Anatomy and Physiology - Manatee School for the Arts 9 Endocrine.pdf · The endocrine system...
Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology - Manatee School for the Arts 9 Endocrine.pdf · The endocrine system...
Anatomy and
Physiology The Endocrine System
The endocrine system includes anything that secretes hormones directly into body fluids.
Endocrine glands include: the thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, kidney, hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, and thymus glands.
The function of the endocrine systems is to regulate metabolic pathways (chemical rxns, electrolyte balance, membrane transport, reproduction, & digestion) by secreting hormones.
http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/ho
rmones/mainpic.gif
Some terms:
Hormone: a biochemical that affects a specific
metabolic pathway in another cell.
These are secreted into body fluids & blood.
These are mostly steroids and made from
cholesterol but some are amines, peptides,
proteins, and glycoproteins.
Target cells (or organs): cells or organs that receive
the hormone (cell that is affected). These cells have
binding sites (a.k.a. receptors) for specific
hormones.
Hormones are placed in 2 groups: Steroid hormones
and Nonsteroid hormones.
Steroid Hormones: lipid soluble, meaning they easily
pass (diffuse) thru membranes. These are formed
from cholesterol usually.
Nonsteroid hormones must bind to receptors of
target cells (do not diffuse thru membranes). These
are amines, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins.
Hormonal Secretion Control:
This is done by negative feedback control.
Mechanism that regulates the production of hormones based on the accumulation of another substance along a metabolic pathway.
For example:
The adrenal gland produces chemical A which continues a pathway:
A BC D E
When E is accumulated, it prevents (or inhibits) the adrenal gland from producing A. This is a negative feedback mechanism.
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.G
regory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/e
ndocrine%20system/cortisol.gif
http://www.google.com/imgres
The Endocrine
Glands and
Their Hormones
The Pituitary Gland:
found in the base of the brain
has 2 parts: anterior and posterior (based on the lobe of the brain in which it is found).
controlled by the hypothalamus (by releasing hormones)
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus
/ilt/T012393A.gif
The Pituitary Hormones:
Anterior Pituitary Hormones:
Growth Hormone (GH): stimulates growth of
cells (increase in size & cell division).
Prolactin (PRL): stimulates and sustains the
milk production in new mothers.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): controls
thyroid gland secretions and is partially regulated by the hypothalamus.
Anterior Pituitary Hormones (cont’d):
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH):
controls the hormone production of the
adrenal cortex. Stress may increase ACTH.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH): are released in the gonads (testes and ovaries). These are
called gonadotropins.
The Posterior Hormones:
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): decreases urine production by regulating the amount of water the kidneys excrete; therefore, regulating [water] in body fluids.
Oxytocin (OT): considered an antidiuretic; it stimulates the uterine muscles to contract (causing contractions & birth), lactation b/c it stimulates milk-producing glands, and milk ejection.
The Thyroid Gland and its hormones:
This is located on both sides of the larynx and in front of the trachea.
Thyroxine (a.k.a. T4 or tetraiodothyronine) has 4 atoms of iodine and Triiodothyronine (a.k.a. T3) has 3 atoms of iodine (is 5 times stronger). Both regulate the metabolism of carbs (stimulate their use), proteins (stimulate their production), & lipids (stimulate their breakdown).
Calcitonin: not technically a thyroid hormone (b/c of the location of production). This regulates the [Ca] and [phosphate ions] in the blood.
Thyroid
http://stb.msn.com/i/D8/DF6013611CDFDC22A8FB8E28C1DFF.jpg
The Parathyroid Glands and their hormones:
These 4 are found on the thyroid gland.
These secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH): increases blood [Ca++] and decreases blood [phosphate ion], affecting the kidneys, bones & intestines. This works with calcitonin and is regulated by the [ ] of these ions in the blood.
http://stb.msn.com/i/BD/F8BC26E3251ABD2F3FEA4
607A1D47.jpg
The Adrenal Glands and their hormones: This is located on top
of the kidneys and
contains 2 portions:
adrenal medulla
(central portion)
adrenal cortex (outer
portion).
http://www.massgeneral.org/cancer/crr/types/endocrine/images/
adrenal_gland.jpg
The Adrenal Cortical Hormones:
Aldosterone: regulates the [mineral] in the blood, stimulating water retention and sustaining b.p. and volume.
Cortisol: a.ka. hydrocortisone, affects glucose, protein & fat metabolism.
Adrenal Sex Hormones: in males, a.k.a. adrenal androgens; in females, a.k.a. estrogens. These supplement sex hormones & stimulate gonad development.
The Adrenal Medulla Hormones:
Epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) and
norepinephrine (a.k.a. noradrenaline) are
released simultaneously. These increase the
heart rate, increase heart contractions,
increase breathing rate, increase b.p.,
increase blood glucose levels, & decrease digestion causing the typical “fight or flight
reaction”
The Pancreas and its Hormones: This is found by the
stomach and has 2 functions: exocrine gland (secretes digestive juices) and endocrine (releasing hormones).
The endocrine section contains groups of cells known as the Islets of Langerhans which contain alpha cells (secrete glucagon) and beta cells (secrete insulin).
http://www.pancreatic.org/atf/cf/%7BA69EE36
7-5C5C-4B26-A094-
64E9EA47D990%7D/image001.jpg
The Pancreatic Hormones:
Glucagon: produced by alpha cells;
stimulates the breakdown of glycogen and
amino acids. It raises [blood sugar] and is
regulated by a low blood sugar
(hypoglycemia).
Insulin: produced by beta cells; stimulates the liver to make glycogen, promotes the
transport of glucose into cells, stimulates protein synthesis and stimulates fat storage;
thus, it decreases [blood sugar] and is
regulated by a high blood sugar
(hyperglycemia).
http://www.endocrineweb.com/images/su
gar.gif
Blood
Sugar
Regulation:
Other
Endocrine
Glands
Pineal Glands:
This is found in the brain on the upper portion of the thalamus.
This secretes melatonin which regulates circadian rhythms (response to light and dark conditions of the environment. These rhythms dictate sleep patterns & seasonal cycles of fertility in some mammals.
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/images/illu_pituitary_
pineal_glands.jpg
Thymus Gland:
This is found between the
lungs (shrinks with age).
This secretes thymosins
which regulate the
production &
differentiation of white
blood cells, specifically
T cells (T lymphocytes)
http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftex
t/images/Thymus_spleen.jpg
Reproductive Glands:
Ovaries: produce estrogens & progesterone
Testes: produce testosterone
Placenta: produces estrogens, progesterone
& gonadotropin
http://www.malecontraceptives.org/methods/im
ages/heat.jpg
http://www.actionhealthinc.org/teenzone/ima
ges/female.jpg
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/enc
y/images/ency/fullsize/17122.jpg
Heart: produces atrial natriuretic peptide
(stimulates urinary Na secretion).
Kidneys: produce erythropoietin (stimulates
the production of rbc’s).
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/images/heart_interior.gif http://www.healthline.com/blogs/health_observances/upl
oaded_images/kidney-713543.jpg
Stress and Health:
Stress is defined as a condition that causes change in the internal environment (a physiological response that alters homeostasis).
A stressor is a factor that causes stress.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Stress and Health: There are types of
stressors:
physical which can be temperature changes internally or externally, [O2] changes, injury, illness (infections), exercise, noise, etc.
psychological factors which include emotions, feelings (anger, joy, fear, grief, anxiety, depression, etc.), thoughts, losses, unpleasant and pleasant encounters, and sexual arousals/encounters.
http://www.google.com/imgres
Response to stress: These are physiological responses, called general stress syndrome, which is an adaptation to general stress.
This is controlled by the hypothalamus which activates fight or flight rxns (increases epinephrine output).
The physical responses include:
Increased [blood glucose] levels
increased heart rate
increased rate of breathing
increased b.p.
air passage dilation http://www.google.com/imgres
Other hormones are increased in output as well: glucagons, GH (both increase use of
energy sources) and ADH (decrease urine
output, conserving water, & maintaining blood volume).
In addition, cortisol is increased which
decreases the # of lymphocytes (increasing
risk of infection/illness by lowering
resistance and increasing the risk of high b.p., GI ulcers and atherosclerosis).
REVIEW:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVrlHH14q
3o
Adaptations 2017 This slide show was developed by Dana Halloran,
Cardinal Mooney High School, Sarasota, FL.
Used with her personal permission,
adapted and amended by Rosa Whiting,
Manatee School for the Arts, Palmetto, FL.