Anamika Academy English 9979 9979 45 - By Tapan Patel · story -stories baby ... poet, gentleman,...

AnamikaAcademyEnglish 9979 9979 45

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Noun (નામ /સં�ા) 1) Propernoun-નામ (�યિ�તવચક સં�ા) : Maulik,Canada,Ahmedabad2) Commonnoun–�િતવાચક સ�ંા :teacher,country,city.3) Materialnoun–��યવાચક સ�ંા (�વાહી,ધાત,ુ દાણેદાર વ�તઓુ કે જને ેતોલી કે માપી શકાય પરંત ુગણી

ના શકાય) :gold,silver, iron, milk, coffee, tea, sugar, rice4) Abstractnoun–ભાવવાચક સ�ંા :love,care,anger,truth,happiness.5) Collectivenoun–(સમૂહ વાચક સ�ંા) :herd, bench,batch,panel,jury,troop,army,

Noun (countable– (ગણી શકાય) - CommonnounandCollectiveNoun

Noncountable( ન ગણી શકાય ) –ProperNoun,MaterialNoun,AbstractNoun

Articles (A, An, The) A ( �યારે આવે છે) An (�યારે આવે છે)

Aboy,atoy,Abook,Atable,Achair,Auniversity,Auniform,Aeucalyptus,AMasterofarts,Aonedaymatch,Aonerupeenote

Anelephant,Aninkpot,Aninjection,An apple, An honest man, An hourglass,Anhour,AnM.A.AnM.B.A.An ST bus, AnNRI

The Articlethe હંમેશા િનિ�તતાદશા�વવા માટે વપરાય છે.

- સૌથી �ચંુ, સૌથી નીચંુ, સૌથી �ડંુ, સૌથી પાતળુ, વગરેે જવેી િવશ�તાઓદશા�વવા માટે તથા એકમા� હોય તવેી વ�તુઓ સાથ ેTheલાગ ેછે િનયમ નં ૧ : - અવકાશીપદાથ� જ ેએકમા� હોય તેની સાથ,ે Ex.TheSun,TheMoon,TheEarth,ThepoleStar,TheeveningStar, Theskyetc.િનયમ નં ૨ : - પિવ� �ંથો , નદીઓ પવ�તમાળાઓ વગેરે સાથે

Ex.TheGanga,TheYamuna,TheNarmada,TheRamayana,TheBible,TheMahabharata,TheQuran,TheZandAvesta,TheHimalayas,Themt.Everest

િનયમ નં ૩ : - ��ેતાવાચક શ�દ (superlative degree) Ex.Thetallest,Theshortest,Thelongest,Thehighest,Themostintelligent,

Themostawesome,Themost stupendous,Themostfantastic,Thefabulousિનયમ નં ૪ ; - અગાઉ જનેી ચચા� થયેલે હોય તે જ વ�તનુી ફરી વાત આવે �યારે article the લાગે છે, Ex. Thereisacowinthegarden.Thecowisgrazing. Therearesomemangoesinthatbox.Themangoessmellquitenice.િનયમ નં ૫ :- કોઈ િનિ�ત વ�ત ુકે �યિ�તની વાત કરતા હોય કે આખી ��િતની વાત કરતા હોય �યાં article the લાગેEx.Thewaterinthatbottleisnotsuitablefordrinking.

- Thebagyougavemewasstolen.

- Thisistheboywholosthispurseyesterday.


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- Thereisahorseinthatfield.

- Thehorseisaverykindanimal.

- Thereisamanstandingoutsidemyhouse.

- Themanisasocialanimal.

સામા�ય રીતે Proper noun એટલે કે �યિ�તનંુ નામ, દશેનંુ નામ, રા�ય કે ભાષાનંુ નામ કે રમતનંુ નામ વગરેે સાથે કોઈપણ article લાગતો નથી પ�ંતુ કંઈક િવિશ� રીતે વપરાય તો article the લાગ ેછે. Ex. TheUSA-TheUSSR,TheUK,Thegameofcricket. ____-___gujaratiisasweetlanguage(noarticle) Iamproudtobe____a___gujarati __The_____gujaratisareknownfortheirkindness

Exercise No.1 Putarticlesa/an/the/X(none)inthefollowingblank:

1. Arvindisthemostfaithfulpeoninourschool.2. _(noarticle)_Haryanaisnotabigstate.3. Thesunsetsinthewest.4. Mr.Trivediisanhonorableman.5. CeylonisanIslandintheIndianOcean.6. Mondayisthefirstdayofaweek.7. Abullockisausefulanimalforourfarmer.8. Pleaseseemeintheofficeafteranhour.9. TheCowisadomesticanimal.10. TheRamayanaisaholybookoftheHindus.11. TheTitanicwasaheavyship.12. Footballisapopulargame.13. ThericeofIndiaisexportedtomanycountries.14. ThehonestyshownbyDevalispraiseworthy.15. KalidasistheShakespeareofIndia.16. TheEnglishdefeatedtheGermaninthelastWorldWar.17. TheTajMahalisoneofthebestmonumentsinIndia.

Singular-Plural એકવચનમાંથી બહુવચન કરવા માટે સામા�ય રીતે શ�દની પાછળ “S” લગાડવામાં આવે છે પરંતુ નીચ ે

મુજબના અપવાદો છે, � શ�દની પાછળ s,ss,sh,ch,x કે o હોય તો “es” લાગે છે.

bus-buses bench–benches brush-brushesbush-bushes torch–torches class–classesfox–foxes church–churches box–boxespotato–potatoes mango–mangoes tomato–tomatoes


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પરંતુ નીચેના શ�દોમા ંછે�ે ‘O’ હોવા છતાં સીધો ‘s’ લાગે છે જમે કે

અનાિમકા એકેડમી

શ�દની પાછળ “Y” આવતો હોય તો તેની જ�યાએ ‘ies’ લાગે છે.

story-stories baby-babies lady -ladiesbody-bodies city-cities

પરંતુ એ જ “y” ની આગળ � a,e,i,o,u હોય તો સીધો ‘s’ લાગે છે.

boy – boys donkey- donkeys key - keystoy - toys bay - bays monkey- monkeys

� શ�દની પાછળ “f” કે “fe” હોય તો તેના �થાને “ves” લાગે છે.

thief-thieves knife-knives wife-wives loaf-loaves wolf-wolves leaf-leaves

પરંતુ નીચેના શ�દોમા ંસીધે સીધો “s” લાગે છે.

proof-proof handkerchief–handkerchiefs

chief-chiefs

roof - roofs Belief-beliefs safe-safescliff-cliffs dwarf–dwarfs brief–briefsStrife–strifes reef–reefs fife–fifes

નીચેના શ�દો અને િનયમ follow કરે છે અને બ�ે િનયમનંુ પાલન કરે છે અને બંને સરખા છે.

calf–calfs–calves half-halfs–halves scarf–scarfs–scarvesનીચેના શ�દોમા ંપાછળ કોઈ ફેરફાર થયો નથી પરંતુ શ�દની વ�ચેના �વરો બદલાઈ �ય છે. man-men foot –feet louse–licewoman–women tooth–teeth mouse–mice નીચેના શ�દોમાં એકવચન અને બહુવચન બંને સરખા છે,

sheep(ધેટુ) swine( ડુ�ર) species-(�િત)

deer(હરણ) cod(માછલી) innings (દાવ)

Fish (માછલી) Series (�ણેી) Means(મા�યમ)

નીચેના શ�દો બી� કોઈ ભાષામાંથી લેવામાં આવલે હોવાથીતેભાષાનાિનયમો કોઈક વાર અ�ે�મા ંપણ લાગે છે,


formula–formulae radius–radii bacterium–bacteriachild–children bandit–banditti cherub–cherubim(નાન ુબાળક)

ox–oxen cloth–cloths–clothes brother–brothers–brothren

kilo-kilos stereo-stereos canto-cantoslogo-logos photo-photos dynamo-dynamos


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Gender (�િત) 1) Masculine :-boy,tiger,poet,gentleman,horse,colt,deer,drake2) Feminine :-girl,tigress,poetess,lady,mare,filly,doe,duck3) Neutral ;-book,eunuch,table,chair,bottle,paper,computer,speaker,box4) Common:-child,baby,student,pupil,person

Animal Names: Male, Female, and Young ones

Animal Male Female Young Ones

Ass

Jack Jenny Foal

Bear

Boar Sow Cub

Cat

Tom Queen Kitten

Cattle

Bull,Bullock Cow Calf,kid

Chicken

Rooster/cock Hen Chick

Deer

Buck Doe Fawn

Dog Dog Bitch Pup

Duck Drake Duck Duckling

Elephant Bull Cow Calf

Fox Fox Vixen Cub

Goose Gander Goose Gosling

Horse Stallion,stud,sire Mare,dam Foal

Lion Lion Lioness Cub

Rabbit Buck Doe Bunny

Sheep Ram Ewe Lamb

Swan Cob Pen Cygnet,flapper

Swine Boar Sow Piglet,boarlet,shoat,farrow

Tiger Tiger Tigress Cub,whelp

Leopard leopard leopardess Cub

Pronoun (સવ�નામ) Person Singular plural

Ist બોલનાર I(હંુ) We(અમ)ે


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IInd સાંભળનાર You (તું/આપ) You(તેમ આપ)

IIIrd �ી� �યિ�ત He (ત)ે ,she (તેણી),it(ત)ે They(તઓે)

Sub, (કતા�) active

Obj. (કમ�) passive

Whose (કોનુ)ં માિલકી દશા�વતા શ�દો

Special usage િવિશ� �પ

Reflaxive pronoun (આ�મવાચક)

I Me My Mine MyselfWe Us Our Ours OurselvesYou(s) You Your Yours YourselfYou(p) You Your Yours YourselvesHe Him His His HimselfShe Her Her Hers HerselfIt It Its Its ItselfThey Them Their Theirs Themselves

Myshirtisredhowishis ?(our,their,his,her) Boys,finishthetaskyourselves!(himself,yourself,yourselves,myself)


Oursisavibrantstate(we,us,our,ours) Hegavemeanicegift,whileIwasunabletofetchhisgift(me,my,myself,I)

Wh questions Who કોણ ? કે જ ે

�યિ�ત (કતા�)1stcolumn

What શું ? કે જ ે(િનજ�વ) વ�તુ

When �યારે ? કે �યારે સમય અનાિમકા એકેડમી

Why કેમ ? કે જમે કારણ

Which કયુ ં? કે જ ે(િનજ�વ) વ�તુ (િનિ�ત)

Where કયાં ? કે �યા ં �થળ

Whom કોન ે? કે જને ે કમ� િવભિ�ત ( 2ndcolumn)

Whose કોનુ ં? કે જનેુંમાિલકી ( 3rdcolumn)

how કઈ રીતે? કે જવેી રીતે ��યા

Exercise No.2 1. You should take up the responsibility only of the person ___ you have enough

confidence.(in whom,inwhose,withwhom)2. M F Hussain was an artist _____ paintings had become popular in the world.

(who,whom,whose)3. The Secretary doesn’t know ____ name was selected as the captain of the team.

(who,whom,whose)4. Ithankyou_____youhavedoneforme. (that,atwhat,for what)

5. Haveyouanymoney_____youcanspareforme?(who,whom,which)


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6. Doyouknow____thisnecklacebelongsto?(who,whom,which)7. Theperson____Sudhabentalkontelephonewasthepoliceinspector.(to whom,

forwhom,towhich)8. Thegirl____Imetyesterdaywasveryclever.

(who,whom,whose)9. Thetime____islost,islostforever. (who,whom,which)10. Wisdomcanbeimpartedonlytoone____hasadesiretolearn.

(who,whom,whose)11. Gandhiji gave ___ massage ___ was give by Mahavir and Buddha long ago.

(the same…as,such…as,such…that)12. TheHindu____followstheRamawillneverbecomeRavana. (whom ,

who,whose)13. Mr.Modispokein____away____allweresurprised. (such…as,

such…that,so…that)14. Theman___talkstoomuchisseldomrespected. (whom ,

who,whose)15. Theboy___fartherisdeadwantsmyhelp.(whom,who,whose)16. Isthistheway____leadstothestation?(who,whose,that)17. Thisisthesamebook____youhave.(as,that,but)18. Therewasnotamanpresent____wepttohearthenews.

(who,but,that) 19. He____climbstoohighissuretofall. (who,whom,whose)20. Hereisthebook____youwanttobuy.(who,which,as)

Adjective (િવશેષણ) કેવું ? Qualitative

How

કેટલંુ / કેટલા ં?Quantitative

How,much

કયુ ં/ કયા ં?Demonstrative

WhichExamples:-Big,intelligentSmall,innovativeGreen,NiceSweet,cleanYellow,longRed,short

Examples:-One,two,three……First,seondthirdAny,many,muchZero,none,noMore,some,fewAfew,little

Examples:-ThisThatTheseThoseSuchઅનાિમકા એકેડમી

Examples in sentences Ihaveabigapple.

Hehusasmallapple.

Sheiseatingasweetapple Theyarebringingsomeapples. Therearefiveapplesinfridge. Thereisnoappleinhisfridge,


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Ihaveafewapples.Doyouhaveany? Thereisanappleinhispocket. Hefoundoutthe firstapplefromthebox. Theydon’tlikesuchapples.

Quantitative adjective Some થોડાંક/કેટલાંક, ગણી/ન ગણી શકાય એવા બંને

Much થોડંુક / કેટલંુક – ન ગણી શકાય

Many ઘણા,ં ગણી શકાય અનાિમકા એકેડમી

Several ઘણા,ં ગણી શકાય

Few થોડાંક – ગણી શકાય (નકારા�મક)

A few થોડાંક – ગણી શકાય (હકારા�મક)

The few થોડાંક –ગણી શકાય એવાં િનિ�ત

Little થોડંુક – ન ગણી શકાય (નકારા�મક)

A little થોડંુક – ન ગણી શકાય (હકારા�મક)

The little ન ગણી શકાય એવા િનિ�ત

More થોડાંક/થોડંુક વધારે, ગણી/ ન ગણી શકાય

Both બ� ે

Every દરેક _ oftheના હોય અન ેબ.વ.ના હોય �યારે

Each Ofthe હોય અન ેબ.વ. હોય �યારે

All બધા ં

Anybody કોઈક

Somebody કોઈક

No body કોઈ ન�હ,

Thereissomesugarinthebowl Hegavememuchmilk Doyouhaveany money? Areyousure?Thereisonlylittlewaterinthepot.Canwealldrinkit? Whogaveyouthemoney? Thisisthemanwhom everybodyrespects Allthestudentswereverysincerebut.Noneofthemwasabletoget

distinction.onlyfewcouldgettothepassingmarks.

Exercise No.31. Can____ofyouwriteUrdu? (any,many,some)2. ____ofthemrevealedsecrets.Allwerepatriots.

(Each,None,Some)3. Itwasverycoldlastnightsotherewere____peopleinthestreet. (little,

few,afew)


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4. Ask___ofthestudentsifheisreadytogotoKashmironatour. (each,every,all)

5. ____ofthecarpentershascome.Wewillhavetowaittilltomorrow. (either,neither,any)

6. Mr.Gohilhas____knowledgebuthejustmakesshowthatheknowseverything.(little,alittle,few)અનાિમકા એકેડમી

7. Doyouknow____whocanrepairmylap-top?(somebody,anybody,everybody)

8. Youareadvisedtospendonly____yoursalaryanddeposittherestinabank.(some of,noneof,muchof)

9. Haveyou____toadd?(anything,something,someone)10. ____oftheplayersisinreach. (Some,None,Many)11. ____oftheboyscouldanswermyquestion.Iwasdisappointed. (None,

All,Some)12. Ishallbegladtohelp____ofmystudentintheirstudies. (all,one,

anyone)13. ____cangowrong;nobodyisperfectinthisworld. (Anybody,

Somebody,Nobody)14. Isthere____intheKitchen?Ihearsomenoise.

(Anybody,Somebody,Nobody)15. Mymotherneverremainsidle.Shealwayslikestodo___. (nothing,

something,anything)16. ____myneighborshasacar.Theyhavebicyclesandscooters.(Someof,

None of,Alotof)17. ____mustgotocallthedoctorasisserious. (Somebody,Nobody,Everybody)18. ____mustbedonetoimproveyourEnglish.

(nothing,something,anything)19. Heisconfused.Heneeds____timetothink.(little,a little,afew)20. Therewere____memberspresentsothemeetingwascancelled. (few,a

few,little)21. Ihavedonesomeofthework.____isleftforyou.

(The rest,Rest,Restof)22. Thepurewateris____harmful,isn’tit?(themore,theless,little)23. Itisgoodtobe____proudofone’scountry.(little,a little,afew)24. ____peoplewhowereout,quickenedtheirsteps.

(alittle,a few,few)25. Takesomewaterfromthisjugandleave____forme.

(less,little,the rest)26. ____ofthesetwoboysknowsEnglish. (Both,Each,Every)27. Wouldyoulendme____booksonliteraturefromyourlibrary,Sir?(alittle,

a few,few)


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28. Asthetimeisveryshort,prepareonlytheselectedquestionsandleave____. (Some,afew,the rest)

29. Don’taskmeanythingaboutthepolitics.Iknow____aboutit.(little,alittle,few)

30. Myteacherkeepsverybusywithhiswork,sohetakes____interestinhomeaffairs.(little,few,alittle,much)

31. ____ofthetwomechanicshascomeyet.Whatshallwedo?(None,Neither,Either)અનાિમકા એકેડમી

32. Mybrotherhadaquarrelwith____yesterdayandhehasthreatenedtokillhim.(anybody,somebody,nobody)

33. Mayurisanarrow-mindedboysohehas____friends. (alittle,afew,few)

34. Relyonlyon____persons___aremosttrustworthy.(such.. as,same..as,such..that)

35. Call___ofthecandidatesonthestageandcongratulatehimforhisgoodperformance.(all,some,each)

36. __Oftheoppositionpartymemberswaspleasedwiththerulingparty-leader’ssecretvisit.(Some,None,Neither)

37. Sir,willyou,pleaseputmein____wordstotheDirectorofyouracquaintance?(few,a few,little)

38. Sometimes____oftheprisonersarefreedearlierconsideringtheirgoodbehaviorinthejail.(Some,None,Each)

39. Consideringtheirpoorperformance___ofthesetwocandidateswillbeselectedforthepost.(none,neither,both)

40. Therewereterriblemosquitoesthere,so___ofuscouldsleepwellthatnight.(none,everyone,all)

41. Mr.Trivediteachessowellthat___likestoremainabsent. (everybody,nobody,anybody)

42. Ihavetwoassistants,but____ofthemcanbehelpfultoyouastheyareonleave. (both,neither,none)

43. Thereisyet____waterinthepot. (little,a little,afew)44. Manypassedbytheinjuredone,but____helpedhim. (few,some,many)45. ____shoulddoone’sdutywell.(One,few,some,many)46. Thedealershowedmetwobeautifulmodelsoftwovehicles,butIliked___.

(either,neither,both)47. IknewlotsofmethodsandIshowedthem___.(few,a few,little)48. Pleasedon’targuenowasIhave____toaskyouanymore. (something,

nothing,everything)49. Theticketcheckeraskedeverypassengerforthetickettomakesurethat

___wastravelingwithoutaticket.(anybody,somebody,nobody)50. ____carewouldhavepreventedtheaccident.(little,alittle,thelittle)


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Degrees of Comparison / adjective Positive Comparative SuperlativeNo comparison નાના શ�દો Long,sweet

બે જણ વ�ચેનંુ Comparison (er-than)longer.Sweeter

�ણ કે �ણથી વધુ વ�ચેનંુ Comparison (the-est)thelongest,thesweetest

મોટા શ�દો BeautifulHandsome

More - than MorebeautifulthanMorehandsomethan

The most-ThemostbeautifulThemosthandsome

� શ�દની છે� ેy આવતો હોય તો તેની જ�યાએ ierલાગશે

Happy Happier Happiestugly uglier Ugliestઅમુક શ�દો અલગ થી યાદ રાખવા પડે જમે કે......

Bad Worse WorstMuch More MostLittle Lesser LeastLess Lesser Least

બે �યંજનની વ�ચ ેએક હોય તો પાછળનો અ�ર doubleથાય

Hot Hotter HottestThin Thinner ThinnestBig Bigger Biggest

Positive Jigneshisagoodboy.HelyisahonestgirlPriyanshuisanintelligentstudent.

Comparative MehulisbetterthanDarshil.VidhiismorehonestthanRutva.KaranismoreintelligentthanRahul.

Superlative. Darshilisthebestboyintheclass.Jainilisthemosthonestpersoninthewholecity.HelyisthemostintelligentgirlinIndia.

Change the degrees Superlative :-Maulikisthe bestteacherintheworld.Comparative :-Maulikisbetter thanany otherteacherintheworld.Positive :-No otherteacherintheworldisso good asMaulik.


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1 આપણે કોઇ બે વ�તુઓ/��યાઓ એક સમાન છે કે એક જવેી છે તેવુ ંદશા�વવા `as...as...`નો ઉપયોગ કરીએ છીએ. You'reasbadasyoursister. Theairportwasascrowdedasever.

2 �યારે નકારા�મક વા�યોમા ંસમાનતા `not so...as...`થી દશા�વાય છે. Thefoodwasn'tsogoodasyesterday. Theyarenotsocleverastheyappeartobe.

3. �યારે એવ ુદશા�વવું હોય કે કોઇક વ�ત ુકશાકના જવેુ ંછે �યારે noun પછી `the same as`નો ઉપયોગ થાય છે. જમે

કે... Yourbagisthesameasmine. Isaidthesameasalways. Shelookedthesameasshedidyesterday.

5 લોકો અથવા વ�તુઓનુ ંcomparison verbજવેા કે `be`, `feel`, `look`,કે `seem`કે પછી `like`થી શ�

થતા ંવા�યોથી થાય છે.

Itwaslikeadream.Hestillfeelslikeachild.Helookedlikeanactor.Thehousesseemedlikemansions.*1) Rohitisthe richestpersoninthewholecity. comparative:-Rohitisricher than any otherpersoninthewholecity.

Positive:-No otherpersoninthewholecityisso rich asRohit.

2) Kautilyaisthe mostintelligentboyofIndia.Comparative:-Kautilyaismore intelligent than any otherboyofIndia.Positive:-no otherboyofIndiaisso intelligent asKautilya.

3) Suratisthe cleanestcityinGujarat. Comparative:-Suratiscleaner than any othercityinGujarat. Positive:-No othercityinGujaratisso clean asSurat.

ચાવી ન ં: 1)oneofthe ના હોય �યારે ૧) Superlative માથંી Comparative બનાવવા આગળનો શ�દ + Superlative ના �પમાંથી

Comparative નું �પ + anyother+ પાછળના શ�દો૨) Superlative માંથી Positive બનાવવા Noother+આગળનો શ�દ + Superlative ના �પમાથંીComparative નું �પ (so……as)+પાછળના શ�દો

ચાવી ન ં: 2)oneofthe હોય �યારે ૧) Superlative માથંી Comparative બનાવવા આગળનો શ�દ + Superlative ના �પમાંથી

Comparative નું �પ + many/mostother+ પાછળના શ�દો ૨) Superlative માંથી Positive બનાવવા VeryFew+આગળનો શ�દ + Superlative ના �પમાથંીComparative નું �પ (as……as)+પાછળના શ�દો

યાદ રાખવા જવેી short tricks


12

Hardly had સાથે ��યાપદનંુ �ીજુ ં�પ (V3) અને when આવ ે

Scarcely had સાથે ��યાપદનું �ીજુ ં�પ (V3) અને when આવ ે

ખાલી જ�યા પછી adjective હોય તો However આવે.

Adjective અને Noun ની વ�ચે ખાલી જ�યા હોય તો As આવે.

ખાલી જ�યા વા�યની શ�આતમાંજ હોય અને પાછળ noun હોય તો મોટેભાગે Though કે Although આવે.

ખાલી જ�યા પછી આખુ વા�ય હોય તો so સાથે that આવે અને અધુ�ં વા�ય હોય તો મોટે ભાગે As આવે.

પછી કે પાછળથીના અથ� માટે then આવે �યારે comperative નંુ �પ હોય તો એની સાથે than આવે.

No sooner સાથે did અને verb નંુ સાદંુ �પ (V1) + than આવે.

�થળ માટે where, સમય માટે when, કારણ માટે why મુકવુ.ં

નકારા�મક વા�ય કે ��ાથ� હોય એટલે ઓ�શનમાં હોય તો Any જ મુકવું.

Exercise No.4 1. Ourmonitorbehaves___hewereaprincipal.(as,as if,that)2. Hardlyhadthelionseenthehunter___itroaredloudly.

(than,then,when)3. Scarcelyhadthesunrisen____thebirdsstartedsinging.

(than,then,when)4. ____happyhewas,hedidnotreply. (As,However,Though)5. Alwayssaytherightthing,so____youmaywinfriends.(as,that,what)6. Much____hetriedtorise,healwaysfailed.(though,as,however)7. Iwassoweak____Icouldnotwalkfast. (as,so,that)8. Canyoutellme____didyoucomelate? (that,how,why)9. ____hadthethiefstopped____thepolicemancaughthim.

(Hardly…when,As…when,Nosooner…than)10. Theplace____Bobwasstandingwasslightlydark.

(where,when,why)11. Aprilisthemonth____wehaveashortageofdrinkingwater. (why,when,

where)12. Doyouknowthetime____ourprinciplebecomesangry? (when,where,why)13. ____bothofthemarefoolish,theywillnotunderstandthelecture.(Since,for,

that)14. Heshouldnotlive___othersdo.(that,as,what)15. Stay____youliketolive.(when,why,where)16. Thefilmhadhardlystarted____abigsoundwasheardinside.

(as,since,when)17. Heissotired____heisdisinclinedtocontinuetowork. (therefore,

that,as)18. MarchandAprilarethemonths____publicexaminationsareheld.


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(when,were,why)19. Hecalledmehome____hecoulddiscussthematterfurther.

(so that,soas,inorderto)20. Heissofat____hecannotwalkproperly.(that,as,also)21. Thatisthereason____hefailedintheexamination.

(why,for,that)22. Thepolicehadhardlylefttheground____thebombexploded. (when,

then,than)23. ___easyshetakesit,sheisingreattension.(Tough,However,As)24. Theplanhadhardlytakenoff,____itbegantorollviolently. (when,then,

than)25. Openthewindow___thesunlightandfreshairmaycomein.(therefore,so,

so that)26. ____wecan’ttakeanythingwithusafterdeath,wetrytopossess

moreandmore. (As,since,Though)27. Wouldyoumindtotellme____doyougoafterofficehours? (when,why,

where)28. Thisisthereason____hewaspunished.(what,why,when)29. Takecare____yousayanythingtoanybody.(that,what,when)30. Mr.Smithrequires____aclerk____isexperiencedandefficientin

theofficemanagement.(so…that,such…as,Same…as)31. Picassopaintedhispicturesocleverly____theylookedreal. (as,sothat,

that)32. ____intelligentChiragis,heisnotindustrious.

(Though,However,As)33. Doctorsdonotknowthereason____apersondevelopscancer. (why,

where,when)34. Thenewmanagerworkssoamicably____everyoneintheoffice

likeshim.(as,that,therefore)35. Thisistheplace____hewasstable.(when,which,where)36. Doyouknow____thereisnoenthusiasmonthefacesof

organizersoffarewellparty?(when,where,why)37. ScarcelyhadImetthemanager____heaskedmetojointhe

serviceimmediately.(than,when,assoonas)38. Scarcelyhadheleft____thepolicecame. (as,when,that)39. ____oftendoyouvisittheJuhubeach? (How,When,Why)40. Nareshisstronger____I. (than,then,as)41. Doctorsdonotknowthereason____apersondevelopscancer. (why,

where,when)42. Thenewmanagerworkssoamicably____everyoneintheoffice

likeshim.(as,that,therefore)43. ____cleverhewas,hecouldnotgetfirstclass.


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(Though,As,However)44. Thematchhadhardlystarted____itbegantorain.

(as,when,since)45. Idon’tknowthetime____theywillgotoKashmir.

(when,how,why)46. Intelligent____heis,heischeatedbyevenachild. (though,

however,as)47. Doyouknow____hepassedtheexamination?

(that,whether,how)48. Thatisthehospital____Iwasborn.(when,where,what)49. All____achildwantsisitsmother’slove. (what,that,why)50. ____Kinnuworkedhard,shedidnotgetgoodmarks. (However,though,

as)

Verb (��યાપદ) વા�યમા ંથયલેી/થનાર ��યા દશા�વતા ંશ�દન ે��યાપદ કહે છે.

��યાપદને મદદ કરવા જ ેવપરાય તેન ેસહાયક ��યાપદ કહેવાય. (1) tobepresent:am,is,are;Past:was,were;Future:willbe/shallbe

eg.Tobehappy,tobesad,tobeangry,tobesick,tobekind,tobenice,tobehandsome,tobeattractive,tobepopular,tobesilent

(2) todopresent:do/does;Past:did;Future:willdo/shalldo

forexample…go-(V1)simplepresentwent-(V2)simplePastgone-verbનું 3જુ ં�પ= V3

goes-Does+verbનું મળૂ �પ= Verbનું ‘S’વાળુ ં�પ

(Vs)going-verbનું મળૂ �પ+ing= PresentParticiple

Do+verbનું મૂળ �પ= Verbનું પહેલંુ �પ (V1)simplepresentDid+verbનું મળૂ �પ= Verbનું બીજુ ં�પ (V2)

simplePastverbનું 3જુ ં�પ= V3Does+verbનું મળૂ �પ= Verbનું ‘S’વાળુ ં�પ

(Vs) simplepresentverbનું મળૂ �પ+ing= PresentParticiple

(3) tohave:present:have/hasPast:hadFuture:willhave/shallhave

Verb forms Base Form V1

Past Form V2 Past Participle Form V3

‘ing’ form Ving


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Abide Abided Abided/Abidden Abiding

Arise Arose Arisen Arising

Awake Awoke Awoken Awaking

Be Was/Were Been Being

Bear Bore Born/Borne Bearing

Beat Beat Beaten Beating

Begin Began Begun Beginning

Bid Bade Bidden Bidding

Bite Bit Bitten Biting

Blow Blew Blown Blowing

Break Broke Broken Breaking

Choose Chose Chosen Choosing

Do Did Done Doing

Draw Drew Drawn Drawing

Drink Drank Drunk Drinking

Drive Drove Driven Driving

Eat Ate Eaten Eating

Fall Fell Fallen Falling

Fly Flew Flown Flying

Forbid Forbade Forbidden Forbidding

Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foreseeing

Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting

Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgiving

Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsaking

Freeze Froze Frozen Freezing

Give Gave Given Giving

Go Went Gone Going

Grow Grew Grown Growing

Hide Hid Hidden Hiding

Know Knew Known Knowing

Lie Lay Lain Lying


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Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistaking

Mow Mowed Mown Mowing

Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdrawing

Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtaking

Re-prove Re-provedRe-proven/Re-proved

Re-proving

Ride Rode Ridden Riding

Ring Rang Rung Ringing

Rise Rose Risen Rising

Rive Rived Riven/Rived Riving

Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed Sawing

See Saw Seen Seeing

Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sewing

Shake Shook Shaken Shaking

Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Shaving

Show Showed Shown Showing

Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinking

Sing Sang Sung Singing

Sink Sank Sunk Sinking

Slay Slew Slain Slaying

Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Sliding

Sow Sowed Sown Sowing

Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking

Spin Span/Spun Spun Spinning

Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spitting

Split Split Split Splitting

Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Spoiling

Spread Spread Spread Spreading

Spring Sprang Sprung Springing

Stand Stood Stood Standing

Steal Stole Stolen Stealing

Stride Strode/Strided Stridden Striding


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Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Striking

Strive Strove Striven Striving

Swear Swore Sworn Swearing

Swell Swelled Swollen Swelling

Swim Swam Swum Swimming

Take Took Taken Taking

Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived Thriving

Throw Threw Thrown Throwing

Tread Trod Trodden Treading

Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoing

Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertaking

Wake Woke Woken Waking

Wear Wore Worn Wearing

Weave Wove Woven Weaving

Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdrawing

Write Wrote Written Writing

Verbs in which all two forms are identical Base Form V1

Past Form V2 Past Participle Form V3

‘ing’ form Ving

Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted AlightingBend Bent Bent BendingBecome Became Become BecomingBehold Beheld Beheld BeholdingBleed Bled Bled BleedingBring Brought Brought BringingBuy Bought Bought BuyingBind Bound Bound BindingBroadcast Broadcast/Broadca

stedBroadcast/Broadcasted

Broadcasting

Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned BurningBuild Built Built BuildingBreed Bred Bred BreedingCatch Caught Caught CatchingCost Cost Cost CostingClap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt ClappingClothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Clothing


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Come Came Come ComingCreep Crept Crept CreepingDare Dared Dared DaringDeal Dealt Dealt DealingDig Dug Dug DiggingDream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed DreamingDwell Dwelt Dwelt DwellingFeed Fed Fed FeedingFeel Felt Felt FeelingFight Fought Fought FightingFind Found Found FindingFit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted FittingForetell Foretold Foretold ForetellingFlee Fled Fled FleeingFling Flung Flung FlingingForecast Forecast/Forecaste

dForecast/Forecasted

Forecasting

Get Got Got/Gotten GettingGrind Ground Ground GrindingHang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged HangingHave Had Had HavingHear Heard Heard HearingHold Held Held HoldingInlay Inlaid Inlaid InlayingInput Input/Inputted Input/Inputted InputtingInterlay Interlaid Interlaid InterlayingKeep Kept Kept KeepingKneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled KneelingKnit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted KnittingLay Laid Laid layingLead Led Led LeadingLean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned LeaningLeap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped LeapingLearn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned LearningLeave Left Left LeavingLend Lent Lent LendingLie Lied Lied lyingLight Lit Lit LightingLose Lost Lost LosingMake Made Made MakingMean Meant Meant Meaning


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Meet Met Met MeetingMelt Melted Molten/Melted MeltingMisunderstand

Misunderstood Misunderstood Misunderstanding

Miswed Miswed/Miswedded

Miswed/Miswedded

Miswedding

Mislead Misled Misled MisleadingOverhear Overheard Overheard OverhearingPay Paid Paid PayingPreset Preset Preset PresettingProve Proved Proven/Proved ProvingRid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded RiddingRun Ran Run RunningSay Said Said SayingSeek Sought Sought SeekingSell Sold Sold SellingSend Sent Sent SendingShear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared ShearingShine Shone Shone ShiningShoe Shod Shod ShoeingShoot Shot Shot ShootingSit Sat Sat SittingSleep Slept Slept SleepingSling Slung Slung SlingingSlink Slunk Slunk SlinkingSmell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled SmellingSneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck SneakingSoothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid SoothsayingSpeed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded SpeedingSpell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled SpellingSpend Spent Spent SpendingSpill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled SpillingString Strung Strung StringingStrip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped StrippingStick Stuck Stuck StickingSting Stung Stung StingingStink Stank Stunk StinkingSweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated SweatingSweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped SweepingSunburn Sunburned/Sunbur

ntSunburned/Sunburnt

Sunburning


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Swing Swung Swung SwingingTeach Taught Taught TeachingTell Told Told TellingThink Thought Thought ThinkingTear Tore Torn TearingUnderstand Understood Understood UnderstandingVex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed VexingWed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded WeddingWeep Wept Wept WeepingWend Wended/Went Wended/Went WendingWet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted WettingWin Won Won WinningWind Wound Wound WindingWithstand Withstood Withstood WithstandingWring Wrung Wrung WringingWithhold Withheld Withheld WithholdingZinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincking

Verbs in which all three forms are identical

Base Form V1

Past Form V2

Past Participle Form V3

‘ing’ form Ving

Bet Bet Bet Betting

Burst Burst Burst Bursting

Bust Bust Bust Busting

Bid Bid Bid Bidding

Cast Cast Cast Casting

Cut Cut Cut Cutting

Hit Hit Hit Hitting

Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting

Let Let Let Letting

Put Put Put Putting

Quit Quit Quit Quitting

Read Read Read Reading

Set Set Set Setting

Shed Shed Shed Shedding

Slit Slit Slit Slitting

Shut Shut Shut Shutting


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Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusting

Beingabletofindtherightsubjectandverbwillhelpyoucorrecterrorsofsubject-verbagreement.Basic Rule.Asingularsubject(she, Bill, car)takesasingularverb(is, goes, shines),whereasapluralsubjecttakesapluralverb.Example:The list of items is/are on the desk.Ifyouknowthatlististhesubject,thenyouwillchooseisfortheverb.Rule 1.Asubjectwillcomebeforeaphrasebeginningwithof.Thisisakeyruleforunderstandingsubjects.Thewordofistheculpritinmany,perhapsmost,subject-verbmistakes.Incorrect:A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room.Correct:A bouquet of yellow roses lends...(bouquet lends,notroses lend)Rule 2.Twosingularsubjectsconnectedbyor, either/or, or neither/norrequireasingularverb.Examples:My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today.Neither Juan nor Carmen is available.Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.Rule 3.Theverbinanor, either/or,orneither/nor sentenceagreeswiththenounorpronounclosesttoit.Examples:Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf. Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.Thisrulecanleadtobumpsintheroad.Forexample,ifIisoneoftwo(ormore)subjects,itcouldleadtothisoddsentence:Awkward:Neither she, my friends, nor I am going to the festival.Better:Neither she, I, nor my friends are going to the festival. Rule 4.Asageneralrule,useapluralverbwithtwoormoresubjectswhentheyareconnectedbyand.Example:A car and a bike are my means of transportation.Rule 5.Sometimesthesubjectisseparatedfromtheverbbysuchwordsasalong with, as well as, besides, not,etc.Thesewordsandphrasesarenotpartofthesubject.Ignorethemanduseasingularverbwhenthesubjectissingular.Examples:The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.Rule 6.Withwordsthatindicateportions—percent, fraction, majority, some, all,etc.—Rule1givenearlierisreversed,andweareguidedbythenounafterof.Ifthenounafterofissingular,useasingularverb.Ifitisplural,useapluralverb.


22

Example: Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared. Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared. A third of the city is unemployed. A third of the people are unemployed. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing. Rule 7.Insentencesbeginningwithhereorthere,thetruesubjectfollowstheverb.Examples:There are four hurdles to jump. There is a high hurdle to jump. Here are the keys.Rule 8.Useasingularverbwithdistances,periodsoftime,sumsofmoney,etc.,whenconsideredasaunit.Examples:Three miles is too far to walk. Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense. Ten dollars is a high price to pay. BUT Ten dollars (i.e., dollar bills) were scattered on the floor.Rule 9.Somecollectivenouns,suchasfamily, couple, staff, audience,etc.,maytakeeitherasingularorapluralverb,dependingontheiruseinthesentence.Examples:The staff is in a meeting. Staff isactingasaunit. The couple disagree about disciplining their child. The couple referstotwopeoplewhoareactingasindividuals.Rule 10.Thewordwerereplaceswasinsentencesthatexpressawishorarecontrarytofact:Example:If Joe were here, you'd be sorry.

Either……. or and neither ………. nor 1.Either / or–બે માથંી એકની પસંદગી કરવાની હોય �યારેWecaneithereatnoworaftertheshow-it'suptoyou.2.Neither / nor–બ ેમાંથી કોઇ ન�હં (નકારા�મક)

Neithermymothernormyfatherwenttouniversity.Singular or plural either/orઅનેneither/nor,વાપરતી વખતે આટલાં િનયમોનું �યાન રાખવું:

1.Ifbothelementsaresingular,thentheverbissingulartoo. Eitherthefatherorthemotherhastoattendthemeeting.(fatherandmotherare

singular;sotheverbhasissingulartoo)


23

NeitherLeilanorNancyisgoingtowritethereport.(LeilaandNancyaresingular;sotheverbisissingulartoo)

2.However,ifoneoftheelementsisplural,thenuseapluralverb. EitherSueorthegirlsaregoingtopreparedinnertonight.(the girlsisplural;so

theverbareispluraltoo) Neithertheteachernorthestudentswereintheclassroomthismorning.(the

students isplural;sotheverbwereispluraltoo)

Exercise No.5

1. Thosetwoboysareclever____ofthemwillansweranyquestion.(either,neither,both)2. Shehadbooksnotonlyinherbags____inherhands.(but,also,but also)3. Youwill____findhimatschoolorattheplayground.(either,neither,aswell)4. Hegotneitherprize____praise.(or,nor,but)5. Rajeshis____smart____intelligent.(Not only..but also,theSame..as,such..as)6. Thetwobrotherswereshy;____ofthemstooduptospeak.(each,either,neither)7. ____acceptit____rejectit.Youyourselfshoulddecide.

(Either…or,Neither…nor,Notonly…butalso)8. ____ofthetwoartistshascome.Whatshallwedo? (Some,Neither,Any)9. Mr.Desaisaidtothepupils”_____sitquietly____leavetheclass.”

(Either..or,Neither..nor,Notonly..butalso)10. ____couldwinthematchasitstartedraining. (either,neither,both)11. Sheis____soclever____sohonest,asshepretendtobe.

(Either…or,Neither…nor,such…as)12. Congratulations,Mohini,youtype____quickly____accurately.

(Either..or,Neither..nor,Not only..but also)13. ____Ram____Shyamsingswell.(Both..and,Neither..nor,Notonly..butalso)14. Myfatherinsistson____education____discipline.

(Either…or,so…that,not only…but also)15. ____Sree____hersisterweresurprisedtoseethehugeanimal.

(Both…and,Either…or,Neither…nor)16. Mr.Trivediisveryrich.Hehas____TV____aDVDplayer.

(either….or,neither…nor,not only…but also)17. Ihaveforgottenmymobile___atschool____athome.Idon’tremember.

(Either..or,Neither..nor,Notonly..butalso)18. HirenMarkandwas____honest____sinceresohedidn’tcheat.

(Both..and,Neither..nor,either…)19. Ilike____tea___coffee.Ilikeonlycoldcoffee.

(Either..or,Neither..nor,Notonly..butalso)20. Thoughheisavillager,hecan___write___read.

(Either..or,Neither..nor,Notonly..butalso)


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Gerunds and Infinitives

1.Gerund એટલે ��યાપદનું ingવાળુ ં�પ કે જ ેવા�યમા ંસ�ંા nounનું કામ કરે છે. દા.ત. Aftercertainverbs-Ienjoy singing Afterprepositions-Idrankacupofcoffeebefore leaving Asthesubjectorobjectofasentence-Swimmingisgoodexercise

2. Infinitive એટલે ��યાપદનું મળૂ �પ (toવાળુ ં�પ) કે જ ેવા�યમાં સં�ા (noun)નું કામ કરે છે. દા.ત.

To learnisimportant.(subject of sentence) Themostimportantthingisto learn.(complement of sentence) Hewantsto learn.(object of sentence)

gerundનો ઉપયોગ કરીને બનાવેલાં કેટલાક વા�યો: enjoy IenjoyedlivinginFrance.

fancy Ifancyseeingafilmtonight.

discuss Wediscussedgoingonholidaytogether.

dislike Idislikewaitingforbuses.

finish We'vefinishedpreparingforthemeeting.

mind Idon'tmindcomingearly.

suggest HesuggestedstayingattheGrandHotel.

recommend Theyrecommendedmeetingearlier.

keep Hekeptworking,althoughhefeltill.

avoid Sheavoidedtalkingtoherboss.

miss Shemisseslivingnearthebeach.

appreciate Iappreciatedherhelpingme.

delay Hedelayeddoinghistaxes.

postpone HepostponedreturningtoParis

practise Shepractisedsingingthesong.

consider SheconsideredmovingtoNewYork.

can't stand Hecan'tstandhersmokingintheoffice.

can't help Hecan'thelptalkingsoloudly.

risk Heriskedbeingcaught.

admit Headmittedcheatingonthetest.

Anamika Academy 9979997945 'to' અન ેinfinitiveનો ઉપયોગ કરીન ેબનાવેલાં કેટલાક વા�યો:

agree Sheagreedto giveapresentationatthemeeting.

ask* Iaskedto leaveearly/Iaskedhimto leaveearly.

decide Wedecidedto go outfordinner.


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help* Hehelpedto cleanthekitchen/hehelpedhisflatmateto cleanthekitchen.

plan Sheplansto buyanewflatnextyear.

hope Ihopeto passtheexam.

learn Theyarelearningto sing.

want* Iwantto cometotheparty/Iwanthimto cometotheparty.

would like* Iwouldliketo seehertonight/Iwouldlikeyouto seehertonight.

promise Wepromisednotto be late.

can afford Wecan'taffordto goonholiday.

manage Hemanagedto openthedoorwithoutthekey.

prepare* Theypreparedto takethetest/Theteacherspreparedthestudentsto takethetest.

demand Hedemandedto speaktoMr.Harris.

choose Ichoseto help.

offer Frankofferedto driveustothesupermarket.

wait Shewaitedto buyamovieticket.

would hate*

I'dhateto be late/I'dhateyouto be late.

would love*

I'dloveto come/I'dlovehimto come.

seem Nancyseemedto be disappointed.

Exercise 6

Statewhetherthe–ingformsgiveninthefollowingsentencesareparticiplesorgerunds.1.Hearingaloudnoise,werantothewindow.2.Themotorcyclistwasfatallyinjuredintheaccidentandisnowfightingforhislife.3.HeruinedhissightbywatchingTVallday.4.Wesawaclownstandingonhishead.5.Askingquestionsisawholeloteasierthanansweringthem.6.Wavingtheirhands,theaudiencecheeredthewinner.7.Pluckingflowersisforbidden.8.Jumpingoverthefence,thethiefescaped.9.IwassurprisedatMayur’sbeingabsent.10.Wespentthewholedayplayingcards.11.Amiserhatesspendinghismoney.12.MayurwasangryatAlicetryingtolietoher.13.Praisingallalikeispraisingnone.


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14.Areyouafraidofspeakingthetruth?15.Singingtoherselfisherchiefdelight.

Answers 1.Hearing–participle,qualifyingthepronounwe2.Fighting–participle,qualifyingthenounmotorcyclist.3.Watching–gerund,objectoftheprepositionby4.Standing–participle,qualifyingthenounclown5.Asking–gerund,subjectofis;answering–gerund6.Waving–participle,qualifyingthenounaudience7.Plucking–gerund;subjectoftheverbis8.Jumping–participle,qualifyingthenounthief9.Being–gerund,objectoftheparticipleat10.Playing–gerund,complementofthenounwholeday11.Spending–gerund,objectoftheverbhates12.Trying–gerund,objectoftheprepositionat13.Praising–gerund,subjectoftheverbis;praising–gerund14.Speaking–gerund,objectoftheprepositionof15.Singing–gerund,subjectoftheverbis

Exercises 7 A * નીચેના Participleને Gerundમાં ફેરવો

1.Shewastalkingtoherfriendandforgoteverythingaroundher.→__Talking to her friendsheforgoteverythingaroundher.___2.Sincewewatchthenewseverydayweknowwhat'sgoingonintheworld.→__________________________________________________________3.Theyarevegetariansanddon'teatmeat.→________________________________4.Thedogwaggeditstailandbitthepostman.→____________________________________5.Whileshewastidyingupherroomshefoundsomeoldphotos.→________________________________________________6.Hewasagoodboyandhelpedhismotherinthekitchen.→______________________________________________7.Astheydidn'thaveenoughmoneytheyspenttheirholidaysathomelastyear.→_____________________________________________________________8.Themanwassittinginthecafe.Hewasreadingapaper.→______________________________________________9.SinceIdidn'tfeelwellIdidn'tgotothecinema.→______________________________________10.Shewalkedhomeandmetanoldfriend.→___________________________________


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B. Complete each pair of sentences with the correct form of the Same verb, once as a present participle and once as a past participle. 1.Ihurtmyleg____________football.Bridgeisacardgame___________byfourpeople.2.Itsays“________inKorea”onmycamera.Ihaveajobinacafé___________sandwiches.3.I’vespentthewholemorning__________anessay.Onthewallwassomegraffiti_____________inbigletters.4.Goods___________inthesalescannotberefunded.I’vespentallmymoney____________Christmaspresents.5.Thepolicecaughttheburglar____________intoahouse.Careful!There’salotof__________glassonthefloor.

Answers A.

2. Watchingthenewseverydayweknowwhat'sgoingonintheworld.3. Beingvegetarianstheydon'teatmeat.

4. Waggingitstailthedogbitthepostman.5. Tidyingupherroomshefoundsomeoldphotos.6. Beingagoodboyhehelpedhismotherinthekitchen.7. Nothavingenoughmoneytheyspenttheirholidaysathomelastyear.

8. Themanwassittinginthecafereadingapaper.9. NotfeelingwellIdidn'tgotothecinema. 10. Walkinghomeshemetanoldfriend.

B. 1. Ihurtmylegplayingfootball.

Bridgeisacardgameplayedbyfourpeople.2. Itsays“madeinKorea”onmycamera.

Ihaveajobinacafémakingsandwiches.3. I’vespentthewholemorningwritinganessay.

Onthewallwassomegraffitiwritteninbigletters.4. Goodsboughtinthesalescannotberefunded.

I’vespentallmymoneybuyingChristmaspresents.5. Thepolicecaughttheburglarbreakingintoahouse.

Careful!There’salotofbrokenglassonthefloor.

Modals and Auxiliaries auxiliary verbs uses Will/ shall ભિવ�ય કાળની ઘટના, યોજના,ઇરાદો વગેરે સૂચવે છે.

may વત�માનની સંભિવતતા, આછી શ�યતા, આશીવા�દ, આ�ા, પરવાનગી


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might ભૂતકાળની સભંિવતતા/આછી શ�યતા

can વત�માનની શ�યતા સૂચવ ેછે. વત�માનની �મતા, શ�યતા, િમ�તાપૂણ� પરવાનગી

could ભૂતકાળની શ�યતા સચૂવે છે. િવનંતી સૂચવ ેછે.

Must/ Have to ફરિજયાતપ�ં સૂચવ ેછે.

ought to કરવું જ પડશે એવો ભાવ સચૂવે છે.

should નૈિતક ફરજ સૂચવ ેછે.

would ઇ�છા/િવનંતી સૂચવ ેછે.

used to ભૂતકાળની આદત દશા�વ ેછે.

need જ��રયાત/જ�ર હોવાનુ ંદશા�વે છે.

dare �હંમત/આછી ધમકી દશા�વ ેછે.

Tenses

Helping Verbs To be (હોવુ,ં થવું) To do (કાંઈક કરવુ)ં (આ સહાયક ��યાપદમાં મુ�ય ��યાપદ merge થાય છે. )

To have (ની પાસે હોવુ)ં

Present: am,is,are Present:do,does(do=V1))(does=Vs)

Present:have,has

Past: was,were Past:did(did=V2) Past:hadFuture: <will>+be Future:<will>=do(V1) Future:<will>+

have

ઊપરો�ત <will> ના �થાને ઉપર જણાવેલ તમામ Models વાપરી શકાય

Tenses 1. Simplepresenttense(સાદો વત�માન કાળ)

Format Active To be: am,is,areTo do: V1,Vs

Tohave: have,hasPassive To do: am,is,are+V3

ઉપયોગો :

રોજબરોજની ઘટનાઓ દશા�વવા માટે : Iwake upatsixinthemorning. Hegoestocollegeat9am. Theyexerciseintheparkeveryevening. Wemeeteverydaytodiscussconcerningissues. (ઉપરો�ત વા�યમા ં to Discuss ��યાપદ નથી પરંતુ infinitive છે �યારે Concerning ��યાપદ નથી

પરંતુ Gerund છે.)


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આદતો દશા�વવા માટે

Sureshreadsnewspaperseveryday Pinkyteasesherunclewithoutanyreasons. MohanandSohansmokeapacketofcigarettesregularly.સામા�ય હકીકતો દશા�વવા માટે

( સામા�ય રીતે To Be નંુ �પ વપરાય છે)

Rohitisadoctorwhilehissisterisanurse. AliandKhaliarebestfriends.Iamnottheirfriend. HeknowsLittleEnglishwhereasweknowbetter.

સનાતન સ�ય દશા�વવા માટે :

Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest. Themoonrevolvesaroundtheearth. Childrenarethefutureofanycountry. Theballisroundbutthechessboardissquare.

વાતા� કે કથાનો સાર કહેવા માટે :

Theharegoestotheturtleandrequestsforarace. TheLioncallsthefoolishdonkeyandeatshimup. Theanimalsnowfearwhattodo. િનિ�ત સમય પ�કનો ભાગ હોય તવેી ભિવ�યની ઘટનાઓ દશા�વવા માટે:

ThetrainforAhmedabadleavesat7amtomorrow. ThenextflightforMumbaidepartsat3am. Thematchstartsagainafterthelunch.

Adverbs of frequency(વારંવાર થતી ��યાઓ દશા�વવા)

દરરોજ -Everyday,daily,always,regularly લગભગ રોજ – Almost….ઘણીવાર – Mostly,mostofthetimes,often

કેટલીક વાર – Sometimes ઓછી વાર – Occasionally,rarely,onceinawhileનકાર – Seldom,never

સામા�ય રીતે સાદા કાળમા ંadverbs of frequency વપરાય છે.

2. Simple past Tense (સાદો ભૂતકાળ)

Format To be: was,were

ActiveTo do: did(V2)Tohave: hadTo do:was,were+V3 Passive


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ઉપયોગ : ભૂતકાળમાં ઘટેલી કોઈ ��યા, ઘટના દશા�વવા માટે

- He fell offthechairYesterday

- Theyateupalltheice-creamfromthefridge.

- ShemetmelastSunday.

- Ireceivedhisletteraweekago.

ભૂતકાળની આદતો દશા�વવા માટે તેમજ લંબાણમાં વાતા� કહેવા માટે :

- Heusedtoexercisedaily.

- Theyreadverygoodnovelswhenevertheyfoundsomeextratime.

- Tilllastyear,Mohanvisitedhisuncleeveryday.

- OnceuponatimetherelivedaLionKing.Heorderedallhissubjectstobringhimananimaldaily.TheydecidedtoapproachtheKing.

- Allanimalsgatheredupforadiscussion.TheyWanted toresolvethematterassoonasPossible.

- Thatwas thetimewheneveryonewashappy.Theylivedaquietlife.Hiswifebrought freshfruitsforhimeverymorning.Shegotreadyandtheywentforhunting.

૩. Simple Future Tense (સાદો ભિવ�ય કાળ)

Format Active Tobe: <will>+beTodo: <will>+V1Tohave: <will>+have

Passive: Todo: <will>+be+V3

ઉપયોગો:

ભિવ�યમાં થનારી ઘટનાઓ, યોજનાઓ વગરેે દશા�વવા માટે : E.g Ishallbe20nextSunday. IwillbeadoctorwhenIgrowup. Shewill call youtomorrow. Theywill meet myauntandgohome. Wewill have abighousesoon! Rohitwill dance onthetuneofbravochampion.

ભિવ�યની ધારણા કરવા માટે <will> નંુ �પ વપરાય છે પરંતુ � ઘટના�મ અગાઉથી ન�ી કરેલ હોય તો will ના બદલે am/is/are + going to + v1 વપરાય છે.

E.g Iwill watchJunglebooktonight. Iam going to watchjunglebooktonight.Ihavethetickets Wewill gotobaliislandsnextmonth. Wehavebookedtheticketsalready.Weare goingtovisitbalinext


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month. Rohitwill writeanessaytomorrow. Rohitis going towriteanessaytomorrow.Hehastoldmealready.

4. Present Continuous Tense (ચાલુ વત�માન કાળ)

Format:

Active: am,Is,are+Ving

Passive: am,Is,are+Being+V3

ઉપયોગો:

વત�માનમાં બોલતી વખતે ચાલુ ��યાઓ દશા�વવા માટે : E.g - Raviis readinganovelnow.

- Devenis sleepingrightnow.

- Rightnow,theyare workingontheirComputers.

- Look!Thebirdsare flying.

- Iam writingalettertomyfather.

- I am eatinganappleatthismoment.

કોઈ ��યા બોલતી વખતે ચાલુ ન પણ હોય છતાં � ટંૂકાગાળા માટે ચાલુ હોય અથવા કોઈ ��યા back ground

માં ચાલુ હોય તો Present continuous tense વપરાય છે. E.g Raviis readinganovelnowadays. Iam perusingmastersinjournalismthesedays. Thismonththeyare joiningswimmingclasses. is/am/are+goingtoદેખીતી રીત ેચાલુ વત�માનકાળનુ ં�પ વાપરે છે પરંતુ અગાઉથી ન�ી કરેલી

ભિવ�ય કાળની ઘટનાઓ દશા�વવા માટે વપરાય છે.

E.g Weare going to watchamovietomorrow 5. Past Continuous Tense (ચાલુ ભતૂકાળ)

Format: Active: Was/were+ving Passive: Was/were+being+V3

ઉપયોગો :

ભૂતકાળના કોઈ એક િનિ�ત સમયમાં ચાલુ ��યા દશા�વવા માટે આ કાળ વપરાય છે. E.g WhenIwenttohishouse,hewas watchingTV. Yesterdayatthistimewewere playingcricket. Theywere workingontheircomputerswhenIcalledthem.


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6. Future Continuous Tense (ચાલુ ભિવ�ય કાળ)

Format Active <will>+be+vingPassive શ�ય નથી

ઉપયોગ :ભિવ�યના(વત�માન) કોઈ એક િનિ�ત સમયમાં કોઈ ��યા ચાલુ હશે એવી ધારણા કરવા માટે આ

કાળ વપરાય છે. E.g Itwill be rainingsoon. Tomorrowatthistimeheshall be writinganovel.

Theywill be leavingformanalinextSunday Raviwill be writinglettertohisfather,Isuppose. Suhanamay be searchingforusrightnow. Radhikashould be preparingfoodforhissickaunt.

7. Present perfect Tense (પૂણ� વત�માન કાળ)

Format: Active:Have/has+V3

Passive: have/has+been+V3

ઉપયોગ: વત�માન કાળમા/ંતાજતેરમા ંપૂણ� થયેલ ��યાઓ દશા�વવા માટે:

E.g Ihavejustcompletedtheproject. Hehas justfinishedtheletter.Hewillpostitsoon. Theyhavealreadysubmittedalltheirdocumentsintheoffice. Hehasjustgoneoutwithhisfriend. Rameshhasrecentlydeliveredaspeech.

8. Past Perfect Tense (પૂણ� ભૂતકાળ)

Format: Active:had+V3

Passive: had+been+V3

ઉપયોગ: ભૂતકાળના કોઈ એક િનિ�ત સમય પહેલા પૂણ� થયેલી ��યા અથવા ભૂતકાળની બે સમાંતર ��યાઓમાથંી �થમ

પૂણ� થયેલી ��યા દશા�વવા માટે :

E.g Hehadjustgoneout,whenIwenttohisplace. Theyhadalreadyfinished theproject,whenIasked. Wehadalreadysubmittedthedocumentswhenthe

principaldemandedthem. Whenhecalledher.Shehadalready leftthehouse.


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9. Future Perfect Tense (પૂણ� ભિવ�યકાળ)

Format <will>+have+V3 Active <will>+have+been+V3 Passive

ઉપયોગ : ભિવ�યના અથવા (ભૂત, વત�માનની ધારણા) કોઈ એક િનિ�ત સમય પહેલા અથવા ભિવ�યમા ં

ઘટવાની બે સમાંતર ઘટનાઓમાંથી �થમ પૂણ� થવાની ��યા દશા�વવા માટે:

E.g Wewill have submittedthedocumentsbythetimehewillask. Theyshall have writtentheletterbefore10th. Hewould have easily passedtheexamifhefilleduptheform. Ifhehadreachedontime,hecould have savedthechild. Milkisnotinthecup.Thecatmust have drunkit. Wemight have wonthematchifwedidn’thadbowledbadly.

�યારે verb ના �પમા ં{tohave} પોતે હોય �યારે તનેું V3 નીચે મુજબ થાય છે.

- PresentPerfectTense:have/has+had Ihavejusthadmylunch.

- Pastperfecttense:had+had WhenIinvitedhimatmyhouse,hehad had hislunch

- FuturePerfecttense:will+have+had Shewill have had herlunchbyamtomorrow. Shemust have had someproblemswithherfather. Theyshould have had himadmittedinagoodschool.10. Present Perfect Continuous Tense (ચાલુ પૂણ� વત�માન કાળ)

Format: Active: Have/has+been+ving Passive: શ�ય નથી

ઉપયોગ : ભૂતકાળમા ંશ� થયેલી ��યા લાંબા સમયથી વત�માન કાળમા ંપણ ચાલુ જ હોય �યારે આ કાળ વપરાય

છે. E.g Ihave been livinginGandhinagarsince2010

Theyhave been cleaningthegardensincemorning

Shehas been writingtheletterforthepasttwohours.

11. Past Perfect Continuous Tense (ચાલુ પૂણ� ભૂતકાળ)

Format: Active: had+been+ving Passive: શ�ય નથી


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ઉપયોગ: ભૂતકાળના કોઈ એક િનિ�ત સમય પહેલા શ� થયેલી ��યા � તે સમય સુધી પણ ચાલુ જ હોય �યારે . E.g Shehad been cleaningthehouseforthewholedayyesterday.

Hehad been preparingfoodforhischildrensincemorning.

Theyhad been dancingallnightonnewyear’seve.

12. Future Perfect continuous these (ચાલુપૂણ� ભિવ�યકાળ)

Format: Active: (will)+have+been+ving Passive: શ�ય નથી

ઉપયોગ : ભૂતકાળમા ંશ� થયેલી ��યા ભિવ�યમા ંપણ ચાલુ જ હશે તવેી ધારણા કરવા માટે આ કાળ વપરાય છે. પરંતુ

�યવહાર મા ંવપરાતો નથી.

Shewill have been cleaningthehousesincemorningwhenmyunclewillarriveintheevening.

- For–સમય ગાળા માટે �યારે

- since–િનિ�ત સમય દશા�વવા માટે વપરાય છે.

Use of Some, many, any, few, a little, since and for Some,any,alittle,afewareusedtoexpressquantity,tosayoraskifyouhaveaquantityofsomethingornot.(જ�થો દશા�વવા માટે વપરાશે.)

Someisusedinaffirmativesentences,andalsowhenaskingfororofferingsomething.

Anyisusedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences. Afewisusedwithcountablenouns:afewapples. Alittleisusedwithuncountablenouns:alittlecheese.

A lot of - much - many :

Alotof: Alotofcanbeusedinallsentences:affirmative,negativeandinterrogative.

Much-many: Muchandmanyareusedinnegativeandinterrogativesentences.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative WelearnalotofEnglish.

Idon'tknowalotofEnglish.

DoyoulearnalotofEnglish?

Imakealotofmistakes.

Idon'tknowmuchEnglish.

DoyouknowmuchEnglish?

BUT:Muchofourfoodisexported.

Idon'tknowalotofwords.

Doyoumakealotofmistakes?


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Manypeopledrivetoofast.

Idon'tknowmanywords.

Doyoumakemanymistakes?

a little: non countable nouns(milk,marmalade,money,timeetc.)a few: countable nouns(bottlesofmilk,jarsofmarmalade,dollars,minutesetc.)Examples:Hehasalittlemoneyleft.Hehasafewdollarsleft.

much or many

much

muchmilkmuchmoneymuchtimemuchwater

many

manyglassesofmilkmanydollarsmanyhoursmanybottlesofwater

Examples: Howmuchmoneydoyouhave?-Idon'thavemuchleft.Howmanynotesdoyouhave?-Idon'thavemanyleft.IninformalEnglishthesequestionsareoftenansweredwithalotof/lotsof.Thereisnomuchdifferencebetweenthetwophrases.Note:Weusemuchormanyafteras,soandtoo.Itiswrongtousealotof/lotswiththesewords.(Wehavesoalotofhomeworktodo.)Wehavesomuchhomeworktodo. Wehavetoomuchhomeworktodo.

FORના ઉપયોગો: WeuseForwhenwemeasuretheduration–whenwesayhowlongsomethinglasts.For+aperiodoftimeTomeasureaperiodoftimeuptothepresent,weusethepresentperfecttenseandnotthepresenttense.

Ihaveknownherforalongtime.(Correct)Iknowherforalongtime.(Incorrect)

Ihavelivedherefortenyears.(Correct)Iliveherefortenyears.(Incorrect)

ThepresenttensewithForreferstoaperiodoftimethatextendsintothefuture. Howlongareyouherefor?(Untilwhen)


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Howlonghaveyoubeenherefor?(Sincewhen)

SINCEનો ઉપયોગ: Since+apointintime(inthepast),untilnow.

I'vebeenwaitingsince7o'clock. IhaveknownhimsinceJanuary.

Withsinceweusethepresentperfecttenseorthepastperfecttense. Ihave beenheresince5o'clockandIamgettingtired. Ihad been workingsince5o'clockandIwasgettingtired.

SincecanalsobeusedinthestructureIthasbeen+periodoftime+since. IthasbeentwomonthssinceIlastsawher. Ithasbeenthreeyearssincethelastearthquake.

For vs. Since KnowingwhentouseFORandwhentouseSINCEisimportant.ThereforeitisusefultolookatasummaryofthecontrastbetweenFORandSINCE.

While we can use For in the simple past tense we can't use Since in the simple past tense. Since can only be used in the perfect tense. Correct Incorrect

ShewenttoNardipurforthreeyears. ShewenttoNardipursince2003.

IstudiedinNewZealandforonemonth. IstudiedinNewZealandsinceonemonth.

Hewalkedhisdogforfourhours. Hewalkedhiscatsincefourhours.

Exercise 8

Complete the following sentences with 'for', during' or 'while'.1. Ihavebeenwaitingforthebus_______________20minutes.2.Tomplayedgolf______________Devalwentshoppingwithherfriends.3.ThefamilylivedinJapan_______________threeyears.4.Maulikcalledhismother_______________Anamikawaswatchingtelevision.5.Mymothercametostaywithus______________thesummer___________10days.6.Yesterdayweplayedtennis_______________2hours.7._______________theholidayswerelax,gosightseeingandvisitfriends.8.InEurope,mealsaredifferent.Peoplestayatthetable______________alongtime.

Answers : 1) for 2) while 3) for 4) while 5) during/for 6) for 7) during 8) for


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Prepositions (નામયોગી/નામયોગી અ�યય) વા�યમા ંnoun/Pronounની િ�થિત દશા�વવા માટે વપરાતા શ�દો ને Prepositionsકહે છે.

Prepositionsના �ણ �કાર પાડી શકાય:- Simpleઅન ેCompoundPrepositions

PhrasalPrepositions SimplePrepositionsઅન ેCompoundPrepositions ન ેનીચેના �કારોમા ંવહ�ચી શકાય:

Prepositions – Time Preposition Usage

on daysoftheweek onMonday

in months/seasons timeofday year afteracertainperiodof

time(when?)

inAugust/inwinter

inthemorning in2006 inanhour

at fornight forweekend acertainpointoftime(when?)

atnight attheweekend athalfpast

nine

since fromacertainpointoftime(pasttillnow)

since1980

for overacertainperiodoftime(pasttillnow)

for2years

ago acertaintimeinthepast 2yearsago

before earlierthanacertainpointoftime before2004

to tellingthetime tentosix(5:50)

past tellingthetime tenpastsix(6:10)

to/till/until markingthebeginningandendofaperiodoftime

fromMondayto/tillFriday

till/until inthesenseofhow long something is going to last

HeisonholidayuntilFriday.

by inthesenseofat the latest uptoacertaintime

Iwillbebackby6o’clock.


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Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction) Preposition Usage Example

in room,building,street,town,country book,paperetc. car,taxi picture,world

inthekitchen,inLondon

inthebook inthecar,inataxi inthepicture,in

theworld

at meaningnext to, by an object fortable forevents placewhereyouaretodosomething

typical(watchafilm,study,work)

atthedoor,atthestation

atthetable ataconcert,atthe

party atthecinema,at

school,atwork

on attached foraplacewithariver beingonasurface foracertainside(left,right) forafloorinahouse forpublictransport fortelevision, radio

thepictureonthewall

LondonliesontheThames.

onthetable ontheleft onthefirstfloor onthebus,ona

plane onTV,ontheradio

by,nextto,beside

leftorrightofsomebodyorsomething Janeisstandingby/nextto/besidethecar.

under ontheground,lowerthan(orcoveredby)somethingelse

thebagisunderthetable

below lowerthansomethingelsebutaboveground

thefisharebelowthesurface

over coveredbysomethingelse meaningmore than gettingtotheotherside(alsoacross) overcominganobstacle

putajacketoveryourshirt

over16yearsofage

walkoverthebridge


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Preposition Usage Example

climboverthewall

above higherthansomethingelse,butnotdirectlyoverit

apathabovethelake

across gettingtotheotherside(alsoover) gettingtotheotherside

walkacrossthebridge

swimacrossthelake

through

somethingwithlimitsontop,bottomandthesides

drivethroughthetunnel

to movementtopersonorbuilding movementtoaplaceorcountry forbed

gotothecinema gotoLondon/

Ireland gotobed

into enteraroom/abuilding gointothekitchen/thehouse

towards

movementinthedirectionofsomething(butnotdirectlytoit)

go5stepstowardsthehouse

onto movementtothetopofsomething jumpontothetable

from inthesenseofwhere from aflowerfromthegarden

અ�ય મહ�વના Prepositions

English Usage Example

from whogaveit apresentfromJane

of who/whatdoesitbelongto whatdoesitshow

apageofthebook thepictureofapalace

by whomadeit abookbyMarkTwain

on walkingorridingonhorseback enteringapublictransportvehicle

onfoot,onhorseback getonthebus

in enteringacar/Taxi getinthecar

off leavingapublictransportvehicle getoffthetrain

outof leavingacar/Taxi getoutofthetaxi

by riseorfallofsomething travelling(otherthanwalkingor

horseriding)

priceshaverisenby10percent

bycar,bybus


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English Usage Example

at forage shelearnedRussianat45

about fortopics,meaningwhat about weweretalkingaboutyou

complex prepositionsconsistofagroupofwordsthatactasoneunit.SomeexamplesofcomplexprepositionsinEnglishare:

inspiteof,withrespectto,exceptfor,bydintof,nextto વગેરે... જને ેIdiomsand

Phrasesવખતે detailમાં �ઇશુ.ં

Conjunctions conjunctionisawordthat"joins".બે વા�યો/શ�દોને �ડતો શ�દ

Herearesomeexampleconjunctions:

Coordinating Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions

and,but,or,nor,for,yet,so although,because,since,unless

Conjunctionsને નીચેના �ણ ભાગોમા ંવહ�ચી શકાય

Single Wordexample:and,but,because,although

Compound(oftenendingwithasorthat)example:providedthat,aslongas,inorderthat

Correlative(surroundinganadverboradjective)forexample:so...that

Direct Indirect Narration

(Assertive Sentences)

Change the following sentences into Indirect Speech.

1. Boys said, “It has been raining since morning and we cannot play.”

Boys said that it had been raining since morning and they could not play.”

2. She said to him, “I am leaving now and shall return after two hours.”

She told him that she was leaving then and would return after two hours.

3. The girl said to me,” My father went to the market and brought toys for me.”

The girl told me that her father had gone to the market and had brought toys for her.

4. Her husband said to her, “I shall not go to the office today as I am not feeling well.

Her husband told her that he would not go to the office that day as he was not feeling well.

5. My father said to me, “I fear that you have caught cold again.”

My father told me that he feared that I had caught cold again.

6. His brother said to me, “I am not going to attend the meeting today.”

His brother told me that he was not going to attend the meeting that day.


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7. She said to him, ”Love begets love.”

She told him that love begets love.

8. The inspector said to the people, “We have caught the thief and he will be brought to

book soon.”

The inspector told the people that they had caught the thief and he would be brought to book

soon.

9. The teacher said, “Boys, I shall give you a test in English today.”

The teacher told the boys that he would give them a test in English that day.

10. My friend said to me, “I am going to my house now. I shall call on you tomorrow.”

My friend told me that he was going to his house then and he would call on me the next day.

(Interrogative Sentences)

1.His wife said to him, “Do you know that my servant maid stole our money ?”

His wife asked him if he knew that her servant maid had stolen their money.

2. Her friend said to her, “Can you spare your book for me for a week?”

Her friend asked her if she could spare her book for her for a week.

3. She said to him, “Can I do anything for you? Will you mind my extending help to

you?”

She asked him if she could do anything for him and if he would mind her extending help to him.

4. His mother said to him, “Will you come home in the evening in time?”

His mother asked him if he would come home in the evening in time.

5.His friend said to him, “Did I not warn you against this before hand?”

His friend asked him if he had not warned him against that before hand.

6. John said to his sister, “Is it not a surprise to see your friend here today?”

John asked his sister if it was not a surprise to see her friend there that day.

7. The doctor said to his patient, “Are you taking medicine prescribed to you

regularly?”

The doctor asked his patient if he was taking medicine prescribed to him regularly.

8. She said to me,” Do you know how to swim?”

She asked me if I knew how to swim.

9.The captain said to the players, “Will you put your heart and soul in playing the

game so that we may win the match?”

The captain asked the players if they would put their heart and soul in playing the game so

that they might win the match.

10. The stranger said to the lady,” Have you ever been to Delhi?”

The stranger asked the lady if she had ever been to Delhi.

11. The old man said to the child, “Why did you break this window pane?”

The old man asked the child why he had broken that window pane.

12. The teacher said , “Boys, what are you doing here? Why do you not go to your

class rooms?”

The teacher asked the boys what they were doing there and why they did not go to their class

rooms.


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13. Her brother said to her, “What present should I bring for you when I return from

Bombay?”

Her brother asked her what present he should bring for her when he returned from Bombay.

14. The rich man said to the beggar, “Why do you not do any work? Do you not feel

ashamed in begging alms from others?”

The rich man asked the beggar why he did not do any work and if he did not feel ashamed in

begging alms from others.

15. Boys said to the teacher, “When do you intend to start the class today?”

Boys asked the teacher when he intended to start the class that day.

16. The traveler asked the cab man, “How long will you take to reach the destination?

Can't you drive the cab a little faster?”

The traveler asked the cabman how long he would take to reach the destination and if he

could not drive the cab a little faster.

17. The customer said to the shopkeeper, “What is the price of this article? Can you

give me two of these articles?”

The customer asked the shopkeeper what the price of that article was and if he could give

him two of those articles.

18. The old lady said, “Can you tell me where does this road lead to? Will you guide

my way to the railway station, young man?”

The old lady asked the young man if he could tell her where that road led to and if he

would guide her way to the railway station.

19. The priest said, “Where does this young lady come from? Can you tell me this,

gentleman?

The priest asked the gentleman where that young lady came from and if he could tell him that.

20. Shylock said “ How can you call me a cheat ? Will you not pay me my dues

according to the deed,Portia ?”

Shylock asked Portia how she could call him a cheat and if she would not pay him his dues

according to the deed.

( Exclamatory Sentences) 1. The woman said, “What a beautiful child this is! The woman exclaimed that that child was very beautiful. 2. His aunt said, “What a pleasant surprise to see you here!” His aunt exclaimed that it was a pleasant surprise to see him there. 3. Hamlet said, “How unlucky I am that I cannot find out any solution!” Hamlet exclaimed that he was very unlucky that he could not find out any solution. 4. The captain said, “Bravo ! well done,boys!” The captain applauded the boys saying that they had done well. 5. The leader said, “Alas! We have lost the game.” The leader exclaimed with sorrow that they had lost the game. 6. Boys said,” Hurrah! We have won the match!” Boys exclaimed with joy that they had won the match. 7. She said,” What a beautiful weather it is!” She exclaimed that it was a very beautiful weather.


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8. Father said,”What a lazy fellow she is!” Father exclaimed that she was a very lazy fellow. 9. The cobbler said,” How stupid I am!” The cobbler exclaimed that he was very stupid. 10. The girl said, ”What a stupid fellow I am!” The girl exclaimed that she was a stupid fellow. 11. The captain said, "Good morning,Friends!" The captain bade his friends good morning. 12. The leader said,"Farewell, my countrymen!" The leader bade his countrymen farewell. 13. The boy said,"If I were a king!" The boy wished that he had been a king. 14. The old lady said,"May you live long, my son!" The old lady prayed that her son might live long. 15. They said," May you live a long and prosperous life!" They prayed that you might live a long and prosperous life.

(Imperative Sentences)

1. The land lord said to his servant,"Go away and leave the room at once."

The land lord ordered his servant to go away and leave the room at once.

2. She said to her maid servant,"Bring me a glass of water."

She ordered her maid servant to bring her a glass of water.

3. The priest said to the boys,"Do not while away your time."

The priest advised the boys not to while away their time.

4. Mother said to her son."Work hard lest you should fail."

Mother advised her son to work hard lest he should fail.

5. The doctor said to the patient,"Do not smoke."

The doctor advised the patient not to smoke.

6. The clerk said to the man,"Do not disturb me.Mind your own business."

The clerk forbade the man to disturb him and advised him to mind his own business.

7. The officer said to the peon."Let the visitor come in."

The officer told the peon to let the visitor come in. OR

The officer told the peon that the visitor might be allowed to come in.

8. The father said to his son,"Let us go out for a walk."

The father suggested to his son that they should go out for a walk.

9. The girl said to her friend," Please show me your purse. "

The girl requested her friend to show her her purse.

10. The man said to me," Let us wait for our turn."

The man proposed to me that we should wait for our turn.


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Vocabulary One Word Substitutes

1. Havinganevilreputation………………..Notorious 2. Onewhoplaysagameforpleasure………amateur3. OnewhobelievesinexistenceofGod……………… theist(X-atheist)4. Someonewhoisunabletopayhis/herdebts……………..bankrupt5. Onewholooksatdarksidesofthethings……………..pessimist (X-optimist)

6. Aministerrepresentingasovereignorastateinaforeigncountry……ambassador

7. Onewhoseparentsaredead…………………orphan8. Onewhocannotreadorwrite……………………… illiterate9. Incapableofbeingheard…………….inaudible10. Liabletobeeasilybroken……………………brittle 11. Asubstancethatkillsgerms…………………germicide12. Anassembly/groupoflisteners……………………….audience13. Anofficewithoutanyworkbuthighpay………………sinecure14. Thelifestoryofapersonwrittenbyhimself…………………autobiography15. Thelifestoryofapersonwrittenbysomeoneelse…………………biography16. Ofone’sownfreewill………………. Voluntary (X-involuntary,compulsory)

17.Takingofone’sownlife……….Suicide Anamika Academy 9979 9979 45

18. Onewhowalksalongtheroadside…………pedestrian19. Onewhosellsliquoragainstlaw……………..bootlegger 20. Onewhoabstainsfromallalcoholicdrinks……………teetotaller 21. Thatwhichcannotbecorrected……………..incorrigible22. Thatwhichdoesnotdieorfadeaway………………immortal, eternal, everlasting23. Apersonwhostudiesweather………………..meteorologist 24. Apersonwhocompilesadictionary……………..lexicographer25. Apersonwhomakesscientificstudyofinsects…………………entomologist26. Onewhocalculatesvalueofpropertyfortaxpurposes…………….assessor27. Athingwhichcatchesfireeasily………………Inflammable28. Onewhohatesmankind…………………Misanthropist

29.Animalswhichlivebothonlandandwater………………….Amphibious animals/Amphibians

30. Atankwherefishorwaterplantsarekept……………..aquarium31. Onewhobelieveseasily………….Credulous 32. Somethingdoneforthefirsttime………………….Maiden, debut 33. Thatwhichcannotbeconquered……….invincible34. Adiseasewhichspreadsbycontact………………..contagious

35.Apersonwhoisviolentlyhostiletoestablishedbeliefs,customs,traditions…….Iconoclast


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36.Achildbornafterthedeathofhisfather/orabookpublishedafterthedeathofitsauthor…….-Posthumous

37. Roundaboutwayofsaying…….circumlocution38. Onewhocollectspostagestamps…………….Philatelist39. Onewhoiseasilyfooled…………..Gullible40. Somethingthatmusthappenandcannotbeavoided………Inevitable41. Onewhoiscitizenoftheworld…………………Cosmopolitan42. Governmentbasedonreligion…………..Theocracy43. Thatwhichcannotberubbedoff…………….indelible44. Onewhostudiestheoriginandgrowthoflanguages…………Linguist45. Thestudyofrightandwronginhumanconduct……………..Ethics46. Theschoolorcollegeinwhichonehasbeeneducated……Alma mater


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Antonyms

Anxiety XApathy Fallacy XCertaintyAccessory XAdversary Graceful XawkwardBrave XTimid,Coward Incongruous XHarmoniousBenevolence XMalevolence Liberty XCaptivityContended XUnhappy Impediment XAssistanceCondemned XAcquiesced Neglect XCareComfortable XUncomfortable Obstinate XamenableDeny XConfirm Pernicious XSalutaryDisparage XApprove Greedy XGenerousDelicious XUnpalatable Handle XBungleFrugality XExtravagance Horrible XagreeableAbove XBelow Abundance XScarcityAbsence XPresence Accept XReject/RefuseAdmire XDespise/Condemn Fresh XStaleAggressive XDefensive Friend XFoe,EnemyAlive XDead Gain XLossAncient XModern General XParticular,SpecificArrival XDeparture Gentle XRudeAttach XDetach Haste XDelayAttack XDefend/Protect Heaven/Paradise XHell/InfernoAttract XRepel Hope XDespairAttraction XRepulsion Host XGuestBenefit XHarm Hostile XFriendlyBlessing XCurse Humble XProudBold XTimid Ignorance XKnowledgeBravery XCowardice Import XExportCheap XExpensive/Dear Include XExcludeConfidence XDiffidence Increase XDecreaseConsole XCongratulate Inferior XSuperiorConsent XDissent Inhale XExhale Construction XDestruction Initial XFinalCredit XDebit Lend XBorrowDark XBright Loose XTightDebtor XCreditor Majority XMinorityDeep XShallow Make XMar(Mare-ઘોડી)

Deficit XSurplus Malignant XBenevolentDiligent/Industrious XIdle,Lazy Miser XSpendthriftDomestic XWild Narrow XBroadDownward XUpward Normal XabnormalDynamic XStatic Occasional XFrequent


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Entrance XExit Oppose XSupportExternal XInternal Noble XIgnoble Extravagant XFrugal/Economical Oral XWrittenFact XFiction Ordinary X XExtraordinary/RareFaithful XFaithless Peace XWarFertile XBarren Permanent XTemporaryForget XRemember Persuade XDissuadeFreedom/ Liberty XSlavery Pleasure XPain

Proceed XRecede Top XBottom Gently XHarshlyPropose XDispose Tragedy XComedy Crest XBasePride XHumility Tragic XComic Cheerful XCheerlessQuiet XNoisy Transparent XOpaque Fierce XTameRear XFront Uniform XVaried Weep XLaughRemote XNear Upper XLower Primeval XmodernRise XFall Useful XUseless Flimsy XConcreteRough XSmooth Conquest XDefeat Seized XReleasedSleep XWake Victory XDefeat Alone XTogetherSmile XFrown Triumph XDefeat Doomed XBlestSomewhere XNowhere Virtue XVice Decimated XCreatedStrange XFamiliar Weal XWoe Sinking XFloatingSubtract XAdd Wholesale XRetail Forward XBackwardSuccess XFailure Wisdom XFolly Dusk XDawnSuperior XInferior Comrade XEnemy,Foe Vain XFruitfulSympathy XAntipathy Poached XReared Infect XdisinfectThoughtful XThoughtless Whisper XShout Obvious XHiddenProlong XDiscontinue Intimacy XDetachment Purity XImpurityEvocative XSubdued Dangerous XSafe Odd XEvenPinnacle XBase Sharp XBlunt Dyspeptic XStrongBlunders XAccuracy Ability XInability Negate XAffirmEfficient XInefficient Occasionally XRegularly Several XFewAnnoy XPlease Honest XDishonest Appreciate XCriticiseFortune XMisfortune Attract XRepel Indolent XBusyCorpulent XSkinny Astray XOnline Beginning XEndGloomy XBright Fake XGenuine Stoically XhappilyRedolent XSmelly Torrential XLight Canopied XOpenGaunt XThick Savour XDislike Glance XGazeDominating XSubmitting Collect XDistribute Objection XAcceptancePrivate XPublic Doubt XSurety Aggressive Xsubmissive

Composed XFretting Unkempt XStylish Variegated XPlainNether XTop Detain XRelease Danger XSafety


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Contraband XLegal Reproach XCajole Serene XNoisyPoverty XProsperity Sufficient XInsufficient Fraudulent XGenuineEnnui XExcitement Snug XComfortable Incoherent XConfidentVividly XHazily Depredation XConstruction Rural XUrbanRisibly XConvincingly Fetid XFresh Rustic XUrban

Mourning XCelebrating Cramped XSpacious Pastoral XUrbanPerished XAlive Enormous XTiny Bucolic XUrbanFutile XUseful Bravely XCowardly Commotion XSilenceOvert XConcealed Lurch XSteady Seldom XOftenHamper XSupport Human XInhuman Hide XRevealNative XForeign Innocence XGuilt Peace XUnrestMotion XStillness Inhabit XVacate Brief XLengthyDecay XFructify Allied XAlienated Mourn XRejoice

Synonyms Insularity -Loneliness Latent -Hidden Repudiate -RefuseDrenched -Soaked,Wet Industrious -Hardworking Doctrine -PrincipleDetriment -Loss Anguish -Pain,suffering Dispel -RemoveProliferate -Multiply Fiend -Beast,Devil Impose -EncourageContrite -Apologetic Triviality -Worthless Compartment -SectionLilt -Melody,Music Disposed -Inclined Hatchet -AxeSuffused -Covered Furtive -Secret Imposed -ForcedDreary -Boring Tremulous -Shaking Perpetuation -Continuation

Solitary -Alone Clammy -Sticky Ethics -MoralsDither -Hesitate Oriental -Eastern Isolation -SeparationSturdy -Strong Occidental -Western Advocate -SupportObliged -Grateful Barbarous -Uncivilized Inconsistent -Conflicting

Meadow -Grassland Shun -Avoid,ignore Motion -MovementFortune -Luck Hygienic -Healthy,Clean Imply -MeanHumane -Kind Custom -Practice Trend -tendencyIncredible -Unbelievable Stationary -still,fixed Attitude -approachPractical -Virtual Spacious -roomy,airy Restrain -ControlApparent -obvious Judicial -Impartial Stir -Mix,BlendStupefaction -Confusion Besides -additional Eloquent -ExpressiveRapidly -Quickly,

PrestoBeside -Near Punctual -Prompt

Ruin -Destroy Practical -Realistic Fate -DestinyConjurer -Magician Humane -Kind,Caring Raw -CrudeAudience -Spectators Meadow -Grassland Row -Fight,LineCoy -Shy Buoyant -Cheerful Formality -ProcedureSummon -Call Metaphor -Image,Symbol Bonnet -Cap,hatEternal -Immortal Inflection -Modulation Jealous -EnviousFrail -Weak Nuance -Shade,tone Reverence -RespectRage -Anger Glimpse -Glance,Look Assassination -MurderDistress -Sorrow Worthy -Commendable Adore -Worship


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Queer -Strange,odd Propel -Push Statuesque -ElegantWeary -Tired Sentimental -Emotional Tale -Story,FictionStupefied -Amazed Convey -Communicate Rumble -RoarDespise -Hate,spurn Disembodied -Ghostly Acute -Sharp,keenDisplay -Show Brilliant -Bright,talented Odour -SmellPompous -Showy,arrogant Anguish -Torment Forbid -ProhibitFragment -Piece Torso -Chest Rapt -absorbedMob -Crowd Efficacy -Usefulness Suppress -CurbDefy -Disobey,resist Inviolate -Pure Warren -Burrow,denTedious -Boring Inherent -innate,inbuilt Bivouac -CampEnormous -Large Untarnished -Spotless Earnest -SincereAustere -Simple,Sober Acquiesce -agree,comply Muffled -Quiet,SilentCherish -relish,appreciate Aghast -Stunned Sublime -InspiringPrudent -Wise,sensible Manifest -Obvious Solemn -SomberTurmoil -Disturbance Endeavour -Effort Somber -Serious

Anamika Academy English 9979 9979 45 - By Tapan Patel · story -stories baby ... poet, gentleman,...

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