Anatomical terminology

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Anatomy & Physiology, Sixth Edition

Elaine N. Marieb

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, University of Kentucky

2Anatomical terminology


Levels of Organization of Organisms

A. atoms (elements of periodic table)

B. molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid)

C. cells (epithelial, bone, muscle, nervous)

D. tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular)

E. organ (stomach, heart, brain, lung)

F. organ system (muscular, skeletal, digestive, nervous)

G. whole organism (each different species)


Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

Molecules

Smooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Levels of Structural Organization

Figure 1.1


Summary of Common prefixes and suffixes

1. Prefixes Indicating Location, Direction, and Tendency

Prefix Meaning Example_________________

Ab- from, away abnormal - away from normal

Ad- to, near, toward adrenal - near the kindey

Ante- before antepartum - before delivery of child

Brady- slow bradycardia - slow heart beat

Brev- short brevity - in a short time

Circum- around circumocular - around the eye

Co- with, together coordinate - work together

Con- with, together congenital - with birth

Contra- against contraindicated - not indicated

Counter- against counterirritant - against irritation

Dis- apart from disarticulated - taking a joint apart

Ect- outside ectonuclear - outside the nucleus

End- within endocardium - lining inner heart


Epi- upon, on top of epidermis - upon the skin

Ex- out from exhalation - breathe out

Hypo- under, lower hypodermic - under the skin

Hyper- above, higher hyperactive - higher level activity

Im- not immature - not mature

In- not incurable - not curable

Infra- under, below infrapatellar - below the knee

Peri- around pericardium - sac around the heart

Post- after postmortem - after death

Pre- before prenatal - before birth

Pro- before prognosis - a fore-knowing

Super- above, on top superciliary - above the eyebrow

Supra- above, on top suprapubic - above the pubic bone

Sym- with, together symphony - sounds played together

Syn- with, together synarthrosis - union of bones

Trans- through, across transurethral - through the urethra


2. Prefixes Indicating Number and Measurement

Prefix Meaning Example____________________________

Uni- one unicycle - one wheel

Mono- one mononuclear - one nucleus

Bi- two bilateral - two sides

Bin- two binocular - two eyes

Di- two dicephalic - two heads

Ter- three tertiary - the third part or stage

Tri- three trilobar - three lobes

Quadr- four quadriceps - muscle w four heads

Tetra- four tetracylcine - four-ringed molecule

Poly- many polydactyly - many digits (more than 5)

Oligo- few oligosaccharide - few sugars linked together

Micro- small microscope - equipment to view small things

Macro- large macrophage - large eating cell

Mega- great, enormous megadontia - huge teeth


3. Prefixes Denoting Organs, Structures, Things

Prefix Meaning Example____________________________

Acoust- sound acoustics - quality of sound

Aud- ear, hear audition - to hear someone

Abdomin/o abdomen abdominal - relating to the abdomen

Acr/o extremity, limbs acromegaly - abnormally large limbs

Blast/o early, embryonic blastocyte - embryonic type cell

Aden/o gland adenopathy - disease of a gland

Angi/o vessel angiogram - picture of a vessel

Arthr/o joint arthritis - inflammation of a joint

Bucc/o cheek buccolabial - relating to cheek and lip

Cardi/o heart cardiology - study of the heart

Corp- body corpus callosum - connecting body

Chondr/o cartilage chondrocyte - cartilage cell

Cephal/o head cephalic - relating to the head

Cyst/o bladder cystoscopy - view of the bladder

Cyt/o cell cytokinesis - cell movement


Dent/o tooth dental - referring to teeth

Dermat/o skin dermatitis - skin inflammation

Duoden/o duodenum duodenal - relating to the duodenum

Encephal/o brain encephalitis - brain inflammation

Gastr/o stomach gastrointestinal - stomach and intestine

Hepat/o liver hepatitis - liver inflammation

Gloss/o tongue glossopathy - tongue disease

Glute- buttocks gluteus minimus - small buttocks muscle

Laryng/o larynx laryngitis - larynx inflammation

My/o muscle myocardium - heart muscle


Nephr/o kidney nephrologist - one who studies kidneys

Neur/o nerve neurosurgeon - surgeon of nervous system

Oste/o bone osteocyte - bone cell

Ot/o ear otitis media - middle ear inflammation

Ophthalm/o eye exophthalmos - eyes bulge out

Path/o disease pathological - relating to disease

Pneumon/o lung pneumonia - condition of the lung

Rhin/o nose rhinoplasty - reform the nose

Stomat/o mouth, opening stomatitis - mouth inflammation

Thorac/o chest or thorax thoracocentesis - puncture of the thorax


4. Suffixes Denoting Relations, Conditions, and Agents

Suffix Meaning Example____________________________

-ac related to cardiac - related to the heart

-ious related to contagious - communicable by contact

-ic related to pyloric - related to pyloric valve of stomach

-ism condition mutism - condition of being mute

-osis condition scoliosis - S-shaped condition of backbone

-tion condition constipation - constant blockage condition

-ist agent (a person) opthalmologist - eye doctor

-or agent operator

-er agent examiner

-ician agent physician


5. Suffixes Used for Surgical and Operative Terminology

Suffix MeaningExample____________________________

-centesis to puncture amniocentesis - puncture the amnion (fluid)

-ectomy to cut out and remove appendectomy - cut out & remove appendix

-ostomy to cut and form opening colostomy - opening to drain the colon

-otomy to cut or slice tracheotomy - cut the trachea

-pexy to fix or repair gastropexy - repair the stomach

-plasty to reform or repair rhinoplasty - reform the nose

-rraphy to suture, sew ateriorraphy - suture an artery

-scopy to view otoscope - instrument to view ear


6. Other Suffixes Used in Anatomy

Suffix Meaning Example____________________________

-algia pain neuralgia - nerve pain

-cide kill or destroy germicide - substance that kills germs

-emia of the blood cholesterolemia - cholesterol in the blood

-gram writing or record electrocardiogram - record of heart action

-graph recording instrument electrocardiograph - records the heart

-itis inflammation appendicitis - appendix inflammation

-ology the study of ophthalmology - study of the eye

-oma tumor lymphoma - tumor of lymphatics

-orrhea flow menorrhea - flow during menstruation

-malacia soft osteomalacia - bone softening

-phasia speech dysphasia - slurred or blunted speech

-phobia fear arachnophobia - fear of spiders


Start Reading and Studying today!

Learn your prefixes and suffixes!!!!!

It will make learning anatomy much easier!!!!


Anatomical Position

Subject stands erect with feet flat on the ground and palms facing forward

Figure 1.7a


Directional Terms

1. superior (cephalic) : inferior (caudal)

2. anterior (ventral) : posterior (dorsal)

3. medial : lateral

4. ipsilateral (same side) : contralateral (opposite)

5. proximal : distal

6. superficial : deep

7. parietal : visceral


Directional Terms

Table 1.1


Regional Terms: Anterior View

Axial – head, neck, and trunk

Appendicular – appendages or limbs

Specific regional terminology

Figure 1.7a


Regional Terms: Posterior View

Figure 1.7b


Body Planes

1. sagittal - divides into right and left parts

a. midsagittal - right down the middle

b. parasagittal - away from the midline

2. frontal (coronal) - divides anterior & posterior

3. horizontal (transverse) - divide sup. & inferior


Body Planes

Figure 1.8


Body Cavities

1. Dorsal Body Cavity

a. cranial cavity (brain)

b. vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

2. Ventral Body Cavity (viscera - organs found here)

a. thoracic cavity

i. pleural cavity (space separating the parietal pleura and visceral pleura of lungs - like balloon pushed in with fist)

ii. mediastinum - all contents of thoracic cavity except the lungs (e.g. heart, esophagus, trachea, major vessels)

b. abdominopelvic cavity


Body Cavities

Figure 1.9a


Body Cavities

Figure 1.9b


Ventral Body Cavity Membranes

Parietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Major serous membranes of the body:

pleura – around the lungs

pericardium – around the heart

peritoneum – around digestive organs



Figure 1.10a



Figure 1.10b


Abdominopelvic Regions

Umbilical

Epigastric

Hypogastric

Right and left iliac or inguinal

Right and left lumbar

Right and left hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a


Organs of the Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.11b


Medical Imaging Techniques

A. Classic X-ray : radiography (radiograph)

1. good for dense structures (bones and tumors)


B. Computed Tomography (CT)

[or Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) Scanning]

1. employs X-ray technology to create clearer image

2. tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.

3. Xenon CT – traces blood flow in the brain


C. Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

1. employs CT X-ray technology to see organ action/motion

2. measures movement of the heart, lungs, vessels; can indicate abnormality/deformity in structure; tissue damage


D. Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

1. takes X-ray picture before and after administration of contrast substance to the vessels

2. used to study vessels of the brain and heart to help prevent strokes and heart attacks


E. Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

1. uses radioisotopes such as Carbon-11, Nitrogen-13

2. effects of drugs, site of molecules, cancer cells

3. very good at studying glucose absorption by neurons in the brain during certain tasks


F. Ultrasound (US)

1. uses high frequency sound waves

2. gall stones, pelvic organs, blood flow, fetal development


G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

1. uses magnetic properties of molecules, not X-rays

2. differentiates tissues based on water content

3. presence of cancer cells, chemical disease of brain, spinal cord disorders, blood flow problems,

injury after stroke, measure effects of drugs on tissues

4. used chiefly on soft tissues such as brain & heart


Organ Systems of the Body

Integumentary system

Forms the external body covering

Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails

Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D



Skeletal system

Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments

Protects and supports body organs

Provides the framework for muscles

Site of blood cell formation

Stores minerals



Muscular system

Composed of muscles and tendons

Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression

Maintains posture

Produces heat



Nervous system

Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves

Is the fast-acting control system of the body

Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands



Cardiovascular system

Composed of the heart and blood vessels

The heart pumps blood

The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body



Lymphatic system

Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood

Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream

Houses white blood cells involved with immunity



Respiratory system

Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide



Digestive system

Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood

Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces



Urinary system

Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body

Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood



Male reproductive system

Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens

Main function is the production of offspring

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones

Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract



Female reproductive system

Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

Main function is the production of offspring

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones

Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus

Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn

Anatomical terminology

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