ANARCHY IS ORDERanarchyisorder.org/onewebmedia/Anarchy is order - our Anarchist... · An anarchist...

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PÉPÉ ANARCHY IS ORDER An anarchist cookbook. “A political program has value insofar as it – rising above vague generalities- makes clear precisely which organization it proposes to replace those it wants to overthrow or reform.” (Michael Bakunin in ‘Writings against Marx’) PRINCIPLES, PROPOSITIONS & DISCUSSIONS FOR LAND & FREEDOM

Transcript of ANARCHY IS ORDERanarchyisorder.org/onewebmedia/Anarchy is order - our Anarchist... · An anarchist...

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PÉPÉ

ANARCHY IS ORDERAn anarchist cookbook.

“A political program has value insofar as it –rising above vague generalities- makes clearprecisely which organization it proposes to

replace those it wants to overthrow or reform.”(Michael Bakunin in ‘Writings against Marx’)

PRINCIPLES, PROPOSITIONS & DISCUSSIONS

FOR LAND & FREEDOM

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FOREWORD

Time after time I think about how different things could havebeen of I didn’t get into contact with people and groups thatmade it possible for me to become what I became. No matterhow you look at it, personal contacts and individual experienceare the main factors in one’s (political) formation and evolution.Why did I become an anarchist? By chance and by need. Whatelse would I have become? I never planned on becoming ananarchist.Standing up from falling down (again) I moved on. I’ve beenenchanted and I’ve been disgusted by the anarchist movement; Icursed the people and missed them; hated them and loved them.I’ve had dreams and been in despair. Said farewell en receivedpeople and ideas with open arms. I’ve been smart and I’ve beenan ass.In short I was little different from anybody else, but each has hispath and each path has its ways.Anarchism has been my path for more than half my life now, atfirst vague and instictive, later a bit more rational an with moredoubts about some things. Because I had the feeling that a lot ofthings weren’t going as well as they could go –and cerntainly asgood as they should-, that the movement didn’t use its fullpotential and that there were no platforms to discuss this –farbeside from changing them together, I started reading , thinkingand discussing in small circles. What you have before you now is the result of years in theanarchist desert and my way to answer the pale and the petty.This is an invitation to all envolved to gather up arms and wrapthem around eachother. There is no time to lose. This is myinvitation not to let go. Anarchism or barbarism. Anarchy isOrder.This is a proposition to the anarchist movement at large. Wheredo we go from here? Don’t mourn, organize! Because I think weneed both go back to basics about our theory as to find a newreality, a new practice. Words are not enough, but a goodbeginning.

Pépé November 2004.

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AN INTRODUCTORY WORD TO THE ‘ANARCHIVE’“Anarchy is Order!”

‘I must Create a System or be enslav’d by another Man’s.

I will not Reason & Compare: my business is to Create’

(William Blake)

During the 19th century, anarchism has develloped as a result ofa social current which aims for freedom and happiness. Anumber of factors since World War I have made this movement,and its ideas, dissapear little by little under the dust of history.After the classical anarchism – of which the Spanish Revolutionwas one of the last representatives–a ‘new’ kind of resistancewas founded in the sixties which claimed to be based (at leastpartly) on this anarchism. However this resistance is oftenlimited to a few (and even then partly misunderstood) sloganssuch as ‘Anarchy is order’, ‘Property is theft’,...

Information about anarchism is often hard to come by,monopolised and intellectual; and therefore visibly disapearing.The ‘anarchive’ or ‘anarchist archive’ Anarchy is Order ( inshort A.O) is an attempt to make the ‘principles, propositionsand discussions’ of this tradition available again for anyone itconcerns. We believe that these texts are part of our ownheritage. They don’t belong to publishers, institutes orspecialists.

These texts thus have to be available for all anarchists an otherpeople interested. That is one of the conditions to giveanarchism a new impulse, to let the ‘new anarchism’ outgrowthe slogans. This is what makes this project relevant for us: wemust find our roots to be able to renew ourselves. We have tolearn from the mistakes of our socialist past. History has shownthat a large number of the anarchist ideas remain standing, evenduring the most recent social-economic developments.

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‘Anarchy Is Order’ does not make profits, everything isspread at the price of printing- and papercosts. This ofcourse creates some limitations for these archives. Everyone is invited to spread along the information we give .This can be done by copying our leaflets, printing texts fromthe CD (collecting all available texts at a given moment) that isavailable or copying it, e-mailing the texts to friends andnew ones to us,... Become your own anarchive!!! (Be aware though of copyright restrictions. We also want tomake sure that the anarchist or non-commercial printers,publishers and autors are not being harmed. Our priority on theother hand remains to spread the ideas, not the ownership ofthem.)

The anarchive offers these texts hoping that values likefreedom, solidarity and direct action get a new meaning andwill be lived again; so that the struggle continues against the

“...demons of flesh and blood, that sway scepters down here;and the dirty microbes that send us dark diseases and wish to

squash us like horseflies;and the will-‘o-the-wisp of the saddest ignorance.”

(L-P. Boon)The rest depends as much on you as it depends on us. Don’tmourn, Organise!

Comments, questions, criticism, cooperation can be [email protected] or on www.anarchyisorder.org.A complete list and updates are available on this address, newtexts are always

WELCOME!!

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Anarchy is order.....1

FOREWORD.....................................................................2An introductory word to the ‘anarchive’......................3

A call to arms.....................................................................61. ANARCHISM........................................................6

A. ‘Defining’ Anarchism.....................................6B. Anarchist view on the world:........................10C. Anarchist values / Principles.........................10D. Mission statement: strategical goals / mission.16

2. ENDS AND MEANS...........................................17Working fields for the anarchist movement......17A. Strategic ends................................................20B. Tactical ends.................................................29C. Operational ends...........................................29

1. Non-violent ‘ social defence’....................302. (Concensus) decision making....................38

* ROLEPLAYING..................................................56

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A CALL TO ARMS

1. ANARCHISM.

A. ‘DEFINING’ ANARCHISM

"To be GOVERNED is to be watched, inspected, spiedupon, directed, law-driven, numbered, regulated, enrolled,indoctrinated, preached at, controlled, checked, estimated,valued, censured, commanded, by creatures who haveneither the right nor the wisdom nor the virtue to do so. Tobe GOVERNED is to be at every operation, at everytransaction noted, registered, counted, taxed, stamped,measured, numbered, assessed, licensed, authorized,admonished, prevented, forbidden, reformed, corrected,punished. It is, under pretext of public utility, and in thename of the general interest, to be place[d] undercontribution, drilled, fleeced, exploited, monopolized,extorted from, squeezed, hoaxed, robbed; then, at theslightest resistance, the first word of complaint, to berepressed, fined, vilified, harassed, hunted down, abused,clubbed, disarmed, bound, choked, imprisoned, judged,condemned, shot, deported, sacrificed, sold, betrayed; andto crown all, mocked, ridiculed, derided, outraged,dishonored. That is government; that is its justice; that is itsmorality. (…) O human personality! How can it be that youhave cowered in such subjection for sixty centuries?" (P.-J. Proudhon, General Idea of the Revolution in theNineteenth Century, translated by John Beverly Robinson(London: Freedom Press, 1923), pp. 293-294.)

If I were asked to answer the following question: ‘WHATIS SLAVERY?’ and I should answer in one word, 'IT ISMURDER', my meaning would be understood at once. Noextended argument would be required to show that thepower to take from a man his thought, his will, his

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personality, is a power of life and death; and that to enslavea man is to kill him. Why, then, to this other question:‘WHAT IS PROPERTY!’ may I not likewise answer, IT ISROBBERY, without the certainty of being misunderstood;the second proposition being no other than a transformationof the first?(Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, ‘What Is Property?’)

Anarchism (from the Gr. , and , contrary toauthority) is the name given to a principle or theory of lifeand conduct under which society is conceived withoutgovernment - harmony in such a society being obtained,not by submission to law, or by obedience to any authority,but by free agreements concluded between the variousgroups, territorial and professional, freely constituted forthe sake of production and consumption, as also for thesatisfaction of the infinite variety of needs and aspirationsof a civilized being. In a society developed on these lines,the voluntary associations which exist already now begin tocover all the fields of human activity would take a stillgreater extension so as to substitute themselves for the statein all its functions. They would represent an interwovennetwork, composed of an infinite variety of groups andfederations of all sizes and degrees, local, regional, nationaland international temporary or more or less permanent - forall possible purposes: production, consumption andexchange, communications, sanitary arrangements,education, mutual protection, defence of the territory, andso on; and, on the other side, for the satisfaction of an ever-increasing number of scientific, artistic, literary andsociable needs. Moreover, such a society would representnothing immutable. On the contrary - as is seen in organiclife at large - harmony would (it is contended) result froman ever-changing adjustment and readjustment ofequilibrium between the multitudes of forces and

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influences, and this adjustment would be the easier toobtain as none of the forces would enjoy a specialprotection from the state. (Kropotkin in "Anarchism", from The EncyclopaediaBritannica, 1910.

"All men are equal and free: society by nature, anddestination, is therefore autonomous and ungovernable. Ifthe sphere of activity of each citizen is determined by thenatural division of work and by the choice he makes of aprofession, if the social functions are combined in such away as to produce a harmonious effect, order results fromthe free activity of all men; there is no government.Whoever puts a hand on me to govern me is an usurper anda tyrant; I declare him my enemy."(From 'Les Confessions d'un Revolutionnaire’, 1849)

“[The French Revolution], that started her sublime workwith the ‘Declaration of the Rights of Men’, would onlyhave completed this work when she had –not only in yourcountry but over the whole surface of the earth- built thesociety bases on justice, a society that has to guaranteeeach of her members, men and women, equality from birthin so far as this equality depends on social organization,without taking into account the natural difference betweenindividuals; a society that –economically and socially-offers each equal real opportunities to reach –according toabilities to work en powers- the highest peaks of beinghuman, first by education and instruction, then by one’sown work, freely in groups or not –labour with muscles aswell as with the sinews, hand and head, the only validsource of all personal, non-hereditary property which will

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eventually be regarded as the main basis of all political andsocial rights. (…)We are socialists.” (M. Bakoenin)

Revolution is the creation of new living institutions, newgroupings, new social relationships, it is the destruction ofprivileges and monopolies; it is the new spirit of justice, ofbrotherhood, of freedom which must renew the whole ofsocial life, the moral level and the material conditions ofthe masses by calling on them to provide, through theirdirect and conscious action, for their own future. Revolution is the organization of all public services bythose who work in them in their own interest as well as thepublics; Revolution is the destruction of all coercive ties; it is theautonomy of groups, of communes, of regions; Revolution is the free federation brought about by a desirefor brotherhood, by individual and collective interests, bythe needs of production and defence; Revolution is the constitution of innumerable freegroupings based on ideas, wishes, and tastes of all kindsthat exist among the people; Revolution is the forming and disbanding of thousands ofrepresentative, district, communal, regional, nationalbodies which, without having any legislative power; serveto make known and to coordinate the desires and interestsof people near and far and which act through information,advice and example. Revolution is freedom proved in the crucible of facts -andlasts so long as freedom lasts, that is until others, takingadvantage of the weariness that overtakes the masses, ofthe inevitable disappointments that follow exaggeratedhopes, of the probable errors and human faults, succeed inconstituting a power; which supported by and army ofconscripts of mercenaries, lay s down the law, arrests the

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movement at the point it has reached, and them begins thereaction. Errico Malatesta (From back cover of ‘Life and ideas’ , acollection by Vernon Richards)

B. ANARCHIST VIEW ON THE WORLD:

There are a few ‘factors’ that have made the world what itis now; they’ve had at least a directing influence on it.Without trying to be complete: Church, religion, philosophy: a direct and psychologicalinfluence on society;Formation of the state, nationalist competition and therepression of the ‘interior enemy’;The rise and primate of the capital to the disadvantage ofthe hereditary nobility;Technology, creation of the (working) masses and workethics and the extension of transport;The elaboration of mass-communication, P.R. andpropaganda, censorship;Intensive use of more and more sources (human, natural,animal), territorial expansion trough colonisation(politically, military and economically / financially).All of the above have had their influence on thepsychological / individual, social / economical and politicalsituation.

C. ANARCHIST VALUES / PRINCIPLES.It is to be said that to anarchists, the ends must be equal tothe means. Anarchist groups don’t belief (in contradictionto some political ‘rivals’) that opposite goals and meanscan lead to a satisfactory result or process. For example, ifyou want to emancipate others you can’t force them. The

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century-old viewing-point ‘The working-class has toliberate itself’ is certainly to be kept high. The importance of the pillars such as direct action,solidarity, self-government, direct democracy, anti-authority, freedom…is huge. They are the support, the redline trough, for and off the organization of anarchistgroups. They are in the first place guidelines, principles,from which the rest can be deducted. They are the borderswithin which the entire organization is constructed andremains functioning. To make them real is what’simportant in the external and internal communication. Inthe daily organization the integration of these pillars in anindividual and collective attitude is more important thenfollowing rules and prescriptions.

a. FreedomThere are two forms of freedom: ‘freedom of’ and‘freedom to’.(Fromm, E.) The first is not really freedom;it’s a negative definition. ‘The world is free of starvation’,but can everybody freely decide what they are going to eat,how it will be prepared, how it will be produced…? Thelatter is ‘freedom to’, a positive freedom which asks for astage of autonomy, the possibility to decide and to act outdecisions.Fromm states that the absence of ‘freedom to’ will lead topathological viewing-points (psychologically and socially)which have to lead inevitably to fascism. Here we are not talking about a philosophical view onfreedom. We want to give it a real meaning, withoutplaying word games. We are aware that absolute ‘freedomto’ does not exist. There are always borders to freedom,practical borders as well as the borders set by other people.What’s the value of freedom if it serves to hurt someoneelse?

b. Direct action

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Important is that the ends and the means are set andreached by those concerned. The means have to leaddirectly to the ends. It cannot make detours to for examplethe press or the authorities. ‘Civil’ disobedience is in itsnumerous shapes a good example of how an unjust law canbe charged by simply ignoring it by acting in the way wefeel is just. A distinction should be made between directaction and symbolic action. Symbolic action is alwaysmeant as a signal to the people or organizations that are inpower, whose authority one therefore acknowledges.It’s not so that symbolic action isn’t an option. But westart from the presumption that it won’t change thingsfundamentally. Choosing which method of action andstrategy to use is of course also a matter of practicalachievability, priorities, etc….

c. SolidaritySolidarity is aid or support between two human beings whofeel equal to each other, who recognise each other’ssituation Solidarity excludes paternalism, neither does itstand for the ‘support’ of those who have no power to thosewho do. On the contrary, it means that solidary peoplesupport each other on bases of free will and own initiative,because of connecting ends and interests: I am you and youare me, who touches you, touches me.In other words, the relation formed must have a mutualcharacter, be based on dialogue, coming from a sharedresponsibility for society worldwide. Because of thisresponsibility there is a common ground, next to variety.The first conditions are that ends, interest and contributionare mutual. Further on, this demands a broadening of thepartners involved in the cooperation. A last element is themutual credibility of the partners.The first condition: the ends are mutual; the relation doesnot have the intention that aid is given by only one side.Both partners won’t to change something in their situation,

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want to learn something by getting involved in therelationship.Secondly: the interests are mutual, both often not identical.Interests are situated on material grounds or rather on thegrounds of humanitarian values or political ideals, or onboth grounds.A following condition is that the relationship has toconstruct to the situation of both partners, there is profit onboth sides, both learn something, both get new ideas,…

d. Self-governanceEverybody must have (take: freedom cannot be given, onlytaken) complete autonomy in his/her activities, also andespecially within collectives and between collectives. Onthe other hand, these self-governing collectives(autonomous collectives) can’t deny autonomy to‘outsiders’.The aim for self-governance works in two directions. Onone hand it stipulates an (as large as possible) autonomy ofevery entity (individual, group, organization,…) and on theother hand an (as large as possible) decentralisation.Cooperation is only considered when this is relevant (forcomfort, pleasure or necessity). The rest of the ‘pillars’clearly present a confederative structure, in which separateunits don’t lose their autonomy.On the other hand it also brings the responsibility for‘oneself’ to the attention: it’s in the first place theresponsibility of the entity for itself. To achieve this theentities must provide in their own means, strategies,... Ofcourse we cannot separate this pillar from what is saidabout solidarity;… Considering that freedom must betaken (it cannot be given) it speaks for itself that the entitymust decide for itself what is offered and demanded in thesocial transaction. These kinds of transactions also requireself-discipline: forced or sanctioned solidarity is nosolidarity at all.

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All this is also the case for economic matters.

e. Direct DemocracyWithin anarchist groups decisions are taken by (real)consensus. On a broader sociological scale it means thesame: the basis decides because there is no top. This basismust have the means for this at all times (in other words:arrange themselves in such a way that they indeed havethese means).Consensus decision-making is not the only possible modelof direct democracy. In other situations people can chooseto use representation or even voting, people can work withor without veto’s (sometimes a number of veto’s can beneeded to effectively stop a proposition), people can agreeto respect and act out the decision of the majority,…In the same manner there can be numerous ways to havesuch a meeting. There are different roles that can or cannotbe taken up (facilitator, note taker, time-keeper,preparation-group,…). The ‘rituals’ within the meeting canalso be self-made: codes to signal you want to saysomething, make a ‘technical remark’ about the process(requesting a break, suggesting a solution,…) or a questionto make a proposal clearer,…What’s most important is the attempt to have as many (infact all) partners working together towards a solution thatleads to a win-win situation for all partners (see‘solidarity’).Who could represent your ideas better than yourself?Depending on the situation this ideal-type must be changed(while the autonomy of each entity –person, group,…- iscarefully watched).

f. Anti-authoritarianismAn anti-authoritarian bias can be found within theprocesses as well as in the social project. No one can be

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freed by another. Authority (in the sense of power1, not somuch in the sense of knowledge, experience,… as far asthey don’t become or remain power) is looked upon as aproblem rather than a solution. This principle most oftengives discussion with non-anarchists at large; it is the onethat sets anarchists apart most.Most certainly on the level of society it meets manyfrowns. Still anarchists think that repressing deviatorybehaviour is often no solution as behaviour points at socialstructures that go wrong. In short we can say that:

1. Repression does not really and fundamentallyalter behaviour2. The causes for particular behaviour tend todisappear out of sight and out of hand.

Of course it is hard to imagine a world without sanctioning.Even the anarchist movement today is not free from it,even when there is little open or formal authority. Bymaking this kind of authority formal it is easier handled orignored, so formalising it has pro’s and contra’s.

1 There is a lot of confusion about words like power, hierarchy,prestige, authority, freedom, autonomy,...Without trying to be final about it I use the following definitions:freedom from something (negative freedom) is e.g. not being hungry;freedom to something (positive freedom) is being able & capable to(do, be,…) something and resembles autonomy and strength. Prestigeand authority are constantly confused and interused and can carry ameaning of power as well as trust in someone with more knowledge,experience,… about this particular issue. In the first sense the(authoritarian, hierarchical) relation (between people) is institutionaland enforceable, while in the second it is a free choice to trust or notand limited in time, space, subject,… I suggest using the word ‘power’only in the sense of authority and hierarchy; ‘being capable of…’ and‘being able to…’ would be better described as (positive) freedom,autonomy, strength,…

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D. MISSION STATEMENT: STRATEGICAL GOALS / MISSION.

“The anarchist movement (her members and supporters)wants to bring information and discussion (education) andmeeting (networking) and action (activation) toorganizations, individuals and suppliersin an efficient, clear, effective and honest mannerthrough her information centres, food kitchens and theactivities, infrastructure, knowledge, support and know-how of the organizations and individuals, her actions, herinformation-bulletins,…in return for financial, material and moral support,feedback and self-activityin order to contribute to a fundamental social changewhich is based on ‘freedom, self-governance, direct action,solidarity, direct democracy and anti-authoritarian living’.Anarchy is Order.

And:

From the 18th century, anarchism evolved as a way ofworking towards freedom and happiness. A combination ofthings has covered much of these ideas with the dust ofhistory, blood and tears. “We try to grow into individual and social ‘defense’ and‘attack’ against injustice (sexism, racism, war, exploitation,unfreedom, ...) and the systems of power over others ingeneral.Social defence is the response of solidary individuals andcommunities to undesired events in the outside world asdisaster, military coup, financial market crashes, war,AIDS,...Attack means taking the initiative: we want another worldand we are the ones to make it. (Why don’t we set a date toit?)

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We will make it acting on principles asfreedom/autonomy/anti-authoritarianism, solidarity, directaction.In a world like ours, it’s important to know which sideyou’re trying to be on, without needing a promised utopia,a Kingdom Come. Anarchism is an ongoing process, nevera standstill.” (A.O mission statement)The anarchist archive ‘Anarchy is Order’ is one of theattempts to make the original resources available. We try toarchive and learn from anarchist texts and spread them; wetry to offer education to individuals and groups, to activatethem, bond them and be a catalysing factor.Let’s bring anarchism to life. So that values like freedom,solidarity and direct action get new meaning, are livedagain and the battle continues against the ‘demons of fleshand blood, that sway scepters down here; and the dirtymicrobes that send us dark diseases and wish to squash uslike horseflies; and the will-‘o-the-wisp of the saddestignorance’. (L-P. Boon)

2. ENDS AND MEANS

WORKING FIELDS FOR THE ANARCHIST MOVEMENT.

Murray Bookchin uses a diagram to make the workingfields of the anarchist movement clear. I use his diagram ina different way than he does. Where he tries to findarguments to favour one of them, I try to see how we cancombine them. Through history and varying from person toperson the anarchist movement has laid different accentsand created different tools (action methods as well asorganizational forms and principles) to address different

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realities and priorities that all have value in their own right.It is meaningless to set them up against each other.

1. STATE(parliamentary democracy,dictatorship,…)

4. POLITICS(direct democracy,…)

2. (WAGE-)LABOUR &CONSUMPTION

5. SOCIAL CAPITAL

3. PERSONAL SPHERE(classical or culturallyadapted)

6. PSYCHOLOGICALCAPITAL(experimental or culturallynew or different)

In the diagram the upper row (1 and 4) contains the publicsphere: the common interest, human dignity,… The lastrows (2, 3, 5, 6) contains the private sphere: survival, self-interest, particularism, sociability,…The last row (3, 6) stands for the search for a safe home,happiness,… Roughly spoken the left half is ‘how it is’. The right side isthe (anarchist?) conquering of space, the fulfilling of realityourselves.Forms of ‘psychological capital’ (even if the struggle iscollective) can be: alternative ways of housing and living,women’s liberation, anti-authoritarian education, sexualliberation, gay liberation,…Examples of ‘social capital’ include the economical:cooperative working, LETS,… but also free schools,cultural initiatives,…The ‘political side’ are suspected in the organizationalprinciples of anarchist groups, the green parties in theirbegin-stadium, action-groups,…Fundamentally, I see it as a question of survival that theanarchist movement reaches all fields at the same time and

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therefore uses as many methods as possible : if we don’tcooperate or make room for the various preferences andpriorities, the anarchist movement will remain as it is now :nothing!

In short, this means :1) Create a place where people can meet, where they cantalk about strategy, means, activities,…and where they cangather information that can be made useable. At the sametime a common infrastructure is gathered there (computers,internet-connection, archives,…). Squats, info shops andmagazine can have a part in this.2) In these (or other) places actions can be put together andprepared: we can learn how to have meetings, how to planand execute our actions; how to (or not to) approach thepress. In these places we have to get involved in ourcommunities instead of spitting on them while staringourselves blind on the history of the world.3) We are looking for contact with equal mindedindividuals to handle bigger projects and exchangeexperience and information about the various themes thatwe are occupied in.4) We organise a local deliberation with the groups wewant involved (to keep each other informed and to helpeach other) and with as many individuals as possible. Thegroup has to split up when more and more people join in,and organise itself in the local districts according to wherethe members of the group live. Of course deliberationsbetween towns remain, as well as contacts with the‘outside’.5) We organise ourselves in the places where we work, theunions will be one of the themegroups, with deliberationper theme and geographically (they have to consult thesurrounding communities too). When the old systemdisappears (because of a stockmarket crash or because of a

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revolution) this union has to take over production anddistribution, and it must not tolerate new bosses. In themean time collectives and cooperatives can be started togain experience with non – hierarchic organization ofproduction and distribution.

In general money, printing presses...and so on have to becollected. Knowledge and know-how must be parted andtraining and solidarity must be organised (for example tobe activated at special occasions as big conferences,…)

We must help each other cast off the influence ofcapitalism on ourselves. We must put aside our insecuritiesen the related swollen egos. More than anything else thisforming of personality is the result and hottest battlefield ofthe diffuse fascism/ the way we meet, organise, write, talk,make pamphlets,… There is a (diffuse) fascist pig in eachof us that must be killed.

A. STRATEGIC ENDS

1. GeneralIn relation to the evolution of organizations (e.g. size,...)and the world around it (chances and threats) we must beable to switch easily between different organizationalforms, decision- and deliberation structures,…Each group must also permanently try to combine differentstrategies and levels of operation.Each individual remains autonomous. No one can be forcedto de anything. No one can stop anyone from doinganything. These are the decision-making starting points. Aswide as possible REAL consensus is necessary to makedecisions useful.

a. Ends

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The developing of strategies of course presumes in the firstplace the draw up of ends. This is the case for everyindividual, for every group and for the movement as awhole.The ends have to be stated on a short, medium long andlong (or strategical, tactical, and operational) bases.In the present situation this stating of ends is our firstpriority.To make this possible platforms must be created on a local,national, international and thematical bases.These also have to serve to make education and solidaritypossible.

b. StrategyI would like to point out the different parts that the strategyof every individual, every group, the movement as a wholemust contain.

“There are at least three ways of dealing with a situation.You can neutralise, activate or destroy. Neutralising iscreating space. Activating is gaining support. Destroyingis winning. What’s more: it’s essential to learn how to usethose three at the same time. (…)The answer (the method of struggle) must contain threeelements a way to survivea way to exploit cracks in the enemy-campan underground strategy.”

The different ‘facets’ will all need a proper strategy withown priorities and tactics. Here it’s important that the endsare clearly formulated and that we stay true to them. It isalso important that we keep on nourishing a mutual trustand that we keep considering the different strategies as‘variations on a theme’, within which everyone can keep

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their identity, but at the same time everything remainsdiscussable.Another aspect of strategy is to make sure that the anarchistmovement can gain from the efforts of its work. Too oftenothers (NGO’s, trotksyists, authoritarian individuals,…)will steal the results of our work. We have to keep theinitiative in our own hands.

c. EnemyThe enemy is easy to sum up in general terms: relations ofpower in all kinds of forms and situations. ‘ There is a copin everyone of us…he must be killed.’

d. NetworkingThe gaining and activation of support is of greatimportance. In the first place I consider gaining supportfrom the ‘population’ or the specific target group of theanarchist groups and the entire movement. On the other hand there is also the networking aspect:which social organizations can be of value in what kind ofalliance and which organizations should be avoided asmuch as possible?Above I have formulated a number of statements aboutthis. It is important to stipulate that alliances should be awell considered true choice (based on voluntaryassociation) and that they should be at least compatiblewith the ends, and ideally should bring the ultimate goal asclose as possible.

e. Information, discussion and encounter (internal andexternal)Here it’s important that infrastructure is made real: the‘possibility to’ and the ‘invitation to’.

f. Safety

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Safety and providing for this safety have a number ofdifferent aspects:- there’s the safety of ‘contents’ ( ends, reformism,...);- there’s always the danger of the internal process beingdisturbed by people of good will ( for a number of politicaland personal reasons) as well as by people who try to causeharm to the organization by acting as ‘provocateurs’ or‘informants’.The latter can come from all kinds of governmental orprivate organizations, but also from political rivals.Safety must be made real within the group itself as well aswithin cooperatives, platforms,…. Ways have got to befound to deal with this without creating a sectarianparanoia.In short, we always have to take into account the following:juridical freedom ( judgement of and preparedness to thepossible consequences)quality of process and quality of results (in capitalist terms:efficiency and effectiveness).According to me, a large part of the answer is situated intraining (juridical and in terms of management aspects suchas discussion techniques, financial clearvoyance…).Next to that I also believe in clear procedures andagreements: what will be acted out in what way, who playswhich role and has what function, what happens whenthere’s a conflict,...?

g. SolidarityAn important reason to organise is undoubtedly the needfor solidarity and cooperation. This need can be felt in allaspects and all ‘levels’ (thematically, locally, regionally,nationally and globally).Solidarity can take a number of forms, but is always linkedwith those aspects and levels. Solidarity should not onlyexist within the separate groups, it should also existbetween them. Solidarity means next to coping together

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with setbacks and repression also a positive view on theworld and supporting others to start acting, individually aswell as collectively.Many forms of solidarity have to be consciously organisedand cannot depend on coincidence or goodwill. Thisbecomes very clear when we look at ‘international’solidarity. This can take form in local solidarity actions,mobilising people to go help others elsewhere, provideinfrastructure and logistical support, help financially, offertraining and education,…Every group or organization has to consider how thissolidarity can be integrated best. Furthermore this offersthe opportunity to come out with the group and the themesthat need funding. It seems useful to harbour a part of thefunding in specific supporting organizations, which can usethem further on.

2. Facets

a. Individual / psychological capitalOn the individual surface the attention should be given to‘deprogramming’, the education of each other (in personalmatters but also concerning theory and methods of action).Practical solidarity too must be made real through affinitygroups (non- official ties of friendship).Trough the other ‘facets’ we have to achieve all kinds ofeducation, which enables the autonomous functioningwithin and without the movement. Life as a revolutionaryanarchist has a lot of consequences in our psychology, thesocial life, life on the work floor,…On the other hand various more or less formal projects canbe started; such as free schools, alternative ways of life andliving, sexual liberation, anti-authoritarian upbringing,…

b. Thematical actions

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Next to all this attention should definitely be given too thevarious themes and action-movement can choose assubject. This aspect has been most researched within themovement, even so that ‘activism’ i.e. seems to be adescription of a new ideology in the traditional media.It would be stupid not to elaborate this aspect further. Thestrongest points of the movement have to be kept. Theanarchist movement has in many places a monopoly ofknowledge, know-how and action-experience on manyfields. This aspect of the anarchist movement (the fact thatit acts, and acts well) makes her one of the few treats forthe existing order, especially because the movementdoesn’t negotiate and therefore seems uncontrollable.We’ve mentioned before that the multiplicity of themes andthe separate action groups around them don’t support theunity of the movement but lead us to the fragmentation ofit.There must be follow-up of concrete themes by thecollectives. These collectives can gather information andeven start action campagnes, while they can mobilise andorganise within the other structures.The collectives must be confederated geographically pertheme and they should discuss ‘interthematic’ as well,concerning contents, techniques and practices with eachother. Here they can work with representants of regionalgroups. At least communication structures should be setup.There are two examples:- common infrastructure, training / education, magazine /promotion,…- classical themes such as environment, refugees,repression, feminism, information.

c. PoliticsAnarchist groups should be founded regionally, they shouldsplit up after they’ve reached a certain number of members

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and if wanted should work in a smaller region. Thesegroups are independent but are confederated with eachother. For this we refer to the ‘Liberal Municipalism’ ofMurray Bookchin.What’s most important is to build a parallel decisionmaking structure, which can first of all bring decision-making back home by simply deciding things and actingaccordingly. On the other hand we can demand officialpolitical levels to grant us certain claims (e.g. certainurgent issues we simply cannot address to ourselves).Purpose and strategy must be clear for every-one if wewant to avoid ruptures later on or people feeling betrayed.To get to the point, I suggest that this grows from thedeliberation structures between the action groups and theinfrastructure groups, with the general idea that as manypeople possible are present (every group or organizationcan send a representant for the communication between thegroups, next to that room is made for decisions of anarchistindividuals who want to work together).It’s handy to use one or more themes as a stepping stone onwhich propositions should be made and results gained: anintergovernmental summit (cooperatives is needed over thecity borders), may-day, a long term campaign concerninghousing and everything that goes with it (property,production and consumption, playgrounds,…). For all this the theme groups can deliver information andknowledge (raw information or well-thought ofpropositions, the role of an info centre, where actuality iskept can make a lot of work redundant).Discussions in your neighbourhood and community willbecome an important task (and knowing what themovement wants to do with it will be an absolutenecessity). It will depend on the situation how this willcome to stand through community-meetings, enquiries,visits to the pub,…

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From these groups forward three ends can be reached(apart from the parallel political structure, which is thepriority):- education, action and information / discussioneconomics trough LETS-groups and through influence inthe companies vested thereto restore social tissue by organising a number of activitiesand mutual aid

d. EconomicallyI propose the long-term constitution of two pillars ofeconomic organization. Important are the following three:to be capable to get involved in class war, minimumdemands and notificationto take over the world in case the old system collapses(stockmarket crash, revolution,…)to work on alternative economic forms, to gain experienceand to show the achievability of it all.In the first place a union should be founded, following theexample of the Industrial Workers of the World (I.W.W.)or the Confederación National de Trabajo (C.N.T. / F.A.I.).It is important to have a struggle organization that canorganise the economy (production, distribution,consumption) if needed. For this it can use the knowledgeof its members and the communication-structures of herorganization.I seriously doubt the possibility of doing this throughoutthe existing unions, though maybe we can gain experienceand make contacts within these structures. On the other hand alternative economic projects should bestarted to gain experience in ‘self management’, to set anexample and as continuing experiments which can developour knowledge further.It is even possible that these companies would serve as aschool or schools for ‘self management’ can be found (afterthe example of Mondragón in Spain).

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Next to that LETS-groups can be founded (cfr. Politics),consumption cooperatives can be build, common materialscan be bought and controlled, food collectives, collectivekitchens,…

e. CohesionMutual cohesion can be on one-hand informal troughaffinity groups and on activities of the different groups:benefits, gigs, debates,...We can, on the other hand, representants can be sent anddeliberations and meetings summoned. This can beinterthematically and geographically (locally, regionally,nationally, globally).The mutual contact must contain formation and exchangeof information, practical organization and collectiveplanning, theoretical discussion, mutual solidarity andsupport.Another kind of cohesion can be organised through alarm-and mobilisation-lines: through telephone or internetpeople and organizations can be informed of urgent orother important things and events.Still another important element can be a shared or commoninfrastructure: newspapers (local and international) canwork together; information centres; action centres;distributors of anarchist information and propaganda;printers and publishers; all kind of autonomous zones(squats,…); (mobile) food kitchens; …It must be said that different aspects can find a place underone roof or in one project. The most important thing is thateach project should engage itself in this community. Thereis only one way to the future: walk all paths at the sametime.

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B. TACTICAL ENDS.We look for priorities. Each context shall point to otherpriorities: even each town or village has a context of itsown and its own power diagram; a different social basis tobuild on;…Overall it seems important to work on infrastructure /communication, combined with (communicating andrelated!) action campaigns and –groups.Education, discussion and the psychological aspect torevolutionary struggle are not to be neglected.

C. OPERATIONAL ENDS.We can say even less about the operational ends groups andindividuals must put before them. We could say we musttry for efficiency and effectivity. Our means are oftenlimited by all kinds of factors.We must try to stay in contact with the rest of themovement. Therefore the agenda of each group couldcontain:* practical things of the group itself* practical things of the movement at large: currentdiscussions, urgent events,…* education, role-playing (think of all kinds of situationsrelevant for your group of movement: what if, how, who,what, when,…) or in-depth evaluation of general issues.There must on the other hand not be too many meetings;they must be feasible in duration, moment, location, … aswell as process (good preparation –for the group andindividually-, a meaningful agenda, good facilitation,…).This way the meetings can be motivating and as much timeas possible is free for the actual work, one’s own life andsocial activities. Pay attention to the balance between theneed for consensus and the space for initiative and trust;good arrangements make good friends.

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This also makes it possible for people to conduct otheractivities like (wage-)labour, kids, sports,… We

1. Non-violent ‘ social defence’The only solution anarchist see possible for the social andindividual problems is a social revolution. Nowadays largeparts of the renewing ideas about the social struggle have anon-violent background. Apart from the principaldiscussion about violence it has to be clear that the actiontechniques developed by this current are mostly the sameas the ones that should be used by anarchists. A socialrevolution is at least for the largest part a work ofconstruction and peaceful co-operation. It is true thatpeople like Gene Sharp consider both state and capital asvaluable partners, view anarchists can hardly share.Sharp’s frame of thoughts isn’t an anarchist one, so neitherare his methods. This however, doesn’t make the rest ofhis thoughts less valuable. ‘If I have to choose betweenviolence and non-violence, I choose non-violence. If Ihave to choose between violence and cowardness /ineffectiveness, I choose violence.’ (Gandhi).More-over, reality shows that all too often we do need thepeaceful methods as proclaimed by this ‘reformist current’.Therefore we must not abdicate from them, but learn toevaluate them in real life and use them wisely and withoutillusions. Moreover, we must be aware and value othermeans of struggle, but this is not the time or place todiscuss them at length. Read military schoolbooks if youlike, but you won’t find the revolution in them.Brian Martin in ‘Social defence, social change’

Defining social defence Social defence is non-violent community resistance toaggression as an alternative to military defence. It is basedon widespread protest, persuasion, noncooperation and

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intervention in order to oppose military aggression orpolitical repression. It uses methods such as boycotts, actsof disobedience, strikes, demonstrations and setting upalternative institutions. Defining something is a political act, and so it isworthwhile looking at this definition of social defence as“non-violent community resistance to aggression as analternative to military defence.” This definition says that the resistance is communityresistance—not national resistance, which is the usualfocus for military defence and for much thinking andwriting about social defence. My view is that the focusshould be on communities defending themselves and eachother. Sometimes the communities will be nations, butoften not. Some activists prefer to define social defence as “non-violent community resistance to aggression or oppression,”thereby including defence against military aggression,defence against government oppression of localcommunities, and defence against male violence againstwomen. Social defence, in this view, should be seen asnon-violent defence of the vital features of society—including human rights, local autonomy, and participation—against all oppressive forces. I agree with the sentiments behind this broader orientation.But I think it is better to define social defence as analternative to military defence and then to make linksbetween this idea of social defence and other strugglesagainst oppression. With the broader definition, socialdefence becomes almost the same as any community-basednon-violent action. This can lose the focus on the problemswith military defence. Of course, there is a very close connection between socialdefence and non-violent action: social defence is based onthe use of non-violent action. Social defence means that thefunctions of the military are eliminated or replaced (or, at

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the very least, supplemented). There can be lots of non-violent action in a community but, if the military is stillpresent, there is the potential for waging war and carryingout repression. Social defence is one of several different names that allmean about the same thing. The main ones are socialdefence, non-violent defence, civilian-based defence andcivilian defence. The different names do have differentconnotations. The expression “civilian based defence”usually refers to non-violent defence operating underdirection of a government, whereas the expression “socialdefence” often refers to non-violent defence based ongrassroots initiatives. Years ago, social defence was sometimes called “passiveresistance.” This gives the misleading impression that non-violence is passive. The core of social defence is non-violent action, and this includes strikes, fraternisation andsetting up alternative institutions. There are also offensive measures to be taken, such ascommunications to undermine international and domesticsupport for the aggression. Social defence does not meanjust sitting there and accepting whatever the aggressorinflicts. “Social defence” and the main alternative termsinclude the word “defence.” Ironically, this gives toonarrow a view of what can be involved. The problem stemsfrom the euphemism “military defence.” Military forces aredesigned for war. Government departments of war changedtheir names to departments of defence in order to avoid theassociation with killing and destruction. “Defence” sounds much friendlier than war, the military oreven “the army.” Non-violence has the opposite problem: to many people itsounds weak. Social defence sounds purely defensive.That’s why it’s sometimes useful to talk of social offence.

198 Methods of non-violent action

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Gene Sharp, the leading researcher on non-violent action,has identified 198 different types of non-violent action andgiven examples of each one.1 Sharp divides the methods ofnon-violent action into three categories: symbolic actions,noncooperation, and intervention and alternativeinstitutions. Symbolic actions include: formal statements (speeches, letters, petitions); slogans,leaflets, banners; rallies, protest marches, vigils, pickets;wearing of symbols of opposition (such as the paper clipsworn by Norwegian civilians during the Nazi occupation);meetings, teach-ins. Noncooperation includes: social boycott, stay-at-home; boycotts by consumers,workers, traders; embargoes; strikes, bans, working-to-rule,reporting “sick”; refusal to pay tax or debts, withdrawal ofbank deposits; boycotts of government institutions;disobedience, evasions and delays; mock incapability(“misunderstandings,” “mistakes”). Intervention and alternative institutions include: fasts; sit-ins, non-violent obstruction and occupation;destruction of information and records; establishment ofparallel institutions for government, media, transport,welfare, health and education. (From: Gene Sharp, The Politics of Non-violent Action(Boston: Porter Sargent, 1973).

a. The methods of non-violent protest and persuasion.Formal statementsPublic speeches 2. Letters of opposition or support 3.Declarations by organizations and institutions 4. Signedpublic statements 5. Declarations of indictment andintention 6. Group or mass petitions.Communications with a wider audience7. Slogans, caricatures and symbols 8. Banners , posters,displayed communications 9. Leaflets, pamphlets and

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books 10. Newspapers and journals 11. Records, radio andtelevision 12. Skywriting and earth writingGroup representations13. Deputations 14.Mock awards 15 Group lobbying 16.Picketing 17 Mock electionsSymbolic Public Acts18. Displays of flags and symbolic colours 19.Wearing ofsymbols 20. Prayer and worship 21. Delivering symbolicobjects 22. Protest disrobing 23 Destruction of ownproperty 24. Symbolic lights 25. Displays of portraits 26.Paint as protest 27. New signs and names 28. Symbolicsounds 29. Symbolic reclamations 30. Rude gestures.Pressures on individuals31 “haunting” officials 32. Taunting officials 33.Fraternization 34. VigilsDrama and music35. Humorous skits and pranks 36 Performances of playsand music 37. SingingProcessions38. Marches 39. Parades 40. Religious processions 41.Pilgrimages 42. MotorcadesHonouring the Dead43. Political mourning 44 Mock funerals 45. Demonstrativefunerals 46. Homage at burial placesPublic assemblies47. Assemblies of protest and support 48. Protest meetings49. Camouflaged meetings of protest 50. Teach-insWithdrawal and renunciation51. Walk-outs 52.Silence 53. Renouncing honours54.Turning one’s back

The methods of social noncooperationOstracism of persons55. Social Boycot 56. Selective social boycott 57.Lysistratic nonaction 58. Excommunication 59. Interdict

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Noncooperation with social events, Customs andinstitutions60. Suspension of social and sports activities 61. Boycott ofsocial affairs 62. Student strike 63. Social disobedience 64.Withdrawal from social institutionsWithdrawal from the social system65. Stay at home 66. Total personal non-cooperation 67.Flight of workers 68. Sanctuary 69. Collectivedisappearance 70. Protest emigration

The methods of economic noncooperation : economicboycottsActions by consumers71. Consumers’ boycott 72. Nonconsumption of boycottedgoods 73. Policy of austerity 74. Rent withholding 75.refusal to rent 76. National consumers’ boycott 77.International consumers’ boycottAction by workers and producers78.Workmens’ boycott 73. Producers boycottAction by middlemen80. Suppliers’ and handlers’ boycottAction by Owners and management81. Traders’ boycott 82. Refusal to let or sell property 83.Lockout 84. Refusal of industrial assistance 85. Merchants“general strike”Action by holders of financial resources86. Withdrawal of bank deposits 87. Refusal to pay fees,dues and assessments 88. Refusal to pay debts or interest89. Severance of funds and credit 90. Revenue refusal 91.Refusal of government’s moneyAction by governments92. Domestic embargo 93. Blacklisting of traders 94.International sellers’ embargo 95. International buyers’embargo 96. International trade embargo

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The methods of economic noncooperation : The strikeSymbolic strikes97. Protest strikes 98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)Agricultural strikes99. Peasant strike 100. Farm Workers’ strike.Strikes by special groups101. Refusal of impressed labour 102. Prisoners’ strike103.Craft strike 104. Professional strikeOrdinary Industrial Strikes105.Establishment strike 106. Industry strike 107.Sympathetic strikeRestricted strikes108. Detailed strike 109. Bumper strike 110. Slowdownstrike 111. Working-to-rule strike 112. Reporting ‘sick’(sick-in) 113. Strike by resignation 114. Limited strike 115.Selective strikeMulti-Industry Strikes116. Generalized strike 117. General strikeCombination of Strikes and Economic Closures118. Hartal 119. Economic shutdown

The methods of political noncooperationRejection of Authority120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance 121. Refusalof public support 122. Literature and speeches advocatingresistanceCitizens’ Noncooperation with Government123. Boycott of legislative bodies 124. Boycott of elections125. Boycott of government employment and positions126. Boycott of government departments, agencies andother bodies 127. Withdrawal from governmenteducational institutions 128. Boycott of government-supported organizations 129. Refusal of assistance toenforcements agents 130. Removal of own signs and placemarks 131. Refusal to accept appointed officials 132.Refusal to dissolve existing institutions

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Citizens’ Alternatives to Obedience133. Reluctant and slow compliance 134. Non-obedience inabsence of direct supervision 135. Popular non-obedience136. Disguised disobedience 137. Refusal of an assemblageor meeting to disperse 138. Sit-down 139.Noncooperationwith conscription and deportation 140. Hiding, escape, andfalse identities 141. Civil disobedience of ‘illegitimate’lawsAction by Government Personnel142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides143. Blocking of lines of command and information 144.Stalling and obstruction 145. General administrativenoncooperation 146. Judicial noncooperation 147.Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation byenforcement agents 148. MutinyDomestic Government Action149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays 150. Noncooperationby constituent governmental unitsInternational Government Action151. Changes in diplomatic and other representation 152.Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events 153.Withholding of diplomatic recognition 154. Severance ofdiplomatic relations 155. Withdrawal from internationalorganizations 156. Refusal of membership in internationalbodies 157. Expulsion from international organizations

The methods of Non-violent InterventionPsychological Intervention158. Self-exposure to the elements 159. The fast (a. Fast ofmoral pressure; b. Hunger strike; c. Satyagrahic fast) 160.Reverse trial 161. Non-violent harassmentPhysical Intervention162. Sit-in 163. Stand-in 164. Ride-in 165. Wade-in 166.Mill-in 167. Pray-in 168. Non-violent raids 169. Non-violent air raids 170. Non-violent invasion 171. Non-

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violent interjection 172. Non-violent obstruction 173. Non-violent occupationSocial Intervention174.Establishing new social patterns 175. Overloading offacilities 176. Stall-in 177 Speak-in 178. Guerrilla theatre179. Alternative social institutions 180. Alternativecommunications systemEconomic Intervention181. Reverse strike 182. Stay-in strike 183. Non-violentland seizure 184. Defiance of blockades 185. Politicallymotivated counterfeiting 186. Preclusive purchasing 187.Seizure of assets 188. Dumping 189. Selective patronage190. Alternative markets 191. Alternative transport systems192. Alternative economic institutionsPolitical InterventionOverloading of administrative systems 194. Disclosingidentities of secret agents 195. Seeking imprisonment 196.Civil disobedience of ‘neutral’ laws 197. Work-on withoutcollaboration 198. Dual sovereignty and parallelgovernment

2. (Concensus) decision making

*Strategy:Starting point: vision is means is goal!!! Put in anotherway: the means with whom we want to reach a certain goalhave to be compliant with the vision we have on man,society and the ends we aim for. The end never justifiesthe means.Strategy: coherent, well-considered and planned whole ofactivities and actions, aiming to realise the ends of amovement or campaign within a certain period of time.Long – term strategy takes about 3 to 5 years. Medium –long-term strategy takes about 1 to 2 years. Tactics is a

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short-term strategy or handling method. A time schedule isa way to plan the duration of the strategy.The end is the endMain goal: is an important and concretely formulated partconcerning the ends (it’s a sub-end). Campaigning goal,program goal, or strategic goals are the main goals.Goal of action: is a goal to work towards to, (directed fromthe main goal), concretely formulated and possible torealise on a short-term basesGoal of object: is a factory, a dumpsite, a power plant,…Hinge point: is an organization that has a (relative) powerequilibrium, which therefore becomes a turning pointWays of influencing: are press, schools, medics, parents,acquaintances, …Sources: own participants, members of equal mindedorganizations or closely related organizations,…To achieve goal you need people, time and money. Theseare needed in the right amounts and relations: a lot of time,no money and few people restricts the goals you canachieve.Medium long and long-term strategyWhat is your vision on the subject of the campaign? Youhave to formulate it as clear as possible. State theconnection between your vision and the subject: theme ofthe movement (or the campaign).What are the ends of the movement or what are the ends ofthe campaign? What are the concrete main goals that haveto be achieved in order to realise the ends of the movementor campaign?What are your most important action- or campaign goalsand how are you planning to use them? Put them in anorder of escalation and importance. Make a distinctionbetween direct and indirect goals.What hinge points and ways of influencing do you want touse in what relation to which action-or campaigning goal?

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Formulate concrete action goals for and with yourresources. Put them in an order of importance.Make a time schedule on which you can see what yourends, main goals, campaigning-and action-goals, hinge-points and resources are. In other words, convert yourtactics and strategy into a real plan.

* Flow chartThe ends are well described.After force-analysis (organigram of organizations andgroups that have a positive or negative influence on yourown group, project or campaign, and where there relativepower can be shown), you have to decide on what forceyou have to work first.Force-analysis can be split up in ‘time-spirit’ and ‘networkanalysis’. Your organization can’t influence the factorsrelated to time-spirit: rise of nationalism,…. The network-analysis is visualised by circles around a centre (theorganization): suppliers (of information), comrades,opponents (‘adress group’), contributors, financial support,…What kind of action will we organise? A flowchart canhelp us to:on a short term bases, in a clearly put way and with lesschance to end up in endless discussionssum up actions (brainstorm), consider the consequences ofeach action and choose (a) way(s) of action.For example:End ACTIE CONSEQUENTIESEqual sportsfacilities forwomen

Occupation of thegym

-if this is your first step,you will probably loosesupport and sympathy(-)-makes clear that youare serious (+)-possibility of arrests (-)

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Petition at school - will probably changenothing (-)-creates possibilities forconversation /discussion (+)

Publishing relevantpages from theconstitutional law

- there is no money (-)-it takes more time (-)- difficult language thatwill need explaining (-)- gives a legal characterto your action (++)

Imagine the petition at school is the first chosen action,than you can redo you flow chart while the petition iscircling around. The way of working is the same.Action Action ConsequencesPetition atschool.

Info magazine about theproblem and suggestionsfor a solution.

- (-)- (+)- (++)- (-)

Inviting female Olympicchampions.

- (++)- (-)- (-)

Involving male athletes - (-)Occupation of the gym - (++)

- (--)- (-)- (+)- (-)

*Time schedule:Everything that hast to be done (or has to be finished) for acertain action is put on one time-line (it is possible to splitup in e.g. funding, file-and presswork, action preparation /training of those taking part in the action, juridical work,).Remind the mutual connections: a juridical working grouponly knows what to do when you have decided on whichaction techniques you are going to use,….Gives a clear and estimated time planning.

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It’s practical to use.

* SWOT – ANALYSIS:

Strategic orientation:Find out how wide the field of possibilities and action is.No decisions are taken yet, but try to get a good view onwhat’s still to be discussed. You don’t have to becomplete, but try to know roughly what has to bediscussed to reach a result.

Gathering and summing up of available information, internalas well as external.

A. EXTERNAL B. INTERNALImagine as many Threats andOpportunities as possible

Imagine as many Strengthsand Weaknesses as possible.

Consider the threats (-1, -2)and opportunities (+1, +2) andbring them down to a max. of6 (in small groups).

Consider the weaknesses (-1, -2) and strengths (+1, +2)and bring them down to amax. of 6 (in small groups).

(Collect the results of the small groups and restrict yourlists to a maximum of 8)Put hem next to each other:

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EX

TE

RN

AL

Opp

ortu

nity

(+

2) …

Opp

ortu

nity

(+

1) …

Thr

eat (

-1)

Thr

eat (

-2)

INTERNAL

Strength (+2)Strength)(+1)……Weakness (-2)Weakness(-1)……

Choose three problematic fields:internal (–2) connect to external (–2) are an urgentpriority! E.g. too few people (internal) combined with toofew possible people (external) is a huge problem. Too fewpeople (internal) combined with a lot of possible people(external) is an important, but totally different problem.

Don’t forget to keep track of your strong points. They areoften matters that you can and must use and start yourproject from!

Work on this problematic fields:This can be done in smaller groups You can repeat thisentire process for the sub problems until all problems areidentified so that you can begin to reach solutions.

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Collect solutions and try to make a realistic plan. (who,when, what, how, what, money,…)

Evaluate the process regularly and redirect it if needed.

*Discussion procedures :There are an infinite number of variables possible. What’smost important is to be aware of the group, the process andthe results.

*Why consensus:Direct democracy, everyone decides alongEveryone is responsible for the result, and it is acted outbetterDecisions are made starting from the importance of thewhole: win / win situationDecisions are made starting in full trust of each otherInformation / knowledge / know-how / skills are beingsharedEveryone’s opinion is important and should be heardConsensus breaks trough the dictatorship of the majorityConsensus stimulates involvement and creativity

*A number of examples:-Tasks to be done in the process.All members of the group are responsible for the tasks ofthe of the person who guides the conversations: helpingeach other, supporting, keeping attention, looking togetherfor a next step, really listening to others, being prepared tolet go of own ideas and considering new ones, changingopinion and thinking along creatively…The individual needs and thoughts have to be compared towhat’s right for the group and the purpose of the meeting.

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We have to try to understand and be understandable. Thisis the opposite of repeating each other’s view or gettinginvolved in endless discussions.

Guidelines :Don’t try to convince others of your own view at any cost.Do explain in a logical and clear manner whatever youropinion is. Listen carefully to others and consider theirreactions. Don’t change your opinion to avoid conflict or to reach asolution faster. Only support the solution that you agreewith.Avoid conflict-reducing techniques such as majorityvoting, tossing,…Try to find out what the conflicting opinions are. Beespecially aware of the different starting points.Everyone is responsible for gaining a solution. Try toinvolve everyone in the discussion.Consider the different opinions as an advantage, rather thana disadvantage when looking for consensus. The opinionsare sources of information, which makes the chance ofreaching a good solution for the group bigger.Avoid looking at the discussion as if it were a competition.Its not he intention to have a winner and a loser. Instead,we have to look for an acceptable alternative for allmembers of the group.Consensus is the result of the combination information,logic and feelings. The person that guides the discussion has various tasks butthe responsibility for the course and the result of meetingalways lies with the group. There are a couple of issuesthat the one who guides the conversation watches over.Some of these issues can be delegated to others (e.g.keeping the time, reformulating or summing up what’sbeen said,…).

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Formulating what’s been said and questioning if everyoneagreesmaking sure everyone can have a say making sure everyone can follow the conservationHelps to state clearly what people mean by askingquestions or repeating what’s important (and questioningwhether this is correct)Asking for the opinion of the silent onesNot allowing the conversation to wander offMake sure the discussion progressesMaking clear summariesKeeping the spirits up by organising a game, a break,opening a window,…Being visible and understandable for everyone.

The one who guides the conversation cannot be prejudicedin the conversation. When he / she is too much involved orwhen he / she’s too tired, it can be wise to ask someoneelse to take over.The timekeeper makes sure that the agreed on time persubject is respected. The meeting decides.The note taker takes care of the reports, and may sum upwhat’s been said during the meeting. Someone can writeimportant remarks on a large sheet of paper or blackboard,so these remarks are easy to get back too, something like areal-time report that can be continuously consulted andadjusted. It might be necessary to provide translation.It’s possible (depending on the situation) to use ‘runners’who can keep contact between the different groups anddeliver information during the course of the meeting. Theydon’t make decisions. When you use a ‘fishbowl’ (seefurther in the text) spokesman take up more or less thesame role.

*Regular concensus :(model from the reader ‘Training for trainers’.)

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Prepare the meeting (agenda, viewpoints, gatherinformation,...).Choose a person to guide the conversation.Agenda (why is a subject on the agenda, what’s thepurpose: deciding or exploring,…).Orientation phase (background of the subject, reason,emergency,…).Information phase (to bring all information explicitly in thegroup, no manipulation / monopoly).Opinion forming phase (round of opinions, brainstorm(time limit!), advantages / disadvantages and solutions,achievability of the ideas, best ideas on blackboard (idea,advantage, disadvantage, solution, advantage,disadvantage), discussion while keeping the contents andemotions in mind, maybe interrupted by a game)

This will lead to a unanimously formulatedproposal!

Decision-making phase: are we all in favour? Who hasobjections? A quick summary of agreements anddifferences. Asking everyone personally! When peopleobject it’s important to ask what there objections are.When there ‘s a difference of opinions, the danger is realthat those who don’t agree with the proposal will stayrejectively silent or will keep on repeating their objections.Ask if the objections concern the entire proposal orwhether there are parts of it that can be agreed on. Whenthey disagree with the entire proposal these persons can beasked to formulate their own proposal. It may be useful tohave the discussion again while thinking how to change,improve or adjust the proposal. It may be necessary to takea break first, to play a game or to have a moment of silenceto think. The decision can be postponed. Never postpone adecision lightly: agree on what has to be done in themeantime (e.g. a group can summarise two proposals intoone). If the group insists on making a decision theobjecting person can be asked not to block the decision.

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People who don’t agree with a decision can’t be forced toexecute it!If all this fails the objecting person can decide to leave thegroup. Don’t drop this person!When there are real problems there’s probably somethingelse going on, be aware of this. People might feel thatthey’re never taken seriously, people might be afraid of asituation,… To end: it may not be impossible that oneperson sees clearer what’s best for the entire group!!

*Model from ‘Conflict and consensus’ by C.T. Butler (co-founder of Food Not Bombs).-INTRODUCTON:

Clarify processPresent proposal or issueQuestions to clarify the presentation

-BROAD OPEN DISCUSSIONGroup discussion

Different techniques:-Identification: (address each other by name, this can bemade possible by playing games, name cards,systematically announcing your name before you speak,…)-Discussions with the whole group to reach an ideasupported by the group (unstructured or structured).Discussions in small groups who then report their findingsthrough spokesmen / reporters.Have rounds: ‘I agree on what’s been said’ isn’t enough,what exactly do you agree on, what not? This is not a timefor discussion, listen carefully to what other people aresaying and try to find out what everybody (includingyourself) wants. -Fishbowl: participants with a different opinion sit in acircle to discuss while the others form the outer circle andlisten. At the end the group gets together again andevaluates the fishbowl discussion.

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Call for concensusIdentify concerns

List any concernsGroup related concerns

Resolve concernsResolve grouped concernscall for consensus?’Restate Remaining concernsQuestions to clarify concernsDiscussion limited to resolving one concern at atime)call for consensus

Alternative closing optionsStand asideSend to committee

‘declare block’: no consensus can be reached: postpone to anext meeting and continue with the agenda.

Equal sharing of participation-keeping a list of people that want to speak(chronologically)-if many people want to speak at the same time, ask themto raise hands and call a number (1,2,3,4,…), then you canallow them to speak in that order-if the meeting stops or a few people are dominating it theneveryone is free to question the disussion technique andpropose an alternative-if the meeting goes to fast or when tension rises a momentof silence might help-everyone can “call for consensus”-making a summary of what’s been said, what everyoneagrees on and what’s still to be discussed-restate the proposal-explicitly quit your guiding role when you want to saysomething about the contents

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-a non-binding ‘referendum’ by hand raising: ONLY to seehow deep the differences in opinions are -censorship: when someone speaks before his turn,interrupts somebody, keeps repeating himself,… thisperson can be censored for the duration of an item on theagenda or even longer, in really extreme cases someone canbe excluded. Both censorship and exclusion can only takeplace after the person has thoroughly been question andafter you’ve tried to find a solution.

*EVALUATION:There are at least ten ways in which evaluation helpsimprove meetings. Evaluations:

* improve the process by analysis of whathappened, why it happened, and how it might be improved

* examine how certain attitudes and statementsmight have caused various problems and encourage specialcare to prevent them from recurring

* foster a greater understanding of group dynamicsand encourage a method of group learning or learning fromeach other

* allow the free expression of feelings* expose unconscious behaviour or attitudes which

interfere with the process* encourage the sharing of observations and

acknowledge associations with society* check the usefulness and effectiveness of

techniques and procedures* acknowledge good work and give appreciation to

each other* reflect on the goals set for the meeting and

whether they were attained* examine various roles, suggest ways to improve

them, and create new ones as needed

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* provide an overall sense of completion andclosure to the meeting

Try to separate different aspects: always make clear whatyou observed and what part you concluded by interpreting.Start saying what you think you heard or saw and ask ifyou heard or saw this right. Only after this give yourinterpretation and ask again if you are correct.

Process:Individual round: how did I feel, how did I act and why?How did I experience the others?Were all roles well fulfilled?Were the procedures respected?Was there enough attention for non-verbal communication?Was the food good? …

Product:Is the result an answer to the right questions (Most of thetimes –but not always- the ones from the agenda)?Was there a real and free consensus? Was there pressure?Were fundamental discussion forgotten or evaded? Doeseveryone really back-up the decisions?

*Fast consensus (e.g. during actions)Choosing a clear form of fast decision making can meanthat you must act out trust at difficult times. It will preventpeople with a lot of dominance – but who don’t haveeverybody’s trust- from deciding what will happen. It ismeant to help executing the action out of the unity of thegroup. state a proposal (bases on scenarios that have been workedout in advance), let everyone answer at the same time byletting them raise a number of fingers (try hiding yourcommunication from the police):1 finger (thumb) = I agree with the proposal, no objections2 fingers = I object but I will participate

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3 fingers = I object, I won’t participate but you go ahead4 fingers = I object and I don’t want you to continue theaction either (depending on agreements in advance and thesituation this option might be left out).If necessary a new proposal can be statedA larger group can be split up in to smaller groups thathave to come to a collective answer in the same manner.

In some situations it’s better to work with fast deciders:according to previously developed scenarios one or a fewpeople decide. It has to be clear in advance in what kind ofsituations these fast deciders can take action. When thesesituations don’t occur the group continues to decidecollectively.When fast deciders have had to decide it’s important todiscuss afterwards how this felt for the group and for thedecision makers themselves, and what the results for theaction were. If we work with fast deciders this means thatthe group:-has to trust the fast deciders, is prepared to act outdecisions, stays critical towards the decisions, can give anown opinion when others or the action are in danger,remains independent and keeps its own responsibility.The fast deciders have a great responsibility to take. If heor she has to make a decision during the course of theaction she / he as a huge influence on the further course ofthe action. It is easy to confuse this task with leadership.

*Friendship groups (nuclear groups, base groups, supportgroups, affinity-groups) are small groups, ten to fifteenpeople, who know and support each other. These groupsjoin regularly, prepare their share in an action together anddivide the various tasks within the group. Therefore duringthe course of the action they know where they stand andthey can cooperate. The group also meets when an action is

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over to discuss what went wrong and right during theaction. An action always means unexpected and excitingevents. It’s important that the participants feel safe in thegroup. The structure of friendship groups makes this safetypossible and it forms the bases for collective responsibilityfor the action. Three aspects should certainly be dealt within a friendship group:

Building trustby giving trust, by sharing experiences, by asking peoplehow they feel, by asking in what way you can support eachother during an action, by listening carefully andunderstanding what the other is trying to say.This looking after each other is everybody’s duty.Sometimes a few, sometimes only women, who are moreused to giving personal attention to their surroundings, onlyfulfill this task. But as much before, during and after anaction people should look after each other. (Before:consulting about ‘what have you got with you? What isyour task? , How are you feeling?, What do you need?.During: sharing of food and drinks, trading places, askingwho needs what, playing games and singing songs,…After: give people the chance to tell their story, don’t startdiscussing this immediately. Everyone’s experience isimportant. Confirm each other on this. Tell each otherwhat you saw of them, talk to them about it. Tell them ifyou were proud of someone, if you felt support,…

Expressing emotions : Expressing emotions is important. Hold back emotionswill block you. We are all afraid to show our emotions. Alot of us have the feeling that we can’t even show themanymore. When we are acting out an action, there’s alwaysstress. Stress builds up emotions. We are scared, angry,disappointed, inspired, astonished, irritated,… When ouremotions are directed at the opponents it's logical that they

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can be vented in our group, you can share your emotionsand get over them. When our emotions are directedtowards members of our own group, it’s a lot moredifficult. When you feel left alone by someone of yourgroup during an action or when you are irritated by anothermembers’ behaviour, this can paralyse and isolate you. Tryto put your feelings into words immediately and agree ondiscussing them when the action is over.

Dealing with criticismReceiving criticism is difficult. Having direct criticism isdifficult too. We often keep it to ourselves: the risk of notbeing understood is too big. So we just tell one or twoothers how obnoxious we think a certain person is. Thisbecomes gossip and this leads to distrust. It’s theresponsibility of the entire group to lead such a situation toa good end. The other members of the group have the taskto make sure that none of the parties involved is left out inthe cold. Both parties must receive enough space to saywhat they want to say: both must feel support and feelincluded in the group. When you are giving or receivingcriticism, you must think of the following:speak for yourself: ‘I find it difficult if you…, because,…’concretely state what you’re criticism is about: ‘whenyou… then you…’When you are receiving criticism listen to the other personand say: ‘I heard that you felt…, I feel uneasy about thisbecause…’When you are receiving criticism don’t start defendingyourself immediately but try to listen to and acknowledgeeverything the other states first, afterwards you can tellyour side of the storyAt the end ask if things are out of the way or if somethingis left to be done before you can continue working together

Ask the other members of the group about their feelingstowards this conversation.

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*IN GENERAL:-Consensus is based on:

trustrespectunity of goals

non-violenceself-reinforcementcooperationconflict management and –solvingdedication to the groupactive participationequal access to powerpatiencepreparation and preparedness

-Threats to consensus:lack of trainingexternal hierarchical structures

(hidden) internal hierarchical relations or substructures(read Jo Freeman’s ‘the tyranny of structurelessness’)

social prejudice

-Always make sure there is a balance between the businessand the personal. This goes for meetings too.-Regularly form smaller groups to go deeper into thepersonal opinions of everyone.-Listen carefully to what people say. This not only meansthat you let people talk until they are finished (whichappears quite a task on its own). It also means you relate towhat people say… that you ask questions and make themeeting happen and get to thinking along together.-Regularly do a round. Everyone says something of him –or herself. It can or cannot be related to the specific topic

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you’re discussing. It is important that everyone there isbriefly looked at and listened to.-Organize an interlude: play a game, sing a song,… Youconnect easier if you don't just talk but move your bodiestoo, watch each other and touch each other. Don’t feelfunny about this.

-Be aware of the atmosphere in the group en discuss it if itslows down the moving on. Maybe you should open awindow. There could be an argument starting to grow thatyou can anticipate in one way or another (which is not:avoid it at all costs!).

The goal of organizing is more than having a good time. Itis a working at something, the preparation of a society inwhich people work toward change in an open meet-ing.That meet-ing always starts with ourselves. Today.

Don’t be too easily discouraged if the consensus proceduredoesn’t work smoothly from the beginning. It can onlywork if we want to learn how to use it. In the longer run itwill prove to result in better decisions and stronger groupcoherence.

* ROLEPLAYING

Role-playing is a necessary tool for activists.

First of all it helps individuals prepare for whatever is tohappen next. You can think up different scenarios anddifferent responses of yourselves and others. This improvesmeetings and attempts to think of a plan. Because everyonehas thought of various things before you actually meet yougain time when you meet.

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Second you don’t even need a group to think about things.You can play different roles at once. Remember it’s not agame you have to win, but a role-play from which youmust learn.

On the other hand it is fun to do with a group. It is simplyless boring than sitting in a chair and discuss dry stuff. Youcan imagine more freely and therefore more realisticallyabout the chances things will evolve in one way or another.You can see clearly what information is missing, whatcrucial positions (social or otherwise) must be taken, whathas to happen for this to be possible,…You often get more results because the pressure seems off.More people can more easily be drawn into the process. Itoften makes it easier to subvert internal power play becausethe process is harder to control and people tend to be lessimpressed by authority than in a formal meeting.It is easier to make room for fundamental or political /ethical discussions. Which is not to say they must beavoided outside a role-play, but these discussions are oftenunlikely to result in a formal consensus. Trying this toohard could lead to official formulations and diplomaticabracadabra.

It is a good way to exercise the processes above. Pick asubject you know for sure will have no far-reaching effectsfor your group or even some totally fun subject. You couldtry the consensus-model, the time-line and SWOT-analysisto choose a pub or a movie.

There is no list of subjects even imaginable. Everythingrelevant for you or your group can become subject for arole-play. Here are but a few typical examples.

*You could take a map of the city or region you’re activein and set goals for the revolutionary movement while

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some of the players take the part of the bosses, the cops, thefascists, the Trotskyites,…*You could imagine an industrial plant and try to figure outwhat it takes to take it over in workers’ hands. What aboutthe cops, what about selling the products (to whom, legalaspects,…),…*You could imagine the next meeting of your group.You’ve been trying to say something for the past fewweeks, but somehow you can’t get through. Why? Whatare you trying to say? To whom? How? When? Is a formalmeeting the right time and place? Is it the people? Is it theprocess? What do you need to be able to have your say?Who is in your way? Why? How? Is it you? How can youchange yourself?*You facilitate the next meeting. What will you say? Whatwill you do? What’s on the agenda? What information willor might be missing?

Note that role-playing is not a collecting of worst-casescenarios. Neither is it free from reality: you get nowhereimagining Martians coming to rescue you (although itcould be fun as a game). It is an attempt to get a realisticview on what could happen and how to influence events orto evaluate alternative scenario’s for something that hasalready happened.

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SO THIS IS A QUITE DIFFERENT ANARCHIST COOKBOOK THAN

WHAT YOU MIGHT HAVE FOUND ELSEWHERE: no bombs andnone of the other archetypical stuff you find in theanarchist cookbooks that are very often published by right-wing organisations trying to put the blame on us. ‘You can’t blow up a social relationship’ says Tom Wetzel.

So how CAN we change our destiny if just bombing theplace apart offers as little hope for us as it seems to do?

‘Anarchy is Order – our anarchist cookbook’ is our attemptto ‘re-re-reïnvent anarchy (again)’ as I guess we all shouldhave an exercise ever so often, trying to formulate thiscomplex planet in simple and solvable problems withrealistic solutions (YEP).

We say it’s easy to pretend to be cynical. It’s easy to createevil empires and almighty molochs. It’s easy to despair.

This booklet is an individual attempt to recall our historyand draw lessons for the past. It is not new. I am not agenius. I am not a university professor.

I’m just trying to take what’s in me onto the paper in orderto make communication possible. I’m trying to summarizevery practically all the tools and strategies anarchists haveused. My main conclusion is that we should work together–even if we do different things. Only an attack and defencewith closed ranks and coordinated fronts will get usanywhere.

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