Anatomy and Physiology - New Paltz Middle · PDF fileAnatomy and Physiology ... Physiology -...
Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology - New Paltz Middle · PDF fileAnatomy and Physiology ... Physiology -...
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Anatomy and PhysiologyPart 1
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Anatomy - the study of the structure and relationship between body parts
Physiology - the study of the function of body parts and the body as a whole.
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Overview and Homeostasis
Organelles –
specialized subcomponents of cells that perform aspects of life functions.
Cells
- simplest units of structure and function in living things
Tissues-
Grouping of cells specialized to do certain jobs in our body
Examples?
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Overview and Homeostasis
Organ-
structure made of tissue that has a major role in life
function
Examples?
Organ System-
series of organs that work together to do a job.
Examples?
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Overview and Homeostasis
Differentiation or Specialization
cells contain all the genes to be all kinds of cells-
nerve, bone, skin, etc. Only those needed are
“turned on” the rest are "turned off”
Homeostasis
maintenance of a stable environment
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How do animals get their food?
filter feeding living in your food
fluid feeding bulk feeding
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Getting & Using Food Ingest
taking in food
Digest
mechanical digestion
breaking up food into smaller pieces
chemical digestion
breaking down food into molecules small enough to be absorbed into cells
enzymes
Absorb
absorb nutrients across cell membranes
diffusion
active transport
Eliminate
undigested material passes out of body
intracellulardigestion
extracellulardigestion
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Digestive systems
Everybody’s got one!
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Digestive System (aka GI tract)
Food is broken down so that it is small enough to enter body tissues and cells.
Mechanical- ex. Mouth-chewing with teeth increase the surface area of food
Chemical- ex. Amylase in salvia breaks starch (complex carbs) down to glucose
Digestive system is one-way passage through the body. Tube within a tube.
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Human Digestive SystemMouth
Ingests food
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Begins digestion of starch
teeth
break up food
chemical digestion (saliva)
amylase enzyme
digests starch
mucus
protects soft lining of digestive system
lubricates food for easier swallowing
buffers
neutralizes acid to prevent tooth decay
anti-bacterial chemicals
kill bacteria that enter mouth with food
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Swallowing (& not choking)
Epiglottis
flap of cartilage
closes trachea (windpipe) when swallowing
food travels down esophagus
Peristalsis
involuntary muscle contractions to move food along
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mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
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Human Digestive System
Esophogus
- tube that connects
mouth to stomach
Food moves by peristalsis:
slow rhythmic contractions of
muscular contractions.
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Human Digestive System
Stomach- muscular sac with
gastric juices- HCl and digestive
enzymes.
Begins digestion of protein
Peristalsis occurs here too.
can stretch to fit ~2L food
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stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food
sphincter
sphincter
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
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Human Digestive System
Small Intestine- 6.5 m long coiled tube.
Intestinal juices and digestive enzymes break
food down into small enough sizes for
absorption.
Ex. starch to glucose, protein to amino acid,
lipids to fatty acid and glycogen.
Inner lining absorbs food through villi- finger
like projections increase surface area
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An individual eats a hamburger. Which two systems must interact to transfer the
nutrients in the hamburger to human muscle tissue?
A) respiratory and excretory
B) digestive and immune
C) digestive and circulatory
D) circulatory and respiratory
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Human Digestive System
Pancreas- manufactures and secretes
pancreatic digestive enzymes to break
down food and pancreatic juice (pH 8)
to neutrilize it. Makes insulin.
Liver- secretes bile (stored in
gallbladder) to break down fats.
filters the blood coming from the
digestive tract
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small intestines
breakdown food
- proteins
- starch
- fats
absorb nutrients
stomach
kills germs
break up food
digest proteins
store food
mouth
break up food
digest starch
kill germs
moisten food
pancreas
produces enzymes to
digest proteins & starch
liver
produces bile
- stored in gall bladder
break up fats
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Before starch can enter a cell, it must be
A) absorbed by simple sugars
B) diffused into simple sugars
C) digested to form simple sugars
D) actively transported by simple sugars
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Teeth chewing food into smaller digestible pieces is known as
A) chemical digestion
B) circulation
C) mechanical digestion
D) regulation
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Human Digestive System
Large Intestine- 1.5 m tube.
Reabsorbs water from undigested food (85%) to create solid waste (feces).
Absorbs Vit K made from intestinal bacteria
Feces held in colon until time to exit!
Sugar goes right into the digestive system immediately. Everything else needs to be broken down first.
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Crash Course - Digestion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06XzaKqELk
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The diagram below represents a portion of the human body.
The principal function of structure X is to
A) produce salivary enzymes
B) secrete sex hormones
C) absorb water
D) digest bile
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Common Digestive Diseases
Acid reflux
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Common Digestive Diseases
Diabetes Type 2
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Common Digestive Diseases
Colon cancer
“People born in 1990, like my son, have double the risk of colon cancer and quadruple the risk of rectal cancer” compared to the risk someone born in 1950 faced at a comparable age, said Rebecca Siegel, an epidemiologist with the American Cancer Society and the lead author of the new report, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute on Tuesday”
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Common Digestive Diseases
Crohn's Disease
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Common Digestive Diseases
Appendicitis
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Common Digestive Diseases
Intestinal Parasites
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excretion= Removal of metabolic waste from the body.
Some of the wastes we produce in our cells are carbon
dioxide, urea, and salts.
Many of the chemicals we rid from our bodies can be toxic
if they are not removed.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Lungs
Carbon dioxide, the by product of chemical
respiration is removed from our blood into the
lungs.
Each exhale contains water vapor and CO2
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Skin (Sweat Glands)
Sweat glands sweat out wastes like salt,
nitrogenous waste and water from the pores
of your skin.
Sweat glands are nestled deep within the
pores of your skin.
Each sweat gland is surrounded by small
blood vessels that transfer the waste to your
sweat gland through your pores to your skin.
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EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
Liver
Filters dead red blood cells and toxins from the blood.
The liver converts excess amino acids in our bloodstream into other compounds the body can use.
Urea a waste product, is produced as a result.
The urea then gets removed from the bloodstream by the kidneys
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Foie gras = $$$
$50/ lb!!
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Kidneys
Filters wastes out of blood.
Reabsorbs nutrients and water.
48 gallons of blood are filtered and reabsorbs in each
kidney every day
Two kidneys in the lower back
As long as a person has at least one kidney, their
body can maintain homeostasis.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
The Nephron
Each kidney has millions of microscopic, filtering units.
Microscopic webs of small blood vessels called capillaries
filter back the water and nutrients.
How to make urine:
As blood passes through nephron, water urea and
amino acids get filtered out.
Most of these materials make their way back into
the bloodstream.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Excess materials form
crystals and eventually
find their way out of the
body.
Glomerulus - a cluster of
capillaries around the end
of a kidney tubule, where
waste products are
filtered from the blood.
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EXCRETORY
SYSTEM
Testing urine proves if
substances like drugs have
been in a person's system
recently.
Finding certain substances in
the urine, like glucose can
indicate a problem like
diabetes.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Bladder
Collects urine until it is ready
to be released.
A tube called a ureter leaves
each kidney and connect to
the urinary bladder.
The urethra connects the
bladder to the outside of the
body.
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Malfunctions of the Excretory System
Kidney Disease
Gout
Cirrhosis
Jaundice
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
If you loose your kidneys you need to have
your blood filtered by dialysis.
It removes the wastes that could build up in
the body.
Kidney dialysis can be done with a machine
but it is expensive and time consuming
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EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Essential Questions
How does the kidney maintain homeostasis?
How is urine formed?
What does the liver filter out of the blood?
Which structure reabsorbs water and minerals from blood?
What kind of things are in sweat?
What are some common diseases of the excretory system?
Gout
Kidney Disease
Cirrhosis
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Crash Course – Excretory System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WtrYotjYvtU
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood, and
blood vessels.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood Vessels
There are three types of blood vessels:
•Arteries- thick walled vessels with cardiac muscle,
moves blood away from the heart toward tissues
•Veins - thin walled vessels without muscle, moves
blood back toward the heart, one-way valves prevent
back flow.
•Capillaries- microscopic blood vessels only one cell
thick, oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the
capillaries and body tissues.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Blood
Blood is composed of 55% plasma and 45% red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets.
Plasma is made up primarily of water but also contains salts,
nutrients, hormones, and many other substances. It transports
EVERYTHING except for oxygen.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Red blood cells transport oxygen. Hemoglobin is a protein located on red blood
cells that binds to oxygen in the lungs and transports it to the tissues where
the oxygen gets released. They are produced in the bone marrow.
Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease where the red blood cells are crescent
shaped and can't carry oxygen. The symptoms can be deadly.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
White blood cells fight disease. When you are
sick, the number of white blood cells in the
blood increases to help fight infection. They
are produced from stem cells in bone marrow.
White blood cells are the main components of
the immune system. Different white blood cells
have different roles.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Platelets clot the blood. Platelets are fragments of blood cells.
Platelets become sticky when they come into contact with broken blood
vessels. This causes clotting factors to be released, which can produce
microscopic filaments called fibrins. The strands of fibrin act like a net and
form a blood clot, which stops blood flow.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart
The heart is a four chambered
organ made of cardiac muscle
and it acts like a pump
The muscles of the heart
contract and pump blood away
from the heart (through the
aorta) and to the tissues of the
body.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Circulation of the heart
Blood rich in oxygen flows in the pulmonary vein from the
LUNG into the left atrium of the heart.
Next, the blood flows into the left ventricle. When it
contracts (with each heart beat) it pumps the oxygenated
blood into arteries that carry blood to all organs
Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins
into the right atrium. After the blood flows into the right
ventricle, it is pumped to the lungs through the
pulminary arteries.
Special valves in the heart prevent backflow!
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
More fun facts
Your heart beats when the pacemaker (sinoatrial node
located in the right atrium) sends an impulse that causes
muscle contractions to occur.
When your heart pumps, it produces a pressure in your
arteries called blood pressure.
Blood pressure is at a max when the ventricles contract
called systolic pressure.
The miniumum blood pressure is when the ventricles are
relaxed called diastolic pressure.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Cardiovascular Diseases
High blood pressure- makes the heart work harder and
can lead to many problems such as weakening of the
blood vessels and heart muscle.
•Also, if you have high blood pressure, you are
more susceptible to:
•Heart attack, stroke, coronary artery
disease, and other circulatory system
diseases.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Cardiovascular Diseases
Atherosclerosis occurs when fatty plaque deposits build
up on the walls of blood vessels.
If this condition occurs in the coronary arteries, it can
block the flow of blood that supplies the heart with
oxygen and nutrients.
The part of the heart that isn't getting the supply of
oxygen it needs can start to die, causing a heart attack.
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THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Stroke occurs when the blood flow to part of your
brain stops.
•This can be due to some kind of blockage such as
a blood clot or a burst blood vessel.
•Without oxygen, cells in your brain die causing
permanent damage such as limb immobility.
Cardiovascular diseases can be prevented through
the avoidance of smoking, regular exercise keeping
your blood pressure low and balanced diet
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that causes
defected clotting factor proteins, leading to the
inability to clot blood.
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THE CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY
SYSTEMS
Crash Course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxm85Fy4sQ
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Respiratory System
The main organ of the respiratory system is the
lungs
When the air enters the lungs, it travels
through the bronchi to clusters of microscopic
air sacs called alveoli wrapped in capillaries.
Oxygen diffuses into alveoli and carbon
dioxide moves out
The next stop for the oxygen rich blood
is the heart where it will then be
pumped to all organs of the body
Bronchioles- smallest tubes within the lungs
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Respiratory System
Bronchi- two tubes that lead
into each lung
Trachea- the wind pipe that
divides into bronchi
The diaphragm is a muscle
located underneath the heart
and lungs that contracts to pull
air into the lungs and relaxes
to force air out of the lungs.
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Respiratory System
Respiratory Diseases
Many respiratory diseases can be caused by
smoking.
Chronic bronchitis is when the bronchi
become swollen and clogged with mucus
Emphysema is when your lungs loose their
elasticity making it extremely difficult to
breathe.
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Respiratory System
Lung cancer is when the cells of your lungs
spontaneously divide, and divide and
divide. Smoking cigarettes can be deadly.
Anemia is when your blood is low in iron
Leukemia is cancer of the cells that
produce white blood cells.