of pain can help determine intensity of pain can help determine etiologyetiology

Food Menstrual LaborAppendicitis

Trauma I don’t know!

The Anatomical PositionThe Anatomical Position

The person is standing erect, face forward, with The person is standing erect, face forward, with feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms feet parallel, arms hanging at sides, and palms facing forwardfacing forward

Other Body PositionsOther Body Positions

Supine positionSupine position: laying face upward, on your back: laying face upward, on your back Prone positionProne position: laying face downward, on your : laying face downward, on your

stomachstomach Fowler’s positionFowler’s position: sitting in bed with head of bed : sitting in bed with head of bed

elevated 45–60 degreeselevated 45–60 degrees

Trendelenberg

Prone

Supine

Fowler’s

Trendelenburg

Prone

Supine

Fowler’s

Pathology ConnectionPathology Connection

TrendelenburgTrendelenburg

- helps to drain secretions from base of lungs- helps to drain secretions from base of lungs

- - avoidavoid with brain injury patients as it will with brain injury patients as it will

increase intracranial pressure.increase intracranial pressure.

- are at increased risk for - are at increased risk for aspiratingaspirating vomitus, vomitus,

and should not eat within and should not eat within 2-42-4 hours of being hours of being

placed in position.placed in position.

- Patients with - Patients with orthopneaorthopnea have difficult time have difficult time

breathing if they lie flat.breathing if they lie flat.

Pathology Connection Pathology Connection con’tcon’t

JVD: Jugular Vein DistentionJVD: Jugular Vein Distention

- distend neck veins due to heart failure- distend neck veins due to heart failure

Pathology Connection Pathology Connection con’tcon’t

Orthostatic HypotensionOrthostatic Hypotension

- Dizziness when changing from seated to- Dizziness when changing from seated to

standing positionstanding position..

Body Planes and Directional TermsBody Planes and Directional Terms

PlanePlane - an imaginary line drawn through body or organ- an imaginary line drawn through body or organ to separate into specific sections.to separate into specific sections. Transverse or horizontal planeTransverse or horizontal plane - divides body into - divides body into superiorsuperior (top) and (top) and inferiorinferior (bottom) sections, also referred to as (bottom) sections, also referred to as cross-sectioning the body.cross-sectioning the body. Superior Superior (cranial or cephalic) means (cranial or cephalic) means toward toward head or head or

upper body.upper body. InferiorInferior (caudal) means (caudal) means awayaway from head or toward from head or toward

lower part of body.lower part of body.

Transverse or Horizontal PlaneTransverse or Horizontal Plane

Superior

view

Median or Midsagittal PlaneMedian or Midsagittal Plane

Divides body into right and left halvesDivides body into right and left halves Medial Medial refers to body parts located near refers to body parts located near

middlemiddle or midline of body. or midline of body. LateralLateral refers to body parts located refers to body parts located awayaway from from

midline.midline.

Sagittal view

Sagittal view

Frontal or Coronal PlaneFrontal or Coronal Plane

Divides body into front and back sectionsDivides body into front and back sections AnteriorAnterior or or ventralventral refers to body parts towards refers to body parts towards

or on front of bodyor on front of body PosteriorPosterior or or dorsaldorsal refers to body parts towards refers to body parts towards

or on back of bodyor on back of body

Frontal

View

Proximal and DistalProximal and Distal

ProximalProximal

- refers to body parts - refers to body parts closeclose to to point of reference point of reference

of body.of body. Distal Distal

- refers to body parts - refers to body parts away away

from from point of referencepoint of reference..

External and InternalExternal and Internal

ExternalExternal means on the means on the outsideoutside Skin is located externally and is body’s largest Skin is located externally and is body’s largest

organorgan InternalInternal means on the means on the insideinside

Most organs located internallyMost organs located internally

Additional Directional TermsAdditional Directional Terms

SuperficialSuperficial means means towardtoward or at body surface or at body surface Deep Deep means means away away from body surfacefrom body surface CentralCentral refers to locations around refers to locations around centercenter of body of body PeripheralPeripheral refers to refers to extremitiesextremities or or outerouter region region

Body Location TermsBody Location Terms

Body CavitiesBody Cavities

Body has Body has twotwo large open spaces called cavities large open spaces called cavities that house and protect organsthat house and protect organs

DorsalDorsal ( (posteriorposterior) cavity located on ) cavity located on backback of body of body VentralVentral ( (anterioranterior) Larger cavity located on front of ) Larger cavity located on front of

body is divided into body is divided into twotwo smaller cavities smaller cavities Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity: further divided into : further divided into

abdominalabdominal and and pelvicpelvic cavities cavities These two smaller cavities are divided by the These two smaller cavities are divided by the

diaphragmdiaphragm

Main Body CavitiesMain Body Cavities

Main Body CavitiesMain Body Cavities

Thoracic CavityThoracic Cavity

ContainsContains HeartHeart LungsLungs Large blood vesselsLarge blood vessels

Abdominal CavityAbdominal Cavity

Contains digestive organsContains digestive organs StomachStomach IntestinesIntestines LiverLiver GallbladderGallbladder PancreasPancreas SpleenSpleen

Pelvic CavityPelvic Cavity

Lower portion ofLower portion of abdominopelvic abdominopelvic cavity contains cavity contains Urinary organsUrinary organs Reproductive organsReproductive organs Large part of large intestineLarge part of large intestine

Dorsal CavityDorsal Cavity

Located in back of body and consists of Located in back of body and consists of two two cavitiescavities Cranial cavityCranial cavity houses brain houses brain Spinal cavitySpinal cavity contains spinal column contains spinal column

Review of Body CavitiesReview of Body Cavities

Review of Body CavitiesReview of Body Cavities

Smaller CavitiesSmaller Cavities

Nasal cavityNasal cavity: space behind nose: space behind nose Buccal cavityBuccal cavity: space within mouth: space within mouth Orbital cavityOrbital cavity: houses eyes: houses eyes

Nasal Buccal Orbital

Abdominal RegionsAbdominal Regions

Illustrations of inguinal and umbilical Illustrations of inguinal and umbilical herniashernias

Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal Quadrants

Simpler way to compartmentalize abdominal Simpler way to compartmentalize abdominal region is to separate into anatomical region is to separate into anatomical quadrantsquadrants

Helpful in describing Helpful in describing locationlocation of abdominal pain of abdominal pain

Abdominal PainAbdominal Pain

Knowing organs located in Knowing organs located in quadrantquadrant where pain is where pain is arising can give a clue as to what arising can give a clue as to what typetype of problem of problem the patient hasthe patient has Right lower quadrantRight lower quadrant ( (RLQRLQ) pain: appendicitis) pain: appendicitis Right upper quadrantRight upper quadrant ( (RUQRUQ) pain: liver or ) pain: liver or

gallbladder problemsgallbladder problems Right or Left flankRight or Left flank pain: Renal calculi ( pain: Renal calculi (Kidney Kidney

stonesstones)) Right or left inguinalRight or left inguinal pain: Renal calculi or hernia pain: Renal calculi or hernia

The spinal column

CervicalCervical Column Column

Vertebra Vertebra 1-7 (Neck)1-7 (Neck) ThoracicThoracic Column Column

Vertebra Vertebra 1-12 (Chest)1-12 (Chest) LumbarLumbar Column Column

Vertebra Vertebra 1-5 (low Back)1-5 (low Back) SacrumSacrum (fused) (fused)

Vertebra Vertebra 1-5 (very low 1-5 (very low Back)Back)

CoccyxCoccyx: tail-bone: tail-bone

Additional Body RegionsAdditional Body Regions

Body RegionsBody Regions

Body Regions cont.Body Regions cont.

X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram)X-Rays (Radiograph or Roentgenogram)

Produced by Produced by passingpassing X-ray radiationX-ray radiation

through body onto photographic filmthrough body onto photographic film.. ExposureExposure to X-raysto X-rays causes causes

photographic film to photographic film to darken.darken. Radiolucent Radiolucent areasareas of body allow X-rays of body allow X-rays

to pass through to film easily; produceto pass through to film easily; produce

darkdark areas on film. areas on film. RadiopaqueRadiopaque areasareas of body allow fewer of body allow fewer

X-rays to pass through to film; produce X-rays to pass through to film; produce

lightlight areas on the film. areas on the film.

X-Rays cont’dX-Rays cont’d

Each component of body has a Each component of body has a

characteristic characteristic densitydensity & & appearanceappearance

on X-ray.on X-ray. AirAir: : least denseleast dense; shows up ; shows up blackblack

on X-ray.on X-ray. Tissue/FatTissue/Fat: density depends on: density depends on

thicknessthickness of tissue; thicker the of tissue; thicker the

tissue, tissue, lighterlighter the appearance the appearance

on X-ray.on X-ray.Is this x-ray Is this x-ray normal or normal or abnormal?abnormal?

Why?Why?

X-ray contX-ray cont

Water, Blood & EdemaWater, Blood & Edema: :

mid-range density. Appearancemid-range density. Appearance

is is lighter than airlighter than air, but , but not as not as

whitewhite as bone/metal. as bone/metal. Bone/metalBone/metal: highest density. : highest density.

Appears Appears white white on X-ray.on X-ray.

Is this x-ray Is this x-ray normal or normal or abnormal?abnormal?

Why?Why?

Standard X-Ray PositionsStandard X-Ray Positions

PosteroanteriorPosteroanterior ( (PAPA)) X-ray beam passes from X-ray beam passes from

patient’s patient’s back to patient’s back to patient’s frontfront and then onto film and then onto film

Standard view for chest X-Standard view for chest X-rayray

AnteroposteriorAnteroposterior ( (APAP)) X-ray beam passes from X-ray beam passes from

patient’s patient’s front to patient’s front to patient’s backback and then onto film and then onto film

Often used in Often used in portable portable chest chest X-raysX-rays

PneumothoraxPneumothorax

Is this a Left or Is this a Left or Right Right

Pneumothorax?Pneumothorax?

Why?Why?

Lateral Chest X-RayLateral Chest X-Ray

LateralLateral X-ray beam passes X-ray beam passes

from from one side of one side of patient to otherpatient to other, and , and then onto filmthen onto film

Often used as Often used as compliment to PA compliment to PA viewsviews, to get better , to get better 3-D3-D perspective perspective

Is this a Left Is this a Left or Right or Right

Lateral CXR?Lateral CXR?

Why?Why?

Computerized Tomography Computerized Tomography (CT or CAT Scan)(CT or CAT Scan)

ProducesProduces series of series of cross-sectional cross-sectional ““slicesslices” through body” through body

GeneratesGenerates high-high-resolution imagesresolution images with more information with more information about about 3-D orientation3-D orientation of structuresof structures

ExposesExposes body to body to much higher levels of much higher levels of radiationradiation than than traditional X-raytraditional X-ray

What view is What view is this CTScan?this CTScan?

Why?Why?

What view is this What view is this CTScan?CTScan?

Why?Why?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

UsesUses magnetic magnetic energyenergy to image body to image body

ProducesProduces cross-cross-sectionalsectional images images

ImagesImages have much have much better claritybetter clarity than CT than CT

What view What view are these are these

MRIs?MRIs?

Why?Why?

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (cont’d)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) (cont’d)

Cannot be used by all patientsCannot be used by all patients Patients with certain metallic componentsPatients with certain metallic components in in

body (like metallic aneurysm clips or heart body (like metallic aneurysm clips or heart valves) cannot be exposed to magnetic field valves) cannot be exposed to magnetic field of MRI; would make metal components of MRI; would make metal components shift in shift in bodybody

Patients who are claustrophobicPatients who are claustrophobic may not be may not be able to tolerate entering small tunnel of able to tolerate entering small tunnel of traditional (closed) MRI; open MRIs are traditional (closed) MRI; open MRIs are alternative for these patientsalternative for these patients

Ultrasound (Sonography)Ultrasound (Sonography) UsesUses sound wavessound waves to image body to image body Allow body actions to be Allow body actions to be imaged in real timeimaged in real time Uses includeUses include::

Observing Observing fetalfetal development and movement development and movement Observing Observing actionsactions of of heart valvesheart valves

Abdominal Ultrasound

Cardiac Ultrasound