Anatomy and Physiology of Adrenal Gland

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Alegre, Stephen III-D BLACK


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The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is

composed of an interrelated

complex of glands (pituitary,adrenals, thyroid, parathyroid,

islets of Langerhans of the

pancreas, thymus, pineal gland,ovaries, and testes) that secrete a

variety of hormones directly into

the bloodstream.


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Although the nervous and endocrine systems act together tocoordinate functions of all body systems, their means of control aredifferent.

Exocrine glands (exo- outside) secreteproducts into ducts that carry the secretions into

body cavities, into lumen of an organ, or to the

outer surface of the body.

Endocrine glands secrete products (hormones)

into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretorycells, rather than into ducts.


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FUNCTIONS

Maintenance and regulation of vital

functions

Response to stress and injury

Growth and development

Energy metabolism

Reproduction

Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base

balance


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ADREN

AL

GLA

ND


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Two small glands, one above each

kidney Regulates sodium and electrolyte

balance

Affects carbohydrate, fat, andprotein metabolism

Influences the development of sexualcharacteristics

Sustains the flight or fight response


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1.Adrenal cortex (outer portion)

The outer shell of the adrenal

gland

ProducesM

INERALOCO

RT

ICO

ID

S andGLUCOCORTICOIDS

2 SECTIONS:


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Aldosterone principal steroid withmineralocorticoid activity TARGET: distal tubule of the kidney

Increased resorption of sodium: sodium loss in urine isdecreased under aldosterone stimulation

Increased resorption of water, with consequent expansion ofthe extracellular fluid volume.

Increased renal excretion of potassium

REGULATORS: 1. Concentration of K+ ions in extracellularfluid

2.Angiotensin II renin-angiotensin mechanism

MINERALOCORTICOIDS


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stimulation of the gluconeogenesis, particularlyin the liver

mobilization of amino acids from extrahepatictissue

inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle andadipose tissue

stimulation of fat breakdown in adipose tissue

anti-inflammatory effect

immunosuppressive effect

- functions


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- cortisol, cortison, corticosterone

- REGULATOR:ACTH which is also controlled by

hypothalamic peptideC

RH

(corticotropin-releasing hormone)

- CNS is the commander-in-chief of response

-A

ny type of stressors results in elevation ofcortisol concentrations in the blood due toenhanced secretion ofCRH.

GLUCOCORTICOIDS


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ADRENALCORTEX FUNCTION

Secretion of adrenal

androgens, controlled byACTH, which governdevelopment of certain

secondary sexcharacteristics.


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2.Adrenal medulla

The inner core of the adrenal gland

Works as part of the sympathetic nervoussystem

Produces two catecholamines: (triggered byexercise, hypoglycemia, distress,hemorrhage)

a. epinephrine (also called asadrenalin)

b. norepinephrine (sometimescalled as noradrenalin)


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CATECHOLAMINES

Increased rate and force of contraction in theheart muscle (epinephrine)

Constriction of blood vessels (norepinephrine)

Dilation of bronchioles

Stimulation of lipolysis in fat cells

Increased metabolic rate

Dilation of pupils

Inhibition of GI secretion and motor activity

Anatomy and Physiology of Adrenal Gland

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