Anatomi Mata
Transcript of Anatomi Mata
YULI ERMAWATI (2007730130)
FKK UMJ
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
THE WALL OF THE EYE BALL IS COMPOSED OF A DENSE, IMPER-FECTLY ELASTIC SUPPORTING MEMBRANE
THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE MEM-BRANE IS TRANSPARENT THE CORNEA
THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE SCLERA IS COVERED BY MUCOUS MEMBRANE THE CONJUNGTIVA
THE CORNEA CONSIST OF FIVE LAYERS : - EPITHELIUM - BOWMAN’S MEMBRANE - STROMA OR SUBSTANTIA PROPIA - DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE - ENDOTHELIUM
• THE EPITHELIUM REGARDED AS THE CONTINUATION OF THE CONJUNGTIVA OVER THE CORNEA
• THE SUBSTANTIA PROPIA REGARDED AS THE CONTINUATION FORWARD OF THE SCLERA
• THE STROMA FORMING 90 % OF THE TOTAL CORNEAL THICKNESS
• DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE IS A THIN ELASTIC MEMBRANE, COVERED ON ITS POSTERIOR BY ENDOTHELIUM
• THE PRIMARY MECHANISME CONTROLLING STROMAL HYDRATION IS A FUNCTION OF THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
• ENDOTHELIAL CELLS BECOME LESS IN NUMBER WITH AGE AND INDIVIDUAL CELL ENLARGE TO COMPENSATE
• THE CORNEA IS SET INTO THE SCLERA LIKE A WATCH GLASS SO THAT THE LATTER OVER- LAPS THE CORNEA ALL AROUND THE PERI- PHERY; THE JUNCTION OF THE TWO TISSUES IS KNOWN AS THE LIMBUS
•THE CORNEA IS VERY RICHLY SUPPLIED WITH NERVE FIBERS DERIVED FROM THE TRIGEMINAL AND IT HAD NO BLOOD VESSEL
LINING THE INNER ASPECT OF THE SCLERA ARE TWO STRUCTURES :
• THE HIGHLY VASCULAR UVEAL TRACT CONCERNED CHIEFLY IN NUTRITION OF THE EYE
• A NERVOUS LAYER, THE TRUE VISUAL NERVE ENDING ONCERNED IN THE RECEPTION AND TRANSFORMING OF LIGHT STIMULL CALLED THE RETINA
THE UVEAL TRACT CONSIST OF THREE PARTS, WHICH THE TWO POSTERIOR, THE CHOROID, AND CILIARY BODY, WHILE THE ANTERIOR FORMS A FREE CIRCULAR DIAPHRAGM : THE IRIS
THE APERTURE OF THE DIAPHRAGM IS THE PUPIL
SITUATED BEHIND THE IRIS AND IN CONTACT WITH THE PUPILLARY MARGIN IS THE CRYSTALLINE LENS
THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER IS A SPACE FILLED WITH FLUID, THE AQUEOUS HUMOR; IT IS BOUNDED IN FRONT BY THE CORNEA, BEHIND BY THE IRIS AND THE PART OF THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS WHICH IS EXPOSED IN THE PUPIL
ITS PERIPHERAL RECESS IS KNOWN AS THE ANGLE OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER, BOUNDED POSTERIORLY BY THE ROOT OF THE IRIS AND THE CILIARY BODY AND ANTERIORLY BY THE CORNEOSCLERA
IN THE INNER LAYER OF THE SCLERA AT THIS PART THERE IS A CIRCULAR VENOUS SINUS, CALLED THE CANALIS SCHLEMM - GREAT IMPORTANT - IN THE DRAINAGE OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR
AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE CANAL SCHLEMM AND THE RECESS OF THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER THERE LIES A LOOSELY CONSTRUCTED MESHWORK OF TISSUES, THE TRABECULAR MESHWORK
THERE ARE TWO UNSTRIPED MUSCLE WHICH CONTROL THE MOVEMENTS OF THE PUPIL
• THE SPHINCTER PUPILAE A CIRCULAR BUNDLE RUNNING ROUND THE PUPILLARY MARGIN; IS SUPPLIED BY MOTOR NERVE FIBERS DERIVED FROM THE OCULOMOTOR NERVE
•THE DILATATOR PUPILLAEARRANGED RADIALLY NEAR THE ROOT OF THE IRIS. THE MOTOR NERVE FIBRES ARE DERIVED FROM THE CERVICAL SIMPHATHETIC CHAIN
THE INNER SURFACE OF THE CILLIARY BODY IS DIVIDED INTO TWO REGION
• THE PARS PLICATATHE ANTERIOR PART WHICH IS CORRUGATED WITH A NUMBER OF FOLDS
• THE PARS PLANATHE POSTERIOR PART WHICH IS SMOOTH
THE CHIEF MASS OF THE CILLIARY BODY IS COMPOSED OF THE UN-STRIPED MUSCLE FIBERS - CALLED - THE CILLIARY MUSCLE
THE CILLIARY BODY EXTENDS BACK WARD AS FAR AS THE ORA SERRATA, AT WHICH POINT THE RETINA BEGINS ABRUPTLY
THE CHOROID IS EXTREMELY VASCULAR MEMBRANE IN CONTACT EVERY WHERE WITH THE SCLERA. THERE IS A POTENTIAL SPACE BETWEEN THE TWO STRUCTURE - CALLED - THE EPICHOROIDAL SPACETHE INNER SIDE THE CHOROID IS COVERED BY A THIN ELASTIC MEMBRANE - CALLED- THE LAMINA VITERA OR MEMBRANA OF BRUCH
THE RETINA CONSISTS OF 10 LAYERS
1. PIGMEN EPITHELIUM
2. LAYER OF ROD AND CONES
3. EXTERNAL LIMITING
MEMBRANE
4. OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER
5. OUTER PLEXIFORM LAYER
6. INNER NUCLEAR LAYER
7. INNER PLEXIFORM LAYER
8. GANGLION CELL LAYER
9. OPTIC NERVE FIBER
LAYER
10. INTERNAL LIMITING
MEMBRANE
AT THE POSTERIOR POLE OF THE EYE WHICH IS SITUATED ABOUT 3 MM TO THE TEMPORAL SIDE OF THE OPTIC DISC, A SPECIALLY DIFFEREN-TIATED SPOT IS FOUND IN THE RETINA, THE FOVEA CENTRALIS, A DEPRESSION OR PIT, AND IN HERE ONLY CONES ARE PRESENT IN THE NEURO EPITHELIAL LAYER
THE FOVEA IS THE MOST SENSITIVE PART OF THE RETINA, AND IT IS SURROUNDED BY A SMALL AREAS, THE MACULA LUTEA OR YELLOW SPOT. WHICH ALTHOUGH NOT SO SENSITIVE, ITS MORE SENSITIVE THAN OTHER PARTS OF THE RETINA
AT THE OPTIC DISC THE FIBERS OF THE NERVE-FIBER LAYER PASS INTO THE OPTIC NERVE
THE LENS IS A BICONVEX MASS OF PECULIARLY DIFFERENTIATED EPITHELIUM, IT IS SURROUNDED BY A HYALINE MEMBRANE, THE LENS CAPSULE, IT IS HELD IN PLACE BY THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT OR ZONULES OF ZINNI CONSISTS BUNDLE OF STRANDS WHICH PASS FROM THE SURFACE OF THE CILLIARY BODY TO THE CAPSULE
THERE IS A TRIANGULAR SPACE BETWEEN THE BACK OF THE IRIS AND THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS AND ITS BOUNDED ON THE OUTER SIDE BY THE CILLIARY BODY - CALLED - THE POSTERIOR CHAMBER AND CONTAINS AQUEOUS HUMOR
BEHIND THE LENS THERE IS LARGE VITREUS CHAMBER CONTAINING THE VITREUS HUMOR, A JELLY LIKE MATERIAL, CHEMICALLY OF THE NATURE OF INNERT GEL CONTAINING A FEW CELLS AND WANDERING LEUCOCYTES
THE EXTRA OCULAR MUSCLES
A TEAM OF SIX MUSCLES CONTROLS THE MOVE-MENT OF EACH EYE THE RECTUS MUSCLE
- THE MEDIAL RECTUS- THE LATERAL RECTUS- THE SUPERIOR RECTUS- THE INFERIOR RECTUS
THE OBLIQUE MUSCLE- THE SUPERIOR OBLIQUE- THE INFERIOR OBLIQUE
THE RECTUS MUSCLES HAVE THE GENERAL ACTION OF ROTATING THE EYE IN FOUR CARDINAL DIRECTIONS : UP, DOWN, OUT AND IN
THE OBLIQUE MUSCLES HAVE THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF ROTATION OF THE GLOBE
THE MEDIAL RECTUS IS INSERTED INTO THE SCLERA, ABOUT 5 MM TO THE NASAL SIDE OF THE CORNEO-SCLERAL MARGIN.
THE INFERIOR RECTUS 6 MM BELOW
THE LATERAL RECTUS 7 MM TO THE TEMPORAL SIDE
THE SUPERIOR RECTUS 8 MM ABOVE
THE LIDS
THE LIDS ARE COVERED
ANTERIORLY BY SKIN AND
POSTERIORLY BY MUCOUS
MEMBRANE - THE CON-
JUNGTIVA TARSI. THEY
CONTAIN MUSCLES,
GLANDS, BLOOD VESSELS,
AND NERVES. ALL BOUND
TOGETHER BY CONNECTIVE
TISSUE WHICH IS PARTI-
CULARY DENSE AT THE
POSTERIOR PART WHERE IT
FORMS A STIFF PLATE -
THE TARSUS
THE SKIN OF THE LIDS IS PECULIAR IN ITS THINNES AND ITS LOOSE ATTACH-MENT
THE CILIA OR EYELASHES ARE STRONG SHORT CURVED HAIRS, ARRANGED IN TWO OR MORE CLOSELY SET ROWS
THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS ARE CALLED ZEISS’S GLANDS AND THE SWEAT GLANDS ARE KNOWN AS MOLL’S GLANDS
THE TARSUS CONSISTS OF DENSE FIBROUS TISSUE; IT CONTAINS NO CARTILAGE, EMBEDDED IN IT ARE SOME ENORMOUSLY DEVELOPED SEBACEOUS GLAND : THE MEIBOMIAN GLANDS
THE ORBICULARIS PALPEBARUM OCCUPIES THE SPACE BETWEEN THE TARSUS AND THE SKIN
THE MAIN CENTRAL BOND OF THE LEVATOR PALPEBRAE SUPERIORIS IS INSERTED INTO THE UPPER BORDER OF THE TARSUS
THE THIRD NERVE SUPPLIES THE LEVATOR PALPEBRAE
THE SEVENTH SUPPLIES THE ORBICULARIS
THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS
THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS CONSISTS OF•THE LACRIMAL GLANDS•THE LACRIMAL PASSAGES
THE LACRIMAL GLAND OF EACH EYE CONSISTS OF :
• THE SUPERIOR OR ORBITAL GLAND• THE INFERIOR OR PALPEBRAE GLAND• THE ACCESSORY LACRIMAL GLANDS OR KRAUSE’S GLANDS
THE LACRIMAL PASSAGES CONSISTS OF :
• THE LACRIMAL PUNCTA• THE CANALICULI• THE LACRIMAL SAC• THE NASAL DUCT
DURING ACCOMODATION
THE CILIARY MUSCLES CONTRACTS
DRAWING TOWARD THE CHOROID
RELAXING THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
DIMINISHES THE TENSION OF LENS CAPSULE
INCREASE THE CONVEXITY OF THE LENS
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYE
MECHANISM OF ACCOMODATION.
THE LENS IS AN ELASTIC STRUCTURE WHEN RELASE FROM THE FLATTENING INFLUENCE OF ITS SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT TENDS TO ASSUME A SPHERICAL SHAPE
CIRCULATION OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR
AS THE GREATER PART OF FLUIDS IS FORMED IN THE CILLIARY REGION, IT IS SECRETED INTO POSTERIOR CHAMBER, IT FLOWS FROM THE POSTERIOR CHAMBER THROUGH THE PUPIL INTO THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER AND ESCAPES THROUGH THE DARINAGE CHANNELS AT THE ANGLE, AND THEN INTO THE EPISCLERAL VEIN
THE INTRA OCULAR PRESSURE (IOP)
PROLONGED CHANGES ARE ESSENTIALLY CAUSED BY TWO FACTORS : AN ALTERATION IN THE FORCES
DETERMINING THE FORMATION OF THE AQUEOUS
ALTERATIONS IN THE RESISTANCE TO ITS OUTFLOW
FROM THE CLINICAL POINT OF VIEW, THE LATTER IS THE MORE IMPORTANT
A RISE IN THE IOP MAY BE CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN THE PRESSURE IN THE EPISCLERAL VEIN OR BY ANY PROCESS WHICH BLOCKS THE SEEPAGE OF AQUEOUS INTO THE CANAL OF SCHLEMM, SUCH AS SCLEROSIS OF THE TRABECULAE OR THEIR OBSTRUCTION BY EXUDATES OR ORGANIZED TISSUE GLAUCOMA
THE IOP NORMALLY VARIES FROM 10 TO 20 MM HG
•IT IS ACCURATELY MEASURED BY A MANOMETER•CLINICALLY BY TONOMETRY
THE IOP PRESSURE