Anatomy and Physiology CNS brain and spinal cord Chart completed AP biology

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Name: __________________________________________________ Central Nervous System – The Spinal Cord & Brain Region Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained in this structure? Function(s) Protective structures of Spinal Cord & Brain Dura mater Outermost covering; leathery connective tissue; surrounded by an epidural space in the spinal cord One layer (periosteal layer) attaches to skull; second layer (meningeal layer) covers brain and continues as dura mater of spinal cord protects Arachnoid mater Middle meningeal layer; “cob webby” Arachnoid villi – protrude through dura mater – absorbs CSF into venous blood Threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF and blood vessels)to attach it to the pia mater Pia mater Clings tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord protects Cerebrospina l fluid Watery broth similar to blood plasma – contains less protein and more vitamin C Formed by blood of choroid plexus (made by ependymal cells) Forms and drains at a constant rate so that pressure and volume are maintained; changes in pressure/vol = pathology Watery cushion that protects The Blood- Brain Barrier Composed of least permeable capillaries in body Passes only water, glucose, and essential amino acids. Most wastes, toxins, proteins, and

description

Name: __________________________________________________Central Nervous System – The Spinal Cord & BrainRegion Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained in this structure?One layer (periosteal layer) attaches to skull; second layer (meningeal layer) covers brain and continues as dura mater of spinal cord Arachnoid villi – protrude through dura mater – absorbs CSF into venous blood protectsFunction(s)Protective structures of Spinal Cord & BrainDura materOutermos

Transcript of Anatomy and Physiology CNS brain and spinal cord Chart completed AP biology

Page 1: Anatomy and Physiology CNS brain and spinal cord Chart completed AP biology

Name: __________________________________________________

Central Nervous System – The Spinal Cord & Brain

Region Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained

in this structure?

Function(s)

Protective structures of Spinal Cord & Brain

Dura mater Outermost covering; leathery connective tissue; surrounded by an epidural space in the spinal cord

One layer (periosteal layer) attaches to skull; second layer (meningeal layer) covers brain and continues as dura mater of spinal cord

protects

Arachnoid mater

Middle meningeal layer; “cob webby”

Arachnoid villi – protrude through dura mater – absorbs CSF into venous blood

Threadlike extensions span subarachnoid space (filled with CSF and blood vessels)to attach it to the pia mater

Pia mater Clings tightly to surface of brain and spinal cord

protects

Cerebrospinal fluid

Watery broth similar to blood plasma – contains less protein and more vitamin CFormed by blood of choroid plexus (made by ependymal cells)

Forms and drains at a constant rate so that pressure and volume are maintained; changes in pressure/vol = pathology

Watery cushion that protects

Meninges

The Blood-Brain Barrier

Composed of least permeable capillaries in body

Passes only water, glucose, and essential amino acids. Most wastes, toxins, proteins, and drugs are prevented from passing. But fat soluble chemicals can pass (b/c membrane is fat) – alcohol, nicotine, and anesthetics can affect brain

Region Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained

in this

Function(s)

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structure?Spinal cord – Spinal nerves

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion and root

Dorsal roots fuse with ventral roots to form spinal nerves on periphery of spinal cord

Have cell bodies and sensory fibers that lead to dorsal horns; If damaged – loss of sensation from a body area

Anterior (ventral) root

Same Contain axons of motor neurons; If damaged – flaccid paralysis of muscle (atrophy)

Spinal cord – Gray matter

Posterior (dorsal) horns

Part of the “H” shape in middle of cord (unmyelinated fiber tracts); two posterior projections of gray matter

Contains interneurons

Anterior (ventral) horns

Part of the “H” shape in middle of cord (unmyelinated fiber tracts); two anterior projections

Contain cell bodies of motor neurons of somatic nervous system

Central canal Oval opening in center of spinal cord surrounded by gray matter

Contains CSF

Spinal cord – White matter

Posterior (dorsal) column

White matter made of myelinated axonal fiber tracts

Has ascending tracts Carries sensory input (touch, position, and pressure) to brain

Lateral column White matter made of myelinated axonal fiber tracts

Has ascending tracts and descending tracts

Carries sensory input (pain and temperature) to brain;Maintains muscle tone and skilled movements (esp. hands)

SpinalcordAnterior (ventral) column

White matter made of myelinated axonal fiber tracts

Has ascending tracts and descending tracts

Carries sensory input (body position) to brain;Maintains tone & trunk muscle movement

Region Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained

in this structure?

Function(s)

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Brain - Cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum)

Cerebral cortex

Superficial layer (2-4 mm thick) of cerebrum that is gray matter (unmyelinated fiber tracts); lots of folds

Has gyri – ridges; sulci – shallow grooves; and fissures – deep grooves (ie. central & longitudinal)

Houses billions of neurons which are involved in speech, memory, logic, emotion, movement

Frontal lobe (“higher order brain”)

Anterior to the central sulcus Premotor area and Primary motor cortex; Prefrontal area; Broca’s area (left side only)

Plans movement and consciously controls skeletal muscle (face, mouth, hands); regulates motivation and emotional behavior/mood; vocalizes words and interprets word meanings

Damage to Broca’s area - inability to produce meaningful language

Parietal lobes Paired lobes on both sides of the longitudinal fissure; separated from frontal lobe by central sulcus; separated from each other by longitudinal fissure

Somatic sensory cortex, Gustatory area; Speech area

Interprets sensory stimuli (pain, temperature, touch, taste); sound out words

Occipital lobe Posterior part of brain Visual cortex Receives and interprets visual stimuli

Temporal lobe Paired lobes under the temporal bones; below lateral fissure

Auditory area; Olfactory area; Wernicke’s area (left side only), Memory area

Interprets characteristics of sound like pitch and rhythm; determines if sound is speech, music, or noise; also, meaning of speech; receives impulses related to smell

Damage to Wernicke’s area – inability to understand language

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Cerebral white matter

Deep to the cerebral cortex w/ myelinated fiber tracts that run in 3 directions

Association fibers, Commissural fibers (corpus callosum), Projection fibers

Transmit impulses in same hemisphere (Association), across to other hemisphere (commissural), to other areas like spinal cord (projection)

Basal nuclei Islands of gray matter in the white matter area

Corpus striatum – made of caudate nucleus and lenticular nucleus

Receives vol. motor input and provides output to cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus; helps maintain muscle tone and posture

Damage to basal nuclei – Parkinson’s and cerebral palsy

Limbic System (“emotional brain”)

Encircling the brain stem on the inner border of cerebrum

Hippocampus, cingulate gyri, amygdala, olfactory bulbs, & mammillary bodies

Governs emotional aspects of behavior, memory, rage, pleasure, and pain as related to survival; responds to olfactory stimulation

Region Structures Description/Location Special areas or parts contained

in this structure?

Function(s)

Brain - Diencephalon

Epithalamus Forms the roof of the third ventricle; highest part of the diencephalon

Pineal gland (“pine cone”),Choroid plexus of third ventricle

Pineal gland secretes melatonin (promotes sleepiness, sets timing of body’s biological clock); in sheep, contributes to seasonal breeding capabilityChoroid plexus have capillaries (covered by ependymal cells) that form CSF from blood plasma

Thalamus(80% of diencephalon)

Forms the superior part of the lateral walls of the third ventricle; encloses the third ventricle; below somatic sensory area

Interthalamic adhesion crosses the third ventricle to join the right and left portions of thalamus

Relays sensory impulses from the spinal cord to the sensory cortex (pleasant and unpleasant sensations: pain, temperature, pressure, emotions/memory, maybe cognitive function)

Hypothalamus (major regulator of

Forms the inferior part of the lateral walls and floor of the third ventricle; “under the thalamus,” autonomic nervous sys center

Mammillary bodies,Infundibulum (attaches to pituitary gland which secretes GH, LH, and

Relay reflexes related to sense of smell; controls Autonomic Nervous Sys (heart rate, digestive and bladder function); Produces hormones (oxytocin and ADH)

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homeostasis) FSH) and controls pituitary gland; with limbic system, regulates feelings of rage, pain, and pleasure; regulates hunger and thirst; controls body temperature; establishes daily patterns of sleep

Brain – Brain Stem

Reticular formation

Gray matter in the larger portion of the brain stem

Reticular Activating System (RAS)

Regulates cyclical motor functions – respiration, walking, and chewing; RAS maintains consciousness and awakening from sleep

Damage to reticular formation - comaMidbrain Extends from pons to

diencephalon (about 2.5 cm); Colliculi; Cerebral peduncles; Cerebral aqueduct pass through connecting third ventricle to fourth ventricle;Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves III and IV

Colliculi = respond to visual stimuli (visual reflexes) and auditory stimuli; Cerebral peduncles = convey ascending and descending impulses from cerebral cortex to pons, medulla, and spinal cord

Pons (“bridge”)

Superior to medulla and anterior to the cerebellum (about 2.5 cm long)

Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII

Connects spinal cord and medulla to the midbrain; also helps control breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing, and salivation

Medulla oblongata

Begins at the foramen magnum and extends upward to pons (about 3 cm long); inferiorly, it merges with brain stem

Pyramids – involved in conscious control of muscles; Nuclei of origin for cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII

Regulates vital visceral activities, such as rate and force of heartbeat & diameter of blood vessels (bp), breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing, and hiccuping

Brain – Cerebellum

Brain

Cerebellum Posterior to medulla and pons; inferior to the posterior portion of cerebrum (separated by transverse fissure); shaped like a butterfly – vermis is constricted area

Cerebellar cortex (gray matter), arbor vitae (white matter)

Provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity, controls balance and equilibrium, and regulates posture

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