Anatomy & Embryology Student Presentations’ Program 2011-2012 Parts of the respiratory system of...
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Transcript of Anatomy & Embryology Student Presentations’ Program 2011-2012 Parts of the respiratory system of...
Anatomy & EmbryologyStudent Presentations’
Program 2011-2012
Parts of the respiratory system Parts of the respiratory system
of the of the elephantelephant
• The respiratory tract of elephants is
comprised of the conducting portion
(external nares, nasal tubes, internal
nares, pharynx, larynx and trachea)
and the respiratory portion (bronchi,
bronchioles, alveolar duct and alveolar
sac in lung). Sound is produced from
larynx. The lungs are attached to the
thoracic walls and diaphragm,
oblitherating the potential pleural
Picture or movie is here if needed
pressure to assist breathing in other mammals. The respiratory system of the elephant is quite exceptional in a
number of ways. The elephant lacks a pleural cavity. This means the lungs are directly attached to the walls of the chest cavity and to the diaphragm. Thus respiratory movements are solely dependent on chest musculature, since there is no mechanism of inflating the lungs by negative pressure in the pleural cavity as is usual in mammals. As a result of this unique physiology, the elephant would find it difficult to breathe if any restraint or pressure is placed on the movement of the chest and diaphragm, essentially over time suffocating from its own tremendous weight.
Air enters the lungs through internal nares which are located high on the forehead. The position of the nares is indicated by the plate-size circle of skin.An elephant can breathe through its mouth as well as through its trunk, so it can retain water or dust in the trunk without having to hold its breathe.
•The trunk
the trunk is a fusion of the nose and upper lip, elongated and
specialized to become the elephant's most important and
versatile appendage. The elephant's trunk is sensitive enough to
pick up a single blade of grass, yet strong enough
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to rip off branshes of a tree . It is
composed of muscles, vessels, nerves,
fat and other connective tissues, and
skin. The trunk evolved from fused
muscles of nose, upper lip and cheeks.
It contains no bone or cartilage,
although cartilage is found around the
nostrils and at the base of the trunk.
The muscles are include superficial and
Picture or movie is here if needed
• internal muscles. The total number of a muscles is
approximately 150,000.. Superficial muscles run
longitudinally along the dorsal, ventral and lateral aspects of
the trunk. The internal muscles are deep to the superficial
mucles and include radial muscles and transverse muscles.
The two nostrils are separated by a membranous septum
and are connected to openings in the frontal aspect of the
cranium. The functions of the trunk include feeding,
watering, dusting, smelling, touching, communicating
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• (Touch and sound promoter), defense and others. The trunk
of an adult Asian elephant can hold about 10 liters of water.
Lungs
However, elephants do not have pleural cavity. Rather, their
ample lungs are attached directly to the chest cavity wall
and the diaphragm.
• The lungs are divided into smaller units by a network of
thick, stretchy septa. Each of the septal units measures
approximately 10mm3. They are suspended on the septa in
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