Anatomy of the Cell

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Anatomy of the Cell

• Cells differ (200 types), but share general structures

• Cells are organized into three main regions

– Nucleus

– Cytoplasm

– Plasma membrane

Figure 3.1a


The Nucleus - Control center

Contains genetic material (DNA)

– Nuclear envelope w/ pores

– Nucleolus

– Chromatin

Figure 3.1b

nuclear pores

nucleus


Chromatin•Composed of DNA and protein

•Scattered throughout the nucleus

•Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes when the cell divides


• Makes proteins, membranes

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

1 2

3

4Transport vesiclebuds off

Ribosome

Sugarchain

Glycoprotein

Secretory(glyco-) proteininside transportvesicle

ROUGH ER

Polypeptide

Figure 4.8


• The Golgi complex finishes, sorts, and ships cell products

Golgiapparatus

“Receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus

Transportvesiclefrom ER

Newvesicleforming

Transport vesiclefrom the Golgi

Golgi apparatus

“Shipping”side of Golgiapparatus Figure 4.10


• sacs of digestive enzymes

– digest food. bacteria

– recycle damaged organelles

– embryonic development

– waste storage

Pombe’s disease - glycogen

Tay-Sachs disease - lipids

Lysosomes

LYSOSOME

Nucleus

Figure 4.11A


Figure 4.11B

Rough ER

Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)

Golgiapparatus

Plasmamembrane

LYSOSOMES

“Food”

Engulfmentof particle

Foodvacuole

Digestion

Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle


• synthesizes lipids

• regulates carbohydrate metabolism (liver)

• breaks down toxins and drugs (liver)

• Stores Ca++ in muscle cells

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum


Figure 4.16

Outermembrane

Mitochondrion

Intermembranespace

Innermembrane

Cristae

Matrix

• cellular respiration provides energy


Cytoplasmic Organelles

Figure 3.4


• network of protein fibers - microfilaments, microtubules

The CYTOSKELETON helps organize a cell’s structure and activities

Figure 4.17A


• appendages that protrude from certain cells

• Function: movement

• Made of microtubules wrapped in the plasma membrane

• Centrioles - movement of chromosomes in cell division

Cilia and flagella


• Animal cells - surrounded by an extracellular matrix

–sticky layer of glycoproteins

–binds cells together in tissues

–protects and support cells


Plasma Membrane Specializations

• Membrane junctions

– Tight junctions

– Desmosomes

– Gap junctions Figure 3.3

• Microvilli

– increase surface area for absorption


Cells and Tissues

• Cells = building blocks of all living things

• Carry out chemical activities needed for life

• Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

Anatomy of the Cell

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