Anatomical Terminology & Skeletal System Dr. Zeenat Zaidi.
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Transcript of Anatomical Terminology & Skeletal System Dr. Zeenat Zaidi.
Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology&&
Skeletal SystemSkeletal System
Dr. Zeenat Zaidi
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:At the end of the lecture, students should be able to: Define the word “Anatomy”Define the word “Anatomy” Enumerate the different anatomical fieldsEnumerate the different anatomical fields Describe the anatomical positionDescribe the anatomical position Describe different anatomical terms of position & Describe different anatomical terms of position &
movements as well different anatomical planesmovements as well different anatomical planes Classify bones according to shape, structure & Classify bones according to shape, structure &
developmentdevelopment Enumerate bones of axial & appendicular skeletonEnumerate bones of axial & appendicular skeleton
ANATOMY The science which deals with the study of the The science which deals with the study of the structure and structure and
shape of the body & body partsshape of the body & body parts, and , and their relationships to one their relationships to one anotheranother
Gross AnatomyGross Anatomy: Study of human body with naked eye: Study of human body with naked eye Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): Study of fine structure : Study of fine structure
(cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope(cells & tissues) of the human body with the help of microscope Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology)Developmental Anatomy ( Embryology) Radiological AnatomyRadiological Anatomy Cross-sectional AnatomyCross-sectional Anatomy Applied AnatomyApplied Anatomy Surgical AnatomySurgical Anatomy
The Language of Anatomy(Anatomical Terminology)
To prevent To prevent misunderstandingmisunderstanding, a special set , a special set of terms are used to describe the of terms are used to describe the identificationidentification and and locationlocation of body of body structuresstructures
To accurately describe body parts, the body To accurately describe body parts, the body is in a standard position called the is in a standard position called the Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position, in which:, in which: Body is erectBody is erect Arms hanging by the sideArms hanging by the side Palms facing forwardPalms facing forward Feet are parallelFeet are parallel
CranialCranial CervicalCervical ThoracicThoracic AbdominalAbdominal PelvicPelvic PlanterPlanter PalmerPalmer
Terms of Regions
Terms of Position Superior (cranial, rostral): Superior (cranial, rostral): nearer nearer
to the headto the head
Inferior (caudal): Inferior (caudal): away from the away from the headhead
Anterior (ventral):Anterior (ventral): nearer to the nearer to the frontfront
Posterior (dorsal): Posterior (dorsal): nearer to the nearer to the backback
Medial:Medial: nearer to the median plane nearer to the median plane
Lateral:Lateral: away from the median away from the median planeplane
Proximal:Proximal: nearer to the trunk nearer to the trunk
Distal:Distal: away from the trunk away from the trunk Superficial:Superficial: nearer to the skin nearer to the skin
(surface)(surface)
Deep:Deep: away from the skinaway from the skin
Terms of Movement Flexion:Flexion: approximation of 2 parts approximation of 2 parts
(decreasing the angle between 2 (decreasing the angle between 2 parts)parts)Extension: Extension: straightening straightening (increasing the angle between 2 (increasing the angle between 2 parts)parts)
Abduction:Abduction: away from median away from median planeplaneAdduction:Adduction: toward median plane toward median plane
Lateral rotation:Lateral rotation: rotation away from rotation away from median planemedian planeMedial rotation: Medial rotation: rotation toward rotation toward median planemedian plane
Circumduction:Circumduction: combined combined movements of flexion, extension, movements of flexion, extension, abduction & adductionabduction & adduction
Opposition: bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something upOpposite of above movement
Abdominopelvic regions
The Abdominopelvic area is divided into 9 regions by 2 vertical & 2 horizontal lines or planesObjective: To locate the different organs in each region
Body Planes & Sections To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections along imaginary To look at the internal structures, the body is cut into sections along imaginary
lines called planeslines called planes There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another: There are three type of sections or planes that lie at right angle to one another:
Sagittal, Frontal & TransverseSagittal, Frontal & Transverse
Sagittal SectionSagittal Section: A cut made along a A cut made along a
longitudinallongitudinal plane, dividing plane, dividing the body into the body into rightright and and leftleft parts.parts.
The plane passing through the The plane passing through the midline of the body, cutting midline of the body, cutting the body into the right and left the body into the right and left equal halves is called a equal halves is called a midsagittal midsagittal or or medianmedian plane. plane.
Frontal (coronal) Frontal (coronal) SectionSection::
A cut made along a A cut made along a longitudinallongitudinal plane plane dividing the body into dividing the body into anterioranterior and and posterior posterior partsparts
Transverse (cross) Transverse (cross) Section:Section:
A cut made along a A cut made along a horizontalhorizontal plane dividing plane dividing the body into the body into superiorsuperior and and inferior inferior partsparts
Body Cavities
Dorsal body cavityDorsal body cavity has two has two subdivisions, which are subdivisions, which are continuous with each other:continuous with each other: Cranial cavityCranial cavity: space : space
inside the bony skull, inside the bony skull, contains braincontains brain
Spinal cavitySpinal cavity: space : space inside the vertebral inside the vertebral column, contains spinal column, contains spinal cordcord
Ventral body cavity Ventral body cavity has two has two subdivisions, which are separated subdivisions, which are separated from each other by the from each other by the diaphragm.diaphragm. Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity: lies superior : lies superior
to diaphragm, contains heart to diaphragm, contains heart and lungsand lungs
Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity: lies : lies below the diaphragm, contains below the diaphragm, contains stomach, intestine, urinary stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, liver, reproductive bladder, liver, reproductive organs, rectum, etc.organs, rectum, etc.
The body has two sets of internal cavities that lodge and protect the organs. These are Dorsal & Ventral.
Skeletal System
Includes:Includes: BonesBones Joints Joints
(articulations)(articulations)
Functions of Bones
1.1. SupportSupport of the body organs of the body organs
2.2. ProtectionProtection of soft body organs of soft body organs
3.3. Attachment of musclesAttachment of muscles
4.4. MovementMovement of the body as a whole, or of of the body as a whole, or of the body partsthe body parts
5.5. StorageStorage of fat and minerals e.g. calcium of fat and minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorusand phosphorus
6.6. Blood cell formationBlood cell formation
Classification of Bones
Bones are classified on Bones are classified on the bases of their:the bases of their:
ShapeShape: as : as longlong, , shortshort, , flatflat, , irregularirregular bonesbones
StructureStructure: as : as compactcompact & & spongyspongy bonesbones
DevelopmentDevelopment: as : as membranemembrane & & cartilagecartilage bones bones
Gross Structure of a Long Bone
Each long bone has:Each long bone has: A long cylindrical A long cylindrical shaftshaft
called the called the ‘diaphysis’. ‘diaphysis’. Two Two endsends called the called the
‘epiphyses’‘epiphyses’ The region at the junction The region at the junction
of diaphysis and of diaphysis and epiphysis is called epiphysis is called ‘metaphysis’‘metaphysis’
Diaphysis (Shaft)Diaphysis (Shaft) Composed of Composed of compact compact
bonebone Covered on its external Covered on its external
surface by a fibrous surface by a fibrous connective tissue connective tissue membrane called the membrane called the periosteum.periosteum.
Has a cavity called the Has a cavity called the marrow cavitymarrow cavity. In adults, . In adults, the marrow cavity is a the marrow cavity is a storage area for fat and storage area for fat and contains contains yellow marrow. yellow marrow. In infants, it contains In infants, it contains red red marrowmarrow and is the site of and is the site of blood cells formationblood cells formation
EpiphysesEpiphyses Each epiphysis is Each epiphysis is
composed of composed of spongy bonespongy bone, lined , lined by a thin layer of by a thin layer of compact bone.compact bone.
Its external surface Its external surface is covered by a is covered by a layer of layer of hyaline hyaline cartilage cartilage called the called the articular cartilagearticular cartilage
Articular cartilage Articular cartilage provides smooth provides smooth slippery surface that slippery surface that decreases friction decreases friction at at joint surfacesjoint surfaces
MetaphysisMetaphysis It contains a thin It contains a thin
plate of cartilage plate of cartilage called the called the epipyseal plateepipyseal plate, , that is responsible that is responsible for the for the lengthwise lengthwise growth growth of the of the long bones. long bones.
Role of PeriosteumRole of Periosteum ProtectsProtects the bone the bone Gives Gives attachment to musclesattachment to muscles Carries blood vessels and Carries blood vessels and
nerves nerves to boneto bone Deposits Deposits new bone new bone on the on the
surface thus increases the girth surface thus increases the girth of boneof bone
Growth of boneGrowth of bone Increase in length: epiphyseal Increase in length: epiphyseal
platesplates Increase in girth: periosteumIncrease in girth: periosteum
The Skeleton There are There are 206206 bones in our body, bones in our body,
arranged to form the body arranged to form the body framework called, the framework called, the skeletonskeleton
The skeleton is perfectly adapted The skeleton is perfectly adapted to the functions ofto the functions of body body protectionprotection andand motionmotion
It is subdivided into two It is subdivided into two divisions:divisions: The The axial skeletonaxial skeleton, , the bones the bones
that form the longitudinal axis that form the longitudinal axis of the bodyof the body
TheThe Appendicular skeletonAppendicular skeleton, , the bones of limbs and girdlesthe bones of limbs and girdles
The Axial The Axial Skeleton Skeleton consists of consists of the:the: Skull Skull
bonesbones Vertebral Vertebral
columncolumn SternumSternum RibsRibs
The The Appendicular Appendicular Skeleton Skeleton consists consists of the bones of of the bones of the :the : Pectoral & Pectoral &
Pelvic GirdlesPelvic Girdles, , connect the connect the bones of the bones of the limbs to the limbs to the axial skeletonaxial skeleton
Upper LimbUpper Limb Lower Limb Lower Limb
Skull bones
Formed of two sets of Formed of two sets of bones:bones:
Cranium: Cranium: Encloses and protects Encloses and protects
the brain. the brain. Consists of the Consists of the
following bones:following bones: FrontalFrontal ParietalParietal TemporalTemporal SphenoidSphenoid OccipitalOccipital
Facial bones:Facial bones: Form the skeleton of the faceForm the skeleton of the face Consists of the following bones:Consists of the following bones:
MaxillaMaxilla MandibleMandible ZygomaticZygomatic NasalNasal
Vertebral column Forms the axial support of the bodyForms the axial support of the body Is a flexible curved structure, formed Is a flexible curved structure, formed
of of 33 irregular bones33 irregular bones, the , the vertebraevertebrae Running through its cavity is the Running through its cavity is the spinal spinal
cordcord Is divided into Is divided into 55 regions: regions:
CervicalCervical: 7 vertebrae : 7 vertebrae ThoracicThoracic: 12 vertebrae : 12 vertebrae LumbarLumbar: 5 vertebrae : 5 vertebrae SacralSacral: 5 vertebrae fused to from a : 5 vertebrae fused to from a
triangular bone called triangular bone called sacrumsacrum CoccygealCoccygeal: 4 vertebrae fused to : 4 vertebrae fused to
form a small bone called form a small bone called coccyxcoccyx
Sternum Flat Flat bone Has Has three partsthree parts: :
manubrium, body and manubrium, body and xiphoid processxiphoid process
Ribs Number: 12 pairsNumber: 12 pairs All ribs articulate with All ribs articulate with
vertebraevertebrae Only upper 7 pairs Only upper 7 pairs
articulate with articulate with sternumsternum
Bones of the Girdles
Pectoral GirdlePectoral Girdle: Bones : Bones connecting the upper connecting the upper limb with the axial limb with the axial skeletonskeleton ClavicleClavicle ScapulaScapula
Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle: : Bones Bones connecting the lower connecting the lower limb with the axial limb with the axial skeletonskeleton Two hip bonesTwo hip bones
Bones of the Upper Limb
Bone of arm: Bone of arm: humerushumerus Bones of forearm: Bones of forearm: radius radius
(lateral) & (lateral) & ulnaulna (medial) (medial) Bones of hand:Bones of hand:
1.1. 8 8 carpalcarpal bones bones
2.2. 5 5 metacarpalmetacarpal bones bones
3.3. 14 14 phalangesphalanges: 2 for thumb : 2 for thumb & 3 for each of medial 4 & 3 for each of medial 4 fingers fingers
Bones of the Lower Limb
Bone of thigh: Bone of thigh: femurfemur Bones of leg: Bones of leg: fibula fibula (lateral) (lateral)
& & tibiatibia (medial) (medial) PatellaPatella Bones of foot:Bones of foot:
1.1. 8 8 tarsaltarsal bones bones
2.2. 5 5 metatarsalmetatarsal bones bones
3.3. 14 14 phalangesphalanges: 2 for big toe : 2 for big toe & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes & 3 for each of lateral 4 toes