Anatomical Structures/ Injuries

Skin

Bodies defense for dirt, bacteria, and germs.

Epidermis- Outer most layer of skinDermis- Thicker layer below the

epidermis

Bones

Functions1. Protect vital organs2. Acted on by muscles to produce

movement.

Joints

Hinge joints- elbow and knee, they move back and forth.

Ball and socket joints- one end of the joint is in the shape of a ball, and the other end of the joint is a cuplike shape.

Cartilage

Function- absorb shock, allow smooth bone movement, and join structures.

Muscles

Function- contractions allow for acceleration and deceleration of body.

Help maintain normal posture.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Brusa

Small, fluid filled sacs, located in joints.Provide extra cushion for the structures

located in the joint.

Injuries

Soft-TissueBones

Soft-Tissue

Sprain Strain Incision Abrasion Contusion

Laceration Avulsion Puncture Contrecoup

Sprain

Injuries to ligaments

Strain

Injuries to muscles or tendons

Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

1st degree (mild)- some stretching, little pain, little swelling, no loss of motion.

Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

2nd degree (moderate)- more stretching, some tearing, pain, swelling, and some loss of motion.

Degrees of injury for sprains and strains

3rd degree (severe)- complete tear, severe pain, good deal of swelling, loss of motion.

Incision

An open wound made by a cutting object.

Laceration

A jagged, irregular cut caused by a non-cutting object.

Abrasion

Results from scrapping off a layer of skin.

Contusion

Commonly called a bruise. Caused by a direct blow. Usually seen by swelling and discoloration.

Avulsion

The partial tearing away of a body part.

Puncture

Occurs when a pointed object enters a body part.

Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

Stage I-Acute Inflammatory

Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

Stage II-Repair

Stages of Soft-Tissue Healing

Stage III-Remodeling

Bone Injuries

DislocationsSubluxationsFractures

Dislocations

When a force displaces the bones that make up a joint, so they no longer are aligned.

Subluxations

A partial dislocation, or one that does not remain unaligned.

Fractures

Avulsion Stress Spiral Longitudinal Compression Oblique Comminuted

Greenstick Transverse Depressed Blowout Pathological Epiphyseal

Avulsion

When a ligament or tendon pulls so hard that the attachment point pulls part of the bone away.

Stress

Occurs when there is repetitive pounding / motion.

Spiral

When a torque like force is applied to a bone, and the fracture starts at one end and works its way around the length of the bone.

Longitudinal

A fracture that runs the length of a bone.

Compression

Occurs when opposite forces are applied to a bone at the same time.

Comminuted

When a bone is crushed into small pieces.

Greenstick

Occurs to bones that are not fully developed, and they only break part way through.

Transverse

When a fracture occurs straight across a bone.

Depressed

Usually occurs from a direct blow to the skull.

Blowout

When the eye is pushed so hard into the back of the eye socket.

Blowout fracture

Epiphyseal

When a fracture occurs in the epiphysis (growth plate) of the bone.

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Compound fracture

Any fracture where the bone protrudes through the skin.

Compound fracture

Signs and Symptoms

PainDeformityDecrease or loss of motionSwellingCrepitis

Fracture Healing Process

Stage I-AcuteStage II-RepairStage III-Remodeling