Anatomy and p hysiology of t 2d
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Anatomy and physiology of t2d Lesson Seven Today we will… • Make a human body poster that shows how t2d affects organs and body systems • Look at treatment options for different symptoms of t2d • Evaluate costs of prevention and treatment options for t2d
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Anatomy and p hysiology of t 2d. Lesson Seven Today we will… Make a human body poster that shows how t2d affects organs and body systems Look at treatment options for different symptoms of t2d Evaluate costs of prevention and treatment options for t2d. Lesson 7. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Anatomy and p hysiology of t 2d
Anatomy and physiology of t2d
Lesson SevenToday we will…
• Make a human body poster that shows how t2d affects organs and body systems
• Look at treatment options for different symptoms of t2d
• Evaluate costs of prevention and treatment options for t2d
Lesson 7
“If current trends continue, 1 in 3 U.S. adults will have diabetes by 2050.”
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/ddt.htm
Organs/body parts we will focus on:
http://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/
Heart
BrainEyes
Extremities (i.e. feet)
Kidneys
Three mechanisms
Three ways type 2 diabetes damages cells and organs:
1. Polyol Pathway
2. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
3. Atherosclerosis
1. Polyol Pathway
Cells in the kidney, eye, and nerves take up glucose in the absence of insulin
Water flows into the cell and can cause the cell to burst (think of a water balloon).Inside the cell,
glucose is converted to a substance (sorbitol) which builds up because it cannot get out.
This is a key mechanism for nerve and retina damage
This is a key mechanism for eye and kidney damage.
2. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
Glucose attaches to proteins
protein
glucose
AGEsAGEs cross-link proteins and contribute to tissue stiffness in heart, bone and muscle.
prot
ein protein
AGE damage can also make small blood vessels leaky
3. Atherosclerosis
Large blood vessels also become leaky due to AGEs Layers of fat and cholesterol start to
accumulate along the vessel walls.
This makes the blood vessel stiff and narrows the channel.Atherosclerosis leads to high blood pressure, causing the heart to work harder.
This is a key mechanism for heart failure and stroke. It also contributes to kidney failure.
1. Polyol Pathway TREATMENT
Cells in the kidney, eye, and nerves take up glucose in the absence of insulin
Water flows into the cell and can cause the cell to burst (think of a water balloon).Inside the cell,
glucose is converted to a substance (sorbitol) which builds up because it cannot get out.
This is a key mechanism for nerve and retina damage
Can the enzyme that converts glucose into sorbitol be inhibited?
Still working on it…
This is a key mechanism for eye and kidney damage.
2. Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)TREATMENT
Glucose attaches to proteins
protein
glucose
AGEsAGEs cross-link proteins and contribute to tissue stiffness in heart, bone and muscle.
prot
ein protein
AGE damage can also make small blood vessels leaky
Drugs that inhibit the formation of AGEs have been tested, but…none have been shown to reduce kidney damage. Yet.
3. AtherosclerosisTREATMENT
Large blood vessels also become leaky due to AGEs Layers of fat and cholesterol start to
accumulate along the vessel walls.
This makes the blood vessel stiff and narrows the channel.Atherosclerosis leads to high blood pressure, causing the heart to work harder.
This is a key mechanism for heart failure and stroke. It also contributes to kidney failure.
Balloon angioplasty can help to open narrow vessels
Pathways to organ damage in type 2 diabetes
Chronic Elevated Blood Glucose
Nerve damage Capillary damage Large blood vessel damage
EYES LIMBS KIDNEYS HEART BRAIN
TREATMENT
