Anand antineoplastic

8/14/2019 Anand antineoplastic

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CANCER & ANTINEOPLASTICANCER & ANTINEOPLASTI

AGENTAGENT

Trivedi Anand K.

M.Sc Biotechnology 4th Sem.

Shree M.& N. Virani Science College.


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x Introduction

x Cancer treatment

x Antineoplastic agents

x Classification of antineoplastic agentsx Approches for antineoplastic agents

x Mechanism of antineoplastic agents

x Major classes of antineoplastic agents

x Adverse effects

x Conclution

x Re erences

ContentsContents


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IntroductionIntroduction

x Cancer (medical term: malignant

neoplasm) is a class of diseases

in which a group ofcells display

uncontrolled growth , invasion

(intrusion on and destruction of

adjacent tissues).

x

Two types of tumor:x Benign tumor

x Malignant tumor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malignant


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Antineoplastic Agents

x Antineoplastics areChemotheraputic Agents.The choice of whichantineoplastic to usedepends on what the celltype of the tumor is, andon its site of growth.

x Antineoplastic agents have

more of an effect on thetumor cells than normalcells because of their rapidgrowth.


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Cancer TreatmentsCancer Treatments

x Possible treatments include:

x Treatment of choice depends on type of cancer, its locatio

invasion process, patients state of health.

x Surgeryx Antineoplastic agents or Chemotherapeutic agents.

x Radiation

x Immunotherapy


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Antineoplastic Agents??.. Antineoplastic Agents??..

x A : Anticancer drugs causex N : Nausea and vomitingx T : Treatment regimen must be followedx I : Individualized dosagex N : New drugs appear on the marketx E : Exposure time kept to a minimumx O : Only a physician can administerx P : Protect yourselfx L : Look, listen, and learnx A : Assessment of laboratory testsx S : Safe dosage based on weightx T : Toxicitiesx I : Inform patientsx C : Classi ication o a ents


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Classification of Antineoplastic

Agentsx On the basis of antineoplastic action on the phase o

proliferation cycle, drugs are classified as:

x Cell cycle non-specific agents: (phase non-specific agen

CCNSA) (e.g. Alkylating agents and antitumor antibiotics.)x Act in all proliferating phases.x Effects are stronger.

x Cell cycle specific agents: (phase specific agents, CCSA). (e.

Antimetabolites, and plant alkaloids)xjust act on specific phases of the cell cyclex effects are comparatively weaker.


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Approches for Antineoplastic age

on Cells

Most antineoplastic drugs act on the proliferating cycle of cell.

x Destruction of DNA or inhibition of DNA duplication

e.g. alkylating agents, mitomycin C

x Inhibition of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) synthesise.g. 5-fluorouracil, 6-mercaptopurine, methotrexate, cytarabine, et

x Interfering with the transcription to inhibit RNA synthesis

e.g. dactinomycin, dauoruicin, and doxorubicinx Inhibition of protein synthesis

e.g. vinca alkaloids, epipodophylotoxins, and paclitaxelx Interfering with hormone balance

e.g. adrenal corticosteroids, estrogens, tamoxifen etc.


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Mechanism of Antineoplastic AgenMechanism of Antineoplastic Agen


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Major Classes of AntineoplasticMajor Classes of Antineoplastic

AgentsAgents

x Alkalyting agent

x Antimetabolites

x Enzymetic agentsx Antitumor antibiotics

x Plant alkaloids

x Hormonal agents

x Miscellaneous agents


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Alkylating Agents Alkylating Agents

x In general these are used to treat many types of leukamia (Hematolog

malignancies).x There follows either cross-linking of the two strands of DNA, preventing replica

or DNA breakage.

x

All alkylating agents are phase-nonspecific.x kill rapidly proliferating cells, also kill non-proliferating cells.

x Examples:

x Mechlorethamine

x the first drug used in the treatment of cancer and At present, it is mainly use

Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.x Cyclophosphamide

x Most widely used in clinical therapy for treatment of cancer at present.

x It has no antineoplastic action outside the body and must be activated in the l


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Antimetabolites AgentsAntimetabolites Agents

x These are purine and pyrimidine analogues.

x Interfere with the metabolic process of the cell, preventing creproduction.

x Only act on dividing cells and are most effective in treatrapidly proliferating malignant cells

x Example:x 6-Merceptopurine:Inhibit purine biosynthesis, causing inhibition

biosynthesis of nucleic acid. Treatment in leukamia.

x 5-flurouracil


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Example of AntimetabolitesExample of Antimetabolites


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Enzymatic AgentsEnzymatic Agents

x The enzymes which act as antineoplastic agents.x Inter,feres with DNA synthesis by inhibiting the DNA

enzyme topoisomerase I.x L-asparaginase is an example of an enzyme used in the treatment o

cancer.x L-asparaginase works by hydrolyzing asparagines into aspartic acid

and ammonia.x Cancer cells need an exogenous source of asparagine for survival

normal cell can synthesize asparagine.x

Side effects of L-asparaginase include pain at the injection sitehypotension, and diarrhea.


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Antitumor AntibioticsAntitumor Antibiotics

x Certain antibiotics have an antineoplastic effect

x Act by interfering with one or more stages of RNA

and DNA synthesis

x Interfere with a malignant cells ability to grow and

reproduce


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Hormonal AgentsHormonal Agents

x Used to treat tumors; capable of suppressing the growth

certain tissues of the body without causing cytotoxic effects

healthy neighboring cells.

x Adrenocortical steroids to inhibit the growth of cancers of lymphoid

tissue and blood.

x Oestrogen antagonists ( tamoxifen ) is indicated for breast cancer.

x Oestrogen is used for prostatic cancers.

x Testosterone: treatment in testicular cancer.

x Progesterone: Use in metastatic carcinoma.


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Immuno suppresorsImmuno suppresors

x In immuno therapy use immunosuppresor which is act antineoplastic agents. Treatment of disease by stimulationthe bodys immune system.

x Uses the bodys own immune defense system to attack

cancer. Immunosuppressive drugs work by interfering with oof the stages of the cell cycle or by affecting cell messengersx Cyclosporine inhibits the proliferation of T-lymphocytes; used

managing KCS in dogs and immune-mediated skin disordersx Azathioprine affects cells in the S phase of the cell cycle and a

inhibits T- and B-lymphocytes; used mainly in dogs for immumediated disease

x Cyclophosphamide interferes with DNA and RNA replicatdisrupting nucleic acid function; has been used for immune-mediadiseases


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Plant AlkaloidsPlant Alkaloids

x Affects rapidly

growing cells .

x Inhibits the cell

division mitosis.x Treatment of:

x Lymphomas

x Leukemias

x Breast cancer and

bladder carcinoma.

May apple

Vinca rosea

Taxus brevifolia


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Miscellaneous agents

x Examples: Hydroxyurea

x Hydroxyurea inhibits ribonucleotide reductase.

inhibition of DNA synthesis.

x It is CCS agent, specific for the cells ofSphase

x The major adverse effect of this drug is bone marrow

depression.


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Adverse effectsAdverse effects

x Interfere with vital cells functioning and kill or destro

malignant cells

xNormal, healthy cells may also be destroyed

x Most agents are cytotoxic, mutagenic, ancarcinogenic

xNausea and vomiting

x Diarrhea andAnemia & Malnutritionx Hair loss and Memory loss and Weight loss or gain


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ConclusionConclusion

Now a days, there are number of natural and

artificial antineoplastic agents which are used for

curing some malignant diseases but still there are

some serious diseases like AIDS and certainneurological disorders which are uncurable. So,

further research should be carried out for those

diseases and antineoplastic agents can be potent

source in the research.


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ReferencesReferences

x Websites:-

x www.medical online.com

x www.cancer.org

x www.cancer.com/antineoplastic agents

x Reviews:-

x Joensuu H. (2008). Systemic chemotherapy and antineoplastic ag

for cancer: from weapon to treatment.Lancet Oncol.9 (3): 304.

x Tannock IF, Ahles TA, Ganz PA, Van Dam FS (June 2004). Cogni

impairment associated with chemotherapy and antineoplastic agentscancer: report of a workshop.J. Clin. Oncol.22 (11): 22339.

x Goodman LS, Wintrobe MM, Dameshek W, Goodman MJ, Gilman

McLennan MT. (1946). Nitrogen mustard therapy.JAMA132: 263


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Anand antineoplastic

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