Anandajit Goswami Taylor Gregoire-Wrightbookstore.teri.res.in/docs/books/South South...

Anandajit Goswami

Taylor Gregoire-Wright

SouthSouth Cooperation and Knowledge exchanges

There is a geographical shift in economic activities globally, which clearly shows that the emerging economies such as Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia have not only been growing rapidly in recent years, but will also contribute a much larger share of economic activities worldwide in the years ahead. Since the middle of the 20th century, patterns of economic development have evolved based largely on the example of the developed countries and almost exclusively based on technologies developed in these countries. However, now that skills and institutional capacities to create technological solutions are being developed rapidly in the developing countries, there are important lessons to learn from the experience of countries of the South as well. So is the case with policy initiatives as well, which have a deep relevance to the social-cultural context in which they are applied.

South-South cooperation has been a slogan used by academics, development planners, and officials all over the world, but any real cooperation among countries of the South has been largely non-existent. TERI as an institution is rooted in the reality of India, a developing country, but has since its inception pursued a vision which is global in content and character. As part of this vision, while TERI has worked closely with organizations and institutions in the developed world, it has by intent placed a heavy emphasis on cooperation with developing countries. There are large scale benefits from such an effort, because the cultural context and the complexity of challenges across different developing countries have a great deal in common. Additionally, the use of most technologies requires careful customization, and merely transplanting technological solutions from the developed world without heed to these aspects can lead to mismatch in a number of cases, thereby minimizing opportunities for development and related benefits.

This compilation of useful information providing an example of some activities carried out by TERI in partnership with other developing country organizations and highlighting models of South-South cooperation is a testimony to TERI’s philosophy in this field. We believe that the scope for South-South cooperation will only grow in the years ahead as will its merits and potential benefits. We hope that the material contained in this publication will provide inspiration and useful information for organizations based in the South to pursue opportunities whereby they can cooperate with other institutions in the developing world.

Dr R K PachauriDirector-General, TERI

Foreword

The authors would like to thank Dr R K Pachauri and Dr Ligia Noronha for their continuous support in the formulation of this booklet. The booklet has benefitted from the review comments of Dr R K Pachauri, Dr Ligia Noronha, Mr Amit Kumar, Mr Girish Sethi, and Mr Debajit Palit. Special thanks are due to Dr Leena Srivastava, Dr Arabinda Mishra, Dr V V N Kishore, Dr Vibha Dhawan, Dr Alok Adholeya, Mr Ibrahim Hafizur Rehman, Mr Sunil Dhingra, Mr N K Ram, Mr Shirish Garud, Mr G R Narasimha Rao, Mr Janakaraj Murali, Ms Shailly Kedia, and Ms Swati Ganeshan for their views, feedback, and research inputs. The manuscript transformed into a booklet only because of the incessant efforts of the TERI Press, especially Ms Roshni Sengupta, Mr Santosh Kumar Singh, Mr R K Joshi, Ms Shilpa Mohan, and Mr Aman Sachdeva. The other credits for the booklet include Ms Shailly Kedia (Photo Credits).

Acknowledgementac

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Introduction 7

Renewable, alternative, and decentralized energy 9

Knowledge exchanges 16

Energy efficiency 21

Climate change and sustainable development 26

Energy infrastructure, regulation, and governance 29

Conclusion 30

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7South-South Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges

IntroductionSince its establishment in 1974, TERI has expanded into a multidisciplinary institution with more than 900 employees and its own university. Its research activities span many domains from climate modelling to microbial biotechnology, rural electrification, and alternative energy research. And while TERI continues to maintain its high level of engagement with Indian policy-making, sustainable development, and environmental protection, it has continuously sought to engage with countries of the South. TERI embarked upon South-South Cooperation in 1986, when it organized the first Energy Training Programme for South Asia. This was soon followed by additional ESCAP-supported energy training programmes in Myanmar, Laos, Bhutan, the Maldives, and Nepal. By 2012, TERI had worked with partners in 46 countries.

While TERI has established a global network (Map 1), the major part of its international collaboration is across the South. It works with both partner organizations and governments as well as within multinational coordinating mechanisms, such as the India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) Dialogue Forum. This is in line with TERI’s goal of “building global partnerships for development” (MDG 8).

Countries of the South where TERI has worked during the past 25 years are detailed in Map 2. This booklet elaborates on TERI’s South-South Cooperation and Knowledge Exchange activities by tracing TERI’s work across five thematic areas:

� Renewable, alternative, and decentralized energy � Knowledge exchanges � Energy efficiency � Resource management and pollution mitigation � Climate change and sustainable development

In the words of Mahatma Gandhi, “action expresses priorities”. TERI’s history of South-South Cooperation and knowledge exchange clearly demonstrates its commitment to the people of not only India and Asia, but also Africa and Latin America.

Petaling Jaya

(Malaysia)

Tokyo

(Japan)

Goa

Dubai

BhutanRenewable energyE-waste management

NepalRenewable energy

Disaster preparednessWater audits

Climate change

ColumbiaImproving energy access

MexicoClimate changeSide events at COP16

United StatesTechnology transferMarketing supplyEnergy efficiencyEnergy securityYale Climate and Energy InstitutePlant biotechnologyEnergy issues

BrazilEnvironmental educationImproving energy access

MalaysiaEmission reductionCO reduction roadmap2

Carbon intensity

BangladeshImproving energy accessCapacity buildingEnvironmental educationWaste managementCapacity building, environmentalmodellingRenewable energyGender, renewable energySustainable developmentWaste managementFood security

ThailandTrade and gender

IndonesiaEnergy audits

AustraliaWater securityPlant biotechnology

MaldivesRenewable energyEnergy Audits

AfghanistanRuralDevelopment

Sri LankaRenewable energyNanotechnologyWaste managementSolid waste management

GhanaEnergy audits

CameroonRenewable energyClean lighting

PakistanRenewable energyNanotechnology

RussiaPlant biotechnology

FinlandClimate change

Forestry and biodiversity

TurkeyEnergyaudits

SpainBiofuels

BioprospectingPlant and microbial products

FranceClimate change

United KingdomEcosystem management

Climate change

GermanySustainable growth

Plant biotechnologyClimate change

Industrial waste managementBiowaste conversion

NetherlandsTERI European Head Office,

Utrecht, NetherlandsPlant and microbial products

Biowaste conversion

MalawiRenewable energyClean lighting

EthiopiaClimate change

Capacity buildingClean energy

Sustainable development,Trade

TERI Africa programmeClean lighting

KenyaImproving energy accessRenewable energySolar energyClean energyClean lighting

ZimbabweEnergy audits

Sierra LeoneRenewable energyClean lighting

Our growing commitment to a sustainable futureResearch and outreach activities in over 30 countries

TERI Headquarter TERI Regional Centre

TERI Overseas Centre TERI’s Activities

London (UK)

Central AfricaRenewable energy

Clean lighting

UAEE-waste

Environmental education

Washington

DC (USA)

Mukteshwar

Guwahati

Bengaluru

Addis Ababa

Mumbai

New Delhi

ItalyBiowaste conversion

SwitzerlandTrade

BelgiumBiowasteconversion

GreeceBiowasteconversion

GuyanaClimate Change,Energy, Environment,Sustainable Development

IraqWaste management,

oilKuwait

Biotechnology

Activities highlighted in red were undertaken in 2011-12

Map 1: TERI’s global activities

8 South-South Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges

Map 2: Extent of TERI’s South-South Cooperation work

TERI has accumulated more than a quarter century of experience in South-South Cooperation activities. Since the early 2000s, the institute has worked to expand the scope and number of its South-South efforts, which can be seen in the increase in projects and the general rise in the number of partner countries involved per project (Figure 1). The result is an expanding yet increasingly tight-knit network of partners spanning dozens of countries.

Figure 1: The number of projects TERI has conducted and number of partners developed per year through projects

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

Projects per year

Partner Countries per year


Renewable, alternative, and decentralized energyBiomass gasificationBy the early 1980s, TERI was already actively developing and innovating biomass gasification technologies. From humble beginnings—the first demonstration unit was set up in a lawn in a residential New Delhi neighbourhood —its biomass gasification research grew substantially until the point when it was operating throughout India, across Southeast Asia and in parts of Africa and South America (Map 3).

TERI’s longstanding interest in biomass gasification technology (Figure 2) stems from its wide range of potential environmental, social, and economic benefits. Biomass gasifiers are more efficient at converting biomass to useful energy than open fires, and they help reduce the demand for fuel wood and the associated emissions. More efficient use of fuel wood enables communities to better preserve their forests. When designed to produce electricity, biomass gasification systems have allowed schools and health clinics to enjoy steady supplies of power. Similarly, small scale industrial centres benefit from biomass-derived energy and farmers’ productivity grows when they have access to refrigeration facilities, which biomass gasifiers can help to provide. Although these advantages first became apparent through its work in India, TERI sought to expand its biomass gasification technology transfer programmes to other countries of the South.

Map 3: Locations where TERI has worked on renewable, alternative, and decentralized energy projects. Biomass gasification includes technical assistance as well as field based biomass gasifier installation

Early on, researchers at TERI realized that biomass gasification technology had the potential to save fuel wood, thereby helping to reduce deforestation. In introducing biomass gasification technology to Sikkim, TERI was guided by the idea that its technologies should first and foremost

Biomass Gasification

Solar Photovoltaic

Both


benefit the local communities and be capable of being managed by the local communities in the long run. This people-centric take on technology development has paved the way for successful introductions of biomass gasification technology to a variety of sectors, from small scale cardamom curing to large scale chemical processing.

For instance, the first international commissioning of TERI’s biomass gasification power generation system took place in Thailand in 2006. This project addressed a number of community needs as well as multifaceted research questions. In cooperation with Thailand’s Department of Alternative Energy Development and

Efficiency (DEDE), TERI installed a 100 kW biomass gasifier, built the grid infrastructure required to distribute the power the gasifier would generate, and provided two days of classroom and on-the-job training to local operators. Simultaneously, researchers tested the system’s efficiency using professional energy auditing techniques. Three years later this expertise would again be put to the test when TERI assisted in the rebuilding process in Myanmar in the wake of Cyclone Nargis, which killed 138,000 people. After houses were flattened, trees uprooted, and power lines downed throughout the Irrawaddy Delta, establishing electricity sources was critical to the recovery process. With assistance from the Indian Government’s Ministry of External Affairs, TERI set up twenty 10 kW biomass gasifiers in eight rural

townships. Rural electrification through small scale, versatile biomass gasification systems can help improve sanitation, allow better social services to be offered, and reduce the demand for scarce fuel wood—all of which are important for communities following a major natural disaster.

Given its experience with training communities on how to use and maintain biomass gasifiers, TERI was well positioned to share its technology and expertise with small and medium enterprises. In 2004, TERI began work in Uganda at Kings College, Budo (KCB) assessing how biomass gasification pilot projects could help develop Uganda’s rural energy sector and contribute to bringing about rural transformation. At KCB, TERI installed a large, institution-sized biomass gasifier for cooking purposes

Biomass gasifier installed by TERI

Figure 2: Biomass gasifiers are used to convert biomass material, such as corn husks, grasses, and kitchen refuse, into producer gas, a combustible gas, which can be used to generate thermal or electrical energy for residences and institutions. Biomass gasifiers designed for heating purposes consist of the gasifiers, a burner, and a furnace. When designed to produce electricity, biomass gasifiers supply producer gas to an engine, which then generates electricity. A diagram of a downdraft gasifier, the most common variety and the kind TERI usually employs, is pictured here. Biomass is placed into the gasifier from the top, after which it is reacted with oxygen at high temperatures, though there is no combustion. Producer gas then leaves through a pipe on the bottom right of the diagram

Drying zone

Distillation zone

Reduction zone

HearthzoneAir Air

Gas

Ash pit


with the aim of developing confidence among various stakeholder groups that biomass technology was indeed a viable alternative to traditional, and often inaccessible, power sources.

Confidence and trust are vital components of any successful rural electrification effort, especially one that involves unfamiliar technology, such as biomass gasifiers, and which requires short but intensive training sessions. But while confidence in the technology and trust in the experts are necessary, they are not sufficient for effective transfers of biomass gasification technology. Therefore, when working with local communities to expand biomass gasification technology TERI also focusses on:

� Making the technology convenient for the community to use

� Assuring that the technology is feasible within the local context and would produce socio-economic benefits

� Taking advantage of economies of scale whenever possible in the delivery and production of energy systems and services

� Verifying that there is a constant supply of biomass feedstock

� Bolstering institutional structures for operating and maintaining the energy systems at the community level

As TERI continues to develop and improve on biomass gasifier technology, it will seek new opportunities to share its advances with Southern communities. These efforts will be conducted hand-in-hand with partner organizations, governments, and community leaders, and they will be directed by the outcomes of a recent comprehensive scoping exercise. That exercise identified a number of gasification systems areas as being well-positioned to benefit from biomass gasification technology.

Proven applications of biomass gasification systems

Captive power generation in rice mills and corn or sugarcane processors

Industrial and civil sectors in rural society where biomass gasifier based systems can supply electric power and process heat, especially in areas which

lack any grid infrastructure

Small scale enterprises that depend on thermal energy for agro-processing, textile dying, ceramics,

brick baking, and silk reeling


New directions: solar energy projects in AfricaSolar Multi-Utility Centres

TERI is working with partners from Kenya and Norway in a multidisciplinary project called “Solar Transitions” that is led by the University of Oslo, Norway. As part of the project, TERI worked with other consortium partners to develop and implement a model for viable village-scale solar power supply in Kenya. In addition, the project seeks to enhance our understanding of how such experiences can be transferred and adapted to other communities and countries. TERI worked with project partners to develop an energy enterprise model and implemented the model in the remote village Ikisaya, located in the drylands of Kenya, where there had been no electricity supply. Today, however, the villagers enjoy lighting from solar lanterns, television news, and entertainment programmes, and range of energy services from solar power, which includes photocopying or typing of the schools assignments.

A Solar Multi-Utility (SMU) Centre is a charging apparatus that uses solar energy to generate electricity for various machines and appliances. The energy provided by the SMU is also commonly used for charging solar lanterns, batteries and mobile phones, and powering water purifiers and computers. An entrepreneur(s) is selected from the local community and trained to operate, manage, and expand the SMU.

TERI is now attempting to enhance rural energy access as well as bring livelihood benefits to rural communities by setting up Solar Multi-Utility Centres, a concept developed by TERI in India. With support from the Indian


Ministry of External Affairs, TERI is working to develop and demonstrate Solar Multi-Utility (SMU) Centres in three Sub-Saharan countries: Kenya, Malawi, and Ethiopia. In each of these countries, a local partner organization will be identified and trained as a Market Facilitation and Enterprise Development Organization (MFEDO) in order to incubate, nurture, and expand several such energy enterprises for enhancing clean energy access. The MFEDO will also be the training hub for the communities and will become the focal point for other income generating activities in addition to clean energy provision.

Lighting a Billion Lives (LaBL) in Uganda

Uganda is the fourth country (alongwith Sierra Leone, Mozambique, and Kenya) in Africa to benefit from the Lighting a Billion Lights campaign. Six solar charging stations (SCS), each equipped with facilities for charging 100 lanterns, and a solar mobile charging facility was implemented in Kwarkwar village, Mbale district by Umeme (the electricity distribution company in Uganda) and Actis, an NGO as part of their corporate social responsibility initiative. TERI provided its technical support in designing and training with regard to the installation, operation, and maintenance of the entire systems. TERI had also organized an exposure visit for one of the senior managers from Umeme to similar LaBL installations in Indian villages for transfer of technology and business process for fostering South-South cooperation and expand the provision of clean lighting in the country.

The project was funded and implemented by Actis, an NGO and Umeme (Uganda’s electricity distribution company) as part of their corporate social responsibility initiative. TERI provided technical support to make clean lighting accessible to more people in Uganda. To ensure the financial and logistical sustainability of the charging stations, TERI also trained Umeme technicians with regard to the installation, operation, and maintenance of the solar PV systems, lanterns, and mobile phone charging systems.

Solar projects in Sierra Leone, Liberia

TERI implemented two solar charging stations (SCS) and solar mobile charging facility at Kyochomv village in Kambia District of Sierra Leone, one of the poorest countries in the world with less than 10 per cent of the population having access to electricity. The project was supported by the Indian Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, under its international cooperation programme and facilitated by UNIDO to foster South-South cooperation. Based on the success of the initiative, TERI further facilitated UNIDO to set up additional two SCSs in the country and is now working with UNIDO to scale up the initiative to cover more areas in the country. TERI also worked with UNIDO and provided its technical know-how on designing solar PV power projects in Liberia, another country with very low level of energy access. These projects have aimed to provide power supply to the industrial growth centres in these countries.

Bringing light to Mozambique

In another project, TERI and ADPP (Ajuda de Desenvolvimento de Povo para Povo), a local NGO in Maputu, have partnered to set up 40 solar charging stations in Cabo Delgado and Maputu provinces of Mozambique. ADPP


is the sister organization of HPPI (Humana People to People India), with whom the LaBL programme has been successfully extended to 150 villages spread across three states in India. The objective of this project is to provide quality illumination based on clean energy to rural households for 18,000 people and thereby facilitate educational and livelihood opportunities through providing better illumination. At the same time, it is also intended to increase the profit margin of beneficiary households through training, so that it maximizes the output of work done during the extra hours of light. This project is supported by the European Union Energy Facility and the Energy and Environment Partnership program of the Southern and Eastern Africa Development Bank. ADPP has coordinated the installation and monitoring of the solar charging stations, and TERI provided its expertise in technical design of the system, including technical capacity building, and facilitated procurement of the hardware packages from an LaBL-approved manufacturer from India, who sent around 2700 new generation lithium-ion based LED task lamps to the sites.

TERI has also signed an MoU with PlanetWorks to bring clean lighting to the Republic of Niger through the LaBL programme.

CountryNumber of solarcharging centres

Number of lanterns

Afghanistan - 6,000

Kenya 2 160

Mozambique 37 2,200

Myanmar - 500

Sierra Leone 2 100

Total 41 8,960

Clean lighting in urban slums

LaBL is also in the process of expanding to urban slums in some African cities, as part of UN Habitat’s pilot programme on renewable energy projects. The aim of UN Habitat is to enhance lighting systems and water and sanitation services in select African cities and secondary towns utilizing locally available renewable and clean energy sources.

TERI-DFID partnership for extending clean lighting and cooking

With support from DFID, TERI is working in Kenya and Ethiopia with the objectives to identify barriers to promotion of clean energy lighting and cooking options in Sub-Saharan Africa, share lessons and best practices from the Indian context in the area of policy, regulation, financing, technology and delivery models, and demonstrate the potential for decentralized solar energy applications and improved cookstoves to enhance the quality of life for rural households in the region. This project is carried out through an interdisciplinary effort involving Indian and Sub-Saharan African institutions, NGOs, government agencies, financing institutions, and other stakeholders.

LaBL charging station


LaBL in PakistanIn 2006, TERI began working in the Pakistani village of Gah to provide technical support and boost energy security. To date, 51 solar based domestic lighting systems have been set up in Gah and several houses have been provided with these systems. In 2010, TERI adopted five villages in Pakistan’s Chakwal district under the aegis of its LaBL programme.

In 2012, TERI signed an MoU with the Buksh Foundation for promotion of solar lighting in rural areas of Pakistan and provide necessary technical and knowledge support to the Pakistan programme of Lighting a Million Lives. Its objective is to provide clean and reliable lighting to 5,000 villages by 2017. The project presently seeks to reach out to 12,500 people in 400 villages across unelectrified areas of Punjab, Sindh, and Baluchistan. Speaking of additional benefits, Ms Fiza Farhan, CEO of the Buksh Foundation, said, “This collaborative project would usher in female empowerment in the rural areas of Pakistan and give impetus to environment awareness in the country”. Furthermore, Lighting a Million Lives endeavours to foster cross- border friendship between India and Pakistan. As Mr Asim Buksh, the Buksh Foundation Chairman, noted at the MoU signing ceremony, ‘Lighting a Million Lives’ with its multifold benefits, will not only help light up lives, but it will pave its way towards creating better relations between the two neighbouring countries, helping to erase any differences from the past and together Pakistan and India could move towards a more prosperous future.”

TERI in AfghanistanTERI signed an MoU in 2011 with Afghanistan’s Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) that focussed on rural electrification. Activities that are being undertaken pertain to programme design and capacity development, such as the following:

� Identify and interact with stakeholders, and assist in the preparation of the Detailed Project Proposal for National Energy for Rural Development in Afghanistan (NERDA)

� Assist in the preparation of operations manuals for implementing project components

� Identify the capacity development needs and human resource requirements for NERDA to implement the programme, and identify the capacity development needs of manufacturers and service providers

� Assist NERDA in preparing and designing training modules

Additionally, with support from the Indian Government, TERI is engaged in providing solar powered lighting, water and space heating, and water pumping in Kabul. Afghanistan’s new Parliament building will earn a Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) rating. TERI has signed a Memorandum of Understanding to install 100 MVA and 173 KVA solar power plants in Mazer-e-Sherif with the support of Asian Development Bank.


Knowledge exchangesIn 1986, TERI organized the first of what would be eight Training Programmes on Energy Planning for South Asian Countries. Convened periodically with the goal of training professionals and government officials regarding current developments in the field of energy in South Asia, these Training Programmes continued until 1996 and saw attendance from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and China. Participants looked not just at energy supply side opportunities, but also demand side management, international scenarios, and energy pricing. Experts from energy utilities returned to their home countries with broader perspectives and improved skills that enabled them to manage energy systems more effectively.

During the 1980s, TERI’s expertise was strongest in the area of energy issues, but as TERI expanded so did the breadth of its South-South Collaboration activities. The geographical scope of TERI’s work also broadened from South and Southeast Asia to Africa.

In biotechnology applications, TERI’s cutting edge laboratory in areas such as mycorrhizal fungi, plant genetics, and microbial bioremediation have yielded insights that have provided the basis for new technologies designed to improve the soil of degraded lands, decrease the need for pesticides, clean up oil spills on land, and more. A channel through which knowledge is shared an ITEC/SCAAP supported course on biotechnology applications.

The agricultural sectors of developing nations in Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and small island nations are areas that could benefit from the introduction of biotechnologies, such as biofertilizer, micropropagation, and biofuels. For example, tea tree plantations in India and Sri Lanka are harmed by insects on an annual basis. Such attacks can be crippling for the communities dependent upon these plantations. This challenge has been addressed through implementing an organic production regime through tissue culture and soil management techniques by means of mychorrizal applications that reduce dependence on inorganic fertilizers.

TERI’s South-South knowledge exchange projects are not only limited to the field of biotechnology. In 2001, acknowledging the importance of Clean Development Mechanism, TERI held a two-day workshop on strengthening Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Projects in Asia, which was attended by participants from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. This workshop stressed on the need for developing countries to be able to attract CDM projects that bring in technological, financial, and sustainability benefits. It also covered a number of technical details and presented the perspectives of relevant stakeholders from the government, corporate organizations, financial institutions, and multilateral agencies. TERI has trained employees of South Asian research and governmental organizations in fundraising skills. In 2006, the institute organized a five-day Training Programme on Basic Energy Policy Management and Regulation for the Power Sector in Afghanistan.

The main objective of TERI’s 2005 international training workshop “Key Vulnerabilities in Small Island Developing States: Scope for Technology Cooperation with India” was to identify areas where technological cooperation between India and these nations on climate responses could be enhanced. Recognizing the high vulnerability of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to climate change and the importance and relevance of a workshop focussing on opportunities for technical cooperation between SIDS and India, this workshop included training in sustainable energy options, water conservation, and disaster management. Aside from India, there were twenty-one participating countries representing Latin America, Africa, and Asia.

In 2007, TERI organized visits to Indian government agencies and private sector enterprises for a select group of 12 government representatives from Senegal and Ghana. These visits showcased government support for


innovation in India, specific strengths in and drivers of scientific and technological innovation in the Bangalore/Karnataka region, and infrastructure development for science and technology parks. TERI’s 2011 project, Carbon Finance Options for Africa post-2012 sought to enhance the capacities of Designated National Authorities, financial institutions, CDM project developers, and technical experts in order to remove institutional, market and project-level barriers to CDM funding access.

With the help of the Dell Foundation and Tetra Pak, TERI has embarked on a particularly long-term approach with its Environmental Educators Conference. Now in its fifth year, this annual conference addresses the concerns of the environmental education community in South Asia. Realizing that a well-educated populace is critical to future prosperity, with this conference TERI has highlighted various aspects of education for sustainable development (ESD), with a special focus on environmental education in the school curriculum and integration of climate change issues into the existing curriculum. Besides providing an interactive platform for exchange of ideas and learning, the conference also fosters collaboration among government, academia, and policy-makers.

Addressing the challenges of climate changeTERI was asked by the Global Development Learning Network (GDLN) to develop an online course with Japan’s Institute of Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) that would cover how developing nations could best address the challenges of climate change. The course consists of:

� Self-paced modules made up of interactive academic articles, video- recorded lectures, animated illustrations, and simulation models. Participants are evaluated based on quizzes and assignments throughout the modules

� Six video conferences over the duration of the course during which participants hear presentations from experts and can engage in conversation with the experts and each other

� Moderated discussions in online forums

� Wide range of content and the opportunity for participants to structure the course according to their own skills and interests

The first course began in February, 2011 and received encouraging feedback from the participants. The GDLN website features one participant’s perspective:

“I am now in charge of downscaling climate change models in coastal mega-cities, including Manila and Jakarta. Your module was very useful

for me to think about climate modelling.”


TERI has partnered with IGES and Dell to produce two additional courses on the “Science and Policy of Climate Change” and “Environmental Education”. These can be found on TERI’s e-Learning Platform, www.esdonline.org.

� Blended learning programme on Science and Policy of Climate

� Change (TERI-IGES) — 6 weeks

� Certificate Course in Environ-mental Education— 8 weeks

Additionally, TERI has partnered with GDLN to produce a second blended learning programme on “Policies and Practices for Natural Resource Management”. It will run from February to April 2013 and have as its objectives:

� A holistic understanding of the nature and issues in natural resource management

� Discuss ways for strengthening of regional cooperation and networks (political, technical, civil society, etc.) for sustainable natural resource management

TERI-ITEC/SCAAP ProgrammesThe Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC/SCAAP) Programme is designed to facilitate bilateral assistance between India and other nations of the Global South. Fully funded by the Government of India and beginning in 1968, the ITEC/SCAAP Programme is what the Indian Government describes as “an earnest attempt by India to share the fruits of its socio-economic development and technological achievement with other developing countries”.

TERI holds a number of three-week courses for nominees from ITEC/SCAAP partner countries each year as part of the ITEC/SCAAP Programme’s training component. Since 2007, TERI has trained a total of 573 leaders, practitioners, and mid-career professionals through its ITEC/SCAAP Programme courses (Figure 6). In previous years, these courses have covered topics, such as energy, sustainable development, climate change and biotechnology, among others. The courses are designed to meet the needs of mid-level government and


non-government professionals as well as practitioners from across the south. For the 2012-13 period, TERI is offering eight courses taught by its own senior researchers, faculty from TERI University and guest lecturers. (Figure 5)

Figure 5: TERI ITEC/SCAAP Programmes in 2012-13

Figure 6: The number of people trained through TERI’s ITEC

Designing and implementing

solar energy based livelihood

projects for rural

communities

Trade and sustainable

development—issues for

developing countries

Application of

biotechnology

and its regulation

Decentralized energy

solutions—planning and

implementation

Renewable energy

and energy efficiency

Integrated approach

towards sustainable

development

Climate change

and sustainability

Resource security and

governance: issues,

challenges, and opportunities

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

02007–08

(3 courses)

2008 09

(4 courses)

– 2009 10

(6 courses)

– 2010 11

(7 courses)

– 2011 12

(7 courses)

– 2012 13

(8 courses)

–

*2012–2013 is projected by estimating an average of 24 people per course-estimation

based on sanctioned participant data of ITEC, MEA

192

171162

126

80

34


Perspectives from Peru“I want to thank the wonderful opportunity I have been given, not only for sharing the classroom but for sharing knowledge with people from other countries with similar problems than Peru also has...the fact of living with them for almost one month has created bonds of brotherhood that won’t be able to finish. Also, we have the opportunity to continue sharing knowledge and experience through South-South Cooperation online and that’s something that I want to highlight...

I also want to congratulate the inclusion of one of the courses with a gender perspective with emphasis on the role of women in relation to the activities of trade and how to empower them because of its importance...

I would also note that the courses were complemented in a very good way with the tours we had, we went to a variety of places where we could see for real how sustainable development programmes are working in India” — (2012 ITEC Participant from Peru in correspondence with the Embassy of India in Peru)

Perspectives from Fiji“The course was both overwhelming and disseminated knowledge at the same time, especially going through it in a place like India where sustainable development is a real challenge.”

“Fiji has much to learn from India in terms of sustainability. In India, large corporations promoted the use of organic farming as well as the harvesting of rain water.”

— (Gibson, Dawn. “Pair Hail India”. 2 November 2012. Fiji Times Limited)

ITEC course participants

Training programme on solar energy based technology applications for rural communities of Economic Commission of West African States (ECOWAS)TERI researchers visited Lome, Togo in 2012 to conduct a five-day training programme on solar energy based technology applications for providing livelihood solutions for rural communities of ECOWAS (Economic Commission of West African States) states. The programme was supported by ECOWAS Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency and attended by experts, practitioners, and decision-makers from various ECOWAS states. The topics covered included:

� The Basics of solar PV technology (assessment, design, economics, operation, and maintenance)

� Project management and business models of solar livelihood projects

� Quality assurance and monitoring of solar PV projects


Energy efficiencyThe first South-South Collaboration for TERI’s energy efficiency researchers took place in 1996 when a team worked in Nepal on a World Bank supported initiative to identify energy efficiency measures in boilers, steam systems and electrical systems for nearly 40 industrial units covering different sectors including cement, breweries, and food processing. Later, in 1997 and 1998, TERI collaborated with GTZ and imparted classroom as well as on-site energy audit training for industry and other personnel in the pulp and paper, tea, steel re-rolling, and hospitality sectors in Jordan and Uganda.

TERI’s activities in the energy efficiency space expanded substantially over the past decade. One of the early projects was with the Kris Heavy Engineering and Construction Company in Malaysia in 2003. Researchers performed an energy audit of the National Science Centre in Kuala Lumpur, examining electrical distribution, lighting, air-conditioning and pumping systems, as well as the building envelope, to identify how energy wastage could be reduced or eliminated. Importantly, over the course of the project, TERI’s staff provided on-the-job training to Pusat Tenaga Malaysia professionals.

TERI’s work with Cartones América, SA in identifying the scope for energy efficiency improvements at a cardboard production plant in Colombia relied on adeptly manoeuvring and communicating between high-level managers, factory floor workers and


everyone in between. In Africa, energy audits have been carried out in the mining sectors of Ghana, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. TERI’s energy efficiency team has also worked in Uganda on a World Bank/SIDA supported programme implemented through Uganda’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development to make industries, schools, hospitals, police stations, and other buildings more efficient in their energy consumption. Detailed energy audits have also been conducted in food processing plants in Nigeria, Singapore and Indonesia, airports in Maldives and Turkey, resorts in Maldives, and solvent extraction units in Indonesia.

Under a UN HABITAT effort, TERI has provided energy efficiency services in water installations in Nigeria, Ghana, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Mali. In all of these projects there was close involvement of senior officials, which ensured the necessary coordination required to complete the study effectively. In the end, TERI helped to bring about substantial energy savings (at least 10 per cent in all cases) in the target cities’ water pumping stations and produced a guidebook and course module on “How to do Energy Audits in Sub-Saharan African Water Utilities”.

The scope of potential for South-South Collaboration in energy efficiency areas is especially broad in Africa, where economies are growing and resources are experiencing increased pressure from both within and internationally. Furthermore, with the support of UN HABITAT, TERI has worked in Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya on developing energy efficient building norms aimed at allowing both residential and business property owners to significantly reduce their energy demands.


Energy efficiency and small and medium enterprises in Vietnam and BangladeshVietnam

Energy efficiency matters for small-scale enterprises as well as large ones, which is why TERI has sought to improve the energy efficiencies of brick kilns in Vietnam. A 2004 project with Vietnam’s Centre of Research in Hanoi sought to collect baseline performance data and compare the performance of vertical shaft brick kiln (VSBK), tunnel kilns, and channel kilns in Nam Dinh province of Vietnam. Such a comparison could help policy-makers when making decisions related to the choice of which brick kiln technology to favour and also in identifying steps to improve performance of existing kilns. The project suggested that given their higher efficiencies and lower emissions, VSBKs were the most appropriate replacements for existing brick kilns. Regarding the dissemination of VSBK technology, the project pointed toward the need to train entrepreneurs

to build, operate, and fix VSBKs.


Improved biomass cook stoves in KenyaWorldwide, 2.5 billion people rely on biomass as their dominant fuel source for cooking. Yet burning biomass indoors is often done on open fires or with crude stoves. Not only does this waste fuel, but it leads to severe chronic respiratory diseases, especially in women and children, who are the most exposed. In response to these issues, TERI has developed two models of clean cook stoves that are more efficient and reduce indoor air pollution.

Users value improved cook stoves for their:

� Fuel savings

� Less smoke

� Shorter cooking times

Bangladesh

Under a South-South technology transfer project undertaken in 2007–08 with the support from International Finance Corporation (IFC), TERI initiated technological change in Bangladesh’s foundry sector in pursuit of energy savings, greater quality control and process improvement. In addition to undertaking baseline studies and designing energy efficiency technologies, TERI also provided guidance during fabrication work as well as the commissioning and trial run phases. Similarly, TERI has worked with the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to improve the efficiency of parboiling for Bangladesh’s one million small scale rice mills. In these small rice mills, rice husk was burned inefficiently, which meant that even small efficiency gains could substantially add to the rice mill owner’s income. After studying the rice mills, researchers designed and tested a set of improvements to increase mill efficiency by 15 per cent, soliciting the input of mill users during the design and testing process. The result was a cleaner burning mill that emitted dramatically less carbon monoxide and used less material, thus benefitting both the health and economic well-being of rice mill owners.

The project is supported by DFID and UNEP


TERI’s forced draft cook stoves offer:

� Higher thermal efficiency and less pollution

� Single and double burner

� Air “forced” into stove chamber using a battery-powered fan

� Top and front loading (processed fuel and pellets)

� Integrated cooking-lighting solution to address energy access issues


Climate change and sustainable developmentTERI’s focus on climate change dates to the late 1980s, as shown by the creation of TERI’s Centre for Global Environmental Research in 1989. In addition to serving as TERI’s Director-General, Dr R K Pachauri is the Chairman

of the IPCC, and over the years a number of TERI researchers have contributed to the IPCC assessment reports.

From efforts to identify and plan for the vulnerabilities of small island states to mapping out carbon finance

options for African policy-makers, TERI has integrated concerns for climate change and sustainable development

into its South-South Collaboration work. In 2005, TERI hosted the international training workshop, “Key

vulnerabilities in small island developing states: scope for technology cooperation with India”. As mentioned

before, the workshop was designed to investigate opportunities for small island states to work with India in

order to bolster the states’ ability to adapt to climate change and promote sustainability. Small island states

are especially vulnerable to climate change because of the threat of rising sea levels. Following the workshop

in 2007, TERI organized a South-South Collaborative study tour on exploring technology options for climate

change mitigation and adaptation for officials from Maldives. The aim of the study tour was to identify and

discuss available technologies that could help the Maldives in deploying measures for mitigation and adaptation

to climate change. The programme introduced the work of TERI and other organizations to key ministries in

Maldives and provided capacity building opportunities for key stakeholders on climate change related issues.

In 2011, TERI collaborated with Addis Ababa University to learn about local experiences in Ethiopia dealing

with climate change. Given Ethiopia’s low adaptive capacity and its dependence on rain fed agriculture, its

livelihood and economy stand to be severely affected by changes in precipitation patterns and more frequent

droughts. To counter this, various organizations have been working with local community members to help

them meet the challenges of adapting to the changing climate. Experts from Ethiopia shared their experiences

implementing various local programmes, including Sustainable Urban Agriculture and Livelihood and Integrated

Wetland Watershed Management in a special event around Delhi Sustainable Development Summit (DSDS).

These experts also presented their research findings to demonstrate how climate change is affecting lives of the

people and what they are doing locally to adapt to these changes across different regions of the country and

within tribes, such as the Noangatome.

TERI’s 2011 preparatory study for the “Compendium for African Policy-makers” supported by the African

Climate Policy Centre took inputs from a variety of African nations and identified the most effective public

policies and instruments for implementing climate change adaptation and mitigation actions in Africa. It also

sought to enable negotiators and policy-makers to showcase African leadership in international negotiations

and in incorporating low-carbon, climate resilient measures into development plans at the national and

sub-national levels. The compendium is being developed through interactions with a variety of key stakeholders

and workshops. Similarly, but more narrowly focussed, TERI’s 2011 research into carbon finance options for

Africa post-2012 aimed to empower African leaders to make the most of opportunities to fund sustainable

development and adaptation projects. Its aims were to:

� Examine options for how carbon finance at the institutional level could benefit Africa, including interventions to create conducive investment environments


� Build stakeholder capacity, including Designated National Authorities (DNAs) and other relevant government entities, financial institutions, potential project developers, CDM consultants, and technical experts, amongst others, so as to remove institutional-, market-, and project-level barriers to CDM funding access

In Guyana, TERI has initiated a project to support Guyana in the areas of climate change, energy security, and sustainable development. The project is specifically focussed on the use of solar energy for lighting, micro-hydroelectric technology and improving energy efficiency in the Guyanese economy. Additionally, TERI aims to identify the potential and suitability of biomass gasifiers for decentralized energy generation.

In 1986, TERI carried out the first India-China joint study with Tsinghua University, Beijing, to evaluate energy efficiency for different sectors of the economies of both nations. During 2008–11, under the aegis of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED), the Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning (CAEP), Beijing and TERI collaborated to conduct a study about the relationships between the state of the environment in the two countries and the response of the national governments to environmental challenges prior to the 2008 global financial crisis. Additionally, TERI launched a South-South study on mega events, such as the Commonwealth Games, with research partners from South Africa (Sustainable Energy Africa) and Brazil (GiTEC GmBH). The study was supported by Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung, and outputs were disseminated and discussed at COP17 in Durban. In 2012, TERI partnered with China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and its National Centre for Climate Change Strategy and International Cooperation to convene a dialogue on Low Carbon Development in Beijing. The meeting brought together research institutes to enhance and strengthen South-South learning processes and capacity building between China and India. Training sessions and workshops were held for the Indian and Chinese delegations, which included a mix of stakeholders from government, non-for-profit organizations and a range of other stakeholder groups.


International Conference on Community Rights, Forests, and Climate ChangeTERI convened this conference at which over 50 representatives from both government and civil society from Papua New Guinea, Cameroon, Ghana, Nepal, Indonesia, Thailand, and India discussed the prospects of a forest scheme that would simultaneously help to mitigate and adapt to climate change as well as address issues related to forest tenure rights and governance. Key recommendations from the conference included:

� Addressing of carbon as well as community rights

� Simple and transparent REDD Readiness funds

� Need for market and funds-based approaches

� Transparent and equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms for distribution of future, carbon-based revenues


Energy infrastructure, regulation, and governanceIn 2001, TERI collaborated with the Government of Bhutan to pre-emptively identify and offer solutions to environmental and social challenges, which would likely arise as a result of a growing, urbanizing population. Specifically, the project’s leaders prioritized increasing agricultural efficiency, developing regional centres with adequate infrastructure, and promoting good watershed management. TERI researchers acted as knowledge partners throughout the whole interactive process. The 2011 publication “Integrated Energy Management Master Plan for Bhutan” was crafted through careful analysis of Bhutan’s energy needs, available energy sources, existing government policies and the outcomes of dialogues with government officials. It assisted Bhutan in developing its policy framework for renewable resource based electricity generation. In 2002, TERI carried out an environmental assessment with Mauritius Central Electricity Board of air, noise, and vibration pollution caused by the Fort Victoria power station located in Port Louis. The pollution mitigation measures that TERI recommended included using low sulphur fuels, increasing stack height and implementing a comprehensive air quality monitoring plan. TERI’s work on pollution mitigation has not been restricted to single-site projects; in 1998, following Nepal’s ratification of the Montreal Protocol, TERI developed a Country Programme to assist Nepal in completely phasing out chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

A 2004 project saw TERI reach out to Sri Lanka’s Munasinghe Institute for Development and the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology to analyze the future of the transportation systems in those cities. Titled “Developing a sustainable and environmentally sound transport system for three South Asian cities: Bangalore, Colombo, and Dhaka”, the analysis indicated that under the business-as-usual scenario the amount of motor vehicles will roughly double due to rising income levels. Under this scenario, the use of fuel, and hence CO2 emissions is projected to triple between 2005 and 2020. Further analysis suggested that augmenting bus services with commensurate increases in ridership stand to offer multiple benefits, including a reduction in traffic congestion, fuel savings, lowered pollution, and mitigated CO2. The study recommended that South Asian cities should embrace pilot projects as ways to demonstrate and evaluate new approaches to redesigning their transport systems in order to put urban transportation on a more sustainable path.


ConclusionTERI’s quarter century of experience in South-South Cooperation and learning exchange initiatives has made it an important agent of change in the Global South. From Cambodia to Colombia, from Kenya to Kiribati and in many places in between, TERI researchers have forged enduring partnerships and laid the foundation for a productive network of future South-South Collaboration. Through helping to bolster the skillsets of government, practitioners, and private sector experts, TERI has been able to contribute to a growing body of professionals dedicated to addressing the energy, environmental, and resource demand related challenges of the 21st century.

Keep in touch with TERI by visiting either www.teriin.org or our South-South Knowledge Exchange Contact us through www.south-south.connect.teriin.org. You can find information about TERI’s current South-South activities and connect with other researchers and development professionals.

About TERI

TERI, headquartered in New Delhi, India, is an autonomous, not-for-profit international organization and think tank, actively engaged in research on sustainable development issues for over three decades. TERI has an extensive global outreach, with affiliate institutes in North America, Europe and active presence in CIS countries, Central Asia, Middle East, South Asia, Japan, and Africa. Besides this, TERI has its regional centres at Bangalore, Guwahati, Mumbai, Mukteshwar, and Goa. Through its research and knowledge exchange processes, TERI has made significant contribution in addresssing the issues pertaining to sustainable development, especially from the perspective of a developing country and other countries of the south.

In tandem with TERI University, the Institute has been working in the fields of fundamental research and knowledge dissemination. Together, they have emerged as a Centre for Excellence, as the central element of TERI’s philosophy lies in not only identifying and articulating intellectual challenges straddling a number of disciplines of knowledge, but also in mounting research, knowledge exchange, training, and demonstration projects leading to development of human society.

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