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ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY

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This is the structure and function of the body.

We have already looked at the physiology

(function) of the body when we studied theCIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY systems.

We will now look at the structure of the body,and in particular:

1.BONES

2.FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON

3.JOINTS

4.MUSCLES

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BONES

Some bones are hollow and inside them is thered bone marrow from which our blood isformed.

All bones are formed from CARTILAGE,except the clavicle and some parts of thecranium.

Bones begin to grow before children are born,and as growth takes place the CARTILAGE,which forms the temporary skeleton, is

hardened into bone by the addition of calcium.

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Bone growth begins in the centre of each bone.This is in the centre of the shaft. Growth

takes place upwards, downwards and aroundthe central marrow cavity.

Secondary growth appears at both ends.

CARTILAGE remains between the areas untilbone growth is completed.

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This process of development from cartilage tobone is known as OSSIFICATION.

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WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THEBONES AND THE SKELETON ?

1.MOVEMENT

2.Muscles are attached to bone by tendons,

and these allow us to apply POWER andMOVEMENT.

3.PROTECTION of vital organs.

4.STORES CALCIUM which gives boneshardness.

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WHAT BONES DO WE NEED TO KNOW ANDWHERE THEY ARE SITUATED ?

1.CRANIUM

2.CLAVICLE

3.SCAPULA

4.STERNUM

5.RIBS

6.VERTEBRAL COLUMN

7.HUMERUS

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8. RADIUS

9. ULNA

10. ILIUM

11. CARPALS

12. META CARPALS

13. PHALANGES

14. FEMUR

15. PATELLA

16. TIBIA

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17. FIBULA

18. TARSALS

19. META TARSALS

20. PHALANGES

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HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ?

Bones are classified according to theirfunction.

1. (Protection) FLAT BONES

2.(Protection) IRREGULAR BONES

3.(levers) LONG BONES

4.SHORT BONES

CAN YOU PUT THE BONES OF THE

SKELETON INTO THESE GROUPS.

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WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

The vertebral column is very versatile. It hasstrength and is flexible. We can use it as alever and it also protects the spinal chord.

We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protectthe organs of the chest and the upperabdomen.

The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, orvertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups:

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1. 7 in the CERVICAL region which form theneck, and allow a variety of movement.

2. 12 in the THORACIC region.

3. 5 in the LUMBAR region.

4. 5 in the SACRUM

5. 4 IN THE coccyx WHICH USED TO FORMOUR TAIL.

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All the vertebrae fit neatly together toprotect the spinal chord.

Between each vertebrae is anINTERVERTEBRAL disc. These discs are very

delicate and if put out of action by slipping outof place or tearing, the patient is said to haveslipped a disc.

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O S O BOD

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JOINTS OF THE BODY

JOINT- A place where two or more bonesmeet.

SYNOVIAL JOINTS- in order to prevent painthrough the friction that might be caused bythe bones rubbing together, the ends of the

bones in a SYNOVIAL JOINT are coveredwith a layer of thick cartilage KNOWN ASHYALINE CARTILAGE.

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The cartilage is elastic and this enables it tocushion and therefore protect the ends of the

bones involved in the joint.

Surrounding a synovial joint is a tough capsule,

which is reinforced by LIGAMENTS.Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIALMEMBRANE which produces SYNOVIAL

FLUID to lubricate the joint.

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h 6 f h h d

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There are 6 types of joints in which we needto know 3 of them:

1.BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS2.HINGE JOINTS

3.PIVOT JOINT

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CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTSINTO THE ABOVE CATEGORIES AND NAME

A SPORTING ACTION THAT USES THEJOINT ?

1 HIP

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1.HIP

2.SHOULDER

3.KNEE

4.ELBOW

5.WRIST

6.ANKLE

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WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE

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WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BEDONE AT A JOINT ?

There are 6 principle movements at a joint.Can you name a joint that will perform this

movement and give examples in sport wherethe following movements take place ?

1 FLEXION

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1.FLEXION

2.EXTENSION

3.ABDUCTION

4.ADDUCTION

5.ROTATION

6.CIRCUMDUCTION

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CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?

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CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?

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REVISION

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