Analyzing the Geneva Accord

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Analyzing the Geneva Accord

Ending the Conflict in Search of Sustainable Peace

Introduction

A wall of fear literally exists throughout Israel, which obstructs the pursuitof peace and casts a dark shadow upon a beautiful land occupied byremarkable people. What I remember most are the car alarms,inescapable heat, bulldozers destroying families, and Arabic prayersechoing at all hours. I remember the despair, fatigue, and palpable tensionflowing through the trash-littered streets. I remember the feelings ofsadness, guilt, and anger that wash over you creating an intense whirlwindof emotions and countless questions. How can we locate common groundand discover consensual values? How can we build bridges and end theconflict? How can we achieve sustainable peace?

The Geneva Accord should be adopted as a permanent statusagreement between Israel and Palestine because it provides aconvincing and comprehensive roadmap to end the historic conflictin search of sustainable peace.

The following paper analyzes the Geneva Accord breaking down thecomprehensive roadmap into numerous categories including guidingprinciples, mutual recognition, borders and settlements, Jerusalem,refugees, security, and accountability. After analyzing the various

components involved in the agreement, this research paper examinesarguments in favor and against the Geneva Accord followed by adiscussion on what ending the conflict, overcoming fear, and attainingsustainable peace mean in this context. This research paper concludeswith a prediction involving President Obama.

Guiding Principles

Embracing compromise, dignity, and sustainability, the Geneva Accordseeks to reinstill in the Israeli and Palestinian people hope that it is

possible to reach an agreement.[1]The mission of the Geneva Accord is toprovide realistic and achievable solutions to all issues based on previousofficial negotiations, international resolutions, the Quartet Roadmap,Clinton Parameters, Bush Vision, and Arab Peace Initiative.[2] Thedefined purpose of the agreement is to end the era of conflict by usheringin a new era based on peace, cooperation, and good neighborlyrelations.[3] The agreement argues, After a century of violence betweenIsraelis and Palestinians, the Geneva Initiative offers a real and mutually


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agreed upon possibility for ending the conflict between the two sides andobtaining a mutually acceptable peace that guarantees the vital nationalinterests of both sides.[4] The Geneva Accord contends that after years ofliving in mutual fear and insecurity, Israel and Palestine need to enter anera of peace, security, and stability.[5] The question arises of how we reach

this new era of peace.

The Geneva Accord is a detailed blueprint for Israeli-Palestinian peace[6]seeking to end the conflict and all claims. According to the agreement,78% of Palestinians, and 74% of Israelis[7], The only viable solution is atwo-state solution.[8] An article entitled Get a move on, then in theEconomist argues, Everyone knows pretty well what a peace settlementwould look like. The two states of Israel and Palestine would be divided bya border that would be close to the one that existed before the war of1967[9], the Palestinians would be compensated, Jerusalem would be

shared and divided, and Palestinians would have the right of return toPalestine.[10] Haaretz claims that at the heart of the (Geneva Accord) is aPalestinian concession on the right of return to lands within the State ofIsrael, in exchange for sovereignty over the Temple Mount.[11]

Guiding principles of the Geneva Accord include establishing ademilitarized Palestinian state, swapping land, agreeing on borders,mutual recognition, sharing Jerusalem, solving the refugee problemincluding the right of return and compensation, creating accountability byoverseeing implementation, and committing to fight terrorism. Each ofthese guiding principles will be discussed in greater detail as eachcomponent of the Geneva Accord is analyzed.

Mutual Recognition

Israel is a Jewish and Democratic state sharing a special bond with theUnited States. According to President Clinton, Our relationship is uniqueamong all nations. Like America, Israel is a strong democracy, a symbol offreedom, and an oasis of liberty, a home to the oppressed andpersecuted.[12] In 2009, Israel received over $2.5 billion in United Statesforeign aid. According to Rabbis for Human Rights, Israel is internally an

extremely strong democracy founded upon freedom, justice, and peace.Historically, Israel is the Jewish homeland guaranteeing social justice for allregardless of religion.

OurBeyond Bridges group participated in an orientation exercise, uponarriving in Israel, and I was the only student that considers Israel a Jewishand Democratic state. Travelling through the West Bank, our group met


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Orthodox Rabbi (Philip) Glasser in his home in an Israeli settlement.Growing up in a Reform Jewish home in New York, Rabbi Glasser claimshe felt a special attraction to Israel and remarked that something feltdifferent in 1996 when he first arrived in Israel. Considering himself to be aprogressive liberal, Rabbi Glasser calls Israel his real home. Rabbi Glasser

and his wife told me that they absolutely believe Israel is a Jewish andDemocratic state.

Before any form of peace can be achieved, the countries of Israel andPalestine must mutually recognize each others right to exist and stopaccusing each other of being thieves, oppressors, monsters, war criminals,and human rights abusers. The Geneva Accord specifically mandates that,The state of Israel shall recognize the state of Palestine.[13] In addition,The state of Palestine shall immediately recognize the state of Israel.[14]The right of the Jewish people to statehood, and the right of the Palestinian

people to statehood, must be officially and mutually recognized.[15]However, some Israeli journalists suggest that the Palestinians areunprepared to accept a Jewish State on any terms.[16] Therefore, theagreement explicitly states that the Palestinians must recognize the rightof the Jewish people to their own state and recognize the State of Israel astheir national home.[17] Netanyahu argues that the Palestinians mustclearly and unambiguously recognize Israel as the state of the Jewishpeople.[18] Conversely, the Israelis recognize the Palestinian state as thenational home of the Palestinian people.[19]

Superseding all other agreements, the Geneva Accord mandates thatIsrael and Palestine must cooperate in areas of common interest, jointeconomic interest, security, and regional issues with a view to theadvancement of the relations between the two States and peoples.[20]Making the state of Palestine the successor to the PLO with all its rightsand obligations,[21] the Geneva Accord dictates that both parties mustestablish relations based on cooperation[22] and conduct themselves inaccordance with international law.

Borders and SettlementsThe borders outlined by the Geneva Accord are fair, clear, and should berecognized by both parties as the permanent, secure, and recognizedinternational boundary between them.[23] The Geneva Accord defines thefinal and indisputable borders based on the June 4, 1967 lines withreciprocal modifications.[24] On May 19, 2011, Obama stated that the1967 borders, with mutually agreed upon swaps, should be the basis of afinal agreement.[25] The European Union voiced their support and backing


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of the United States position.[26] Each country must respect each otherssovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence, as well as theinviolability of each others territory, including territorial waters, andairspace.[27]

The agreement includes a land swap where Israel and Palestine exchangeannexed land beyond the 1967 border of equal quality and quantity.[28]The State of Israels extended borders will include some Jewishsettlements and Jewish neighborhoods in Eastern Jerusalem.[29] Inaddition, Palestine is granted exclusive title to all land in the settlements,and Israel is directed to keep intact[30] infrastructure in settlements to betransferred to Palestinian control. Withdrawing from Palestine, The Stateof Israel (is) responsible for resettling the Israelis residing in Palestiniansovereign territory outside this territory.[31]

The Geneva Accord plans to connect the Gaza Strip and the West Bank byconstructing a corridor, which would be permanently open under Israelisovereignty and Palestinian administration. According to the agreement,the corridor must not disrupt Israeli transportation and allows for pipelines,electrical, and communication lines.[32] Defensive barriers shall beestablished along the corridor and Palestinians shall not enter Israel fromthis corridor, nor shall Israelis enter Palestine from the corridor.[33] At firstglance, the construction of a connecting corridor seems improbable andcomplicated. However, creating a corridor is the best option under thecircumstances.

One criticism of the corridor idea is that existing walls should be torn downrather than new barriers being built. Another criticism of the corridor is thatthere is no set funding source. The approach agreed upon in the Geneva

Accord is to seek the assistance of the international community insecuring the financing for the corridor.[34] However, in todays difficulteconomic climate it may be difficult to secure the necessary funding for thisexpensive project.

Jerusalem

Jerusalem is the holy city of three religions including Judaism, Christianity,and Islam. Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3,000years, to Christianity for around 2,000 years, and to Islam forapproximately 1,400 years.[35] Meaning Abode of Peace, Jerusalemhas religious, historic, cultural, and spiritual significance.[36] Extending farbeyond the walls of the Old City, Jerusalem rests in the Judean Mountainsbetween the Mediterranean and Dead Seas. Jerusalem is the capital and


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the largest city in Israel if you include Eastern Jerusalem. As of 2005,there were more than 719,000 people living in Jerusalem including465,000 Jews.[37] With over 208,000 Palestinians living in EasternJerusalem,[38] the only feasible option is to make the city of Jerusalem thecapital of two states. The compromise to share Jerusalem is a fair, realistic,

simple, and balanced approach to resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The Geneva Accord states that Israel and Palestine will have theirmutually recognized capitals in the areas of Jerusalem under theirrespective sovereignty.[39]

Specifically, the Wailing Wall will remain under Israeli control, and an OldCity Policing Unit (PU) will secure the Old City. The Geneva Accord dealtwith the problems of Jerusalem in a most detailed fashion, but oddly though presumably intentionally it did not specify in the text what parts ofthe city would be under Palestinian sovereignty.[40] However, under the

agreement both parties will view the Old City as one whole enjoying aunique character[41] and commit to safeguarding the character, holiness,and freedom of worship in the city[42] In addition, only the police forcesmay carry or possess arms in the Old City.[43] Lastly, the Geneva Accordenacts a color-coding scheme used to denote the sovereign areas of therespective Parties.[44]

Refugees

A refugee is a person who has been forced to leave their home and seekrefuge elsewhere.[45] Talking with some refugees while playing soccer in a

Palestinian refugee camp, I learned their strong belief that the state ofIsrael will no longer exist within ten years. One of the refugees asked meto imagine someone forcibly kicking you out of your home. You would callthe police, but the person that kicked you out is the police. What do youdo? Fight back. However, resorting to violence is the wrong path to followwhen seeking a reasonable solution.

The Geneva Accord is that reasonable solution calling for the permanentand complete resolution of the Palestinian refugee problem, under whichrefugees will be entitled to compensation for their refugee status and loss

of property. Solving the refugee problem, the agreement officially endsrefugee status, ends all claims, and provides compensation forrefugeehood[46] and property loss. One criticism of the agreement is thatthe refugee compensation would be coming from the internationalcommunity instead of Israel. In addition, Unlike US proposals at CampDavid in 2000, or the Israeli position at Taba, there is no mention in theGeneva accords of compensation for Jewish refugees from Arab


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countries.[47]

Adopting the Geneva Accord will grant Palestinians the right to return tothe state of Palestine.[48] Former Labor Prime Minister Ehud Barakdirected his criticism to the accords perceived concessions on the

Palestinian right of return.[49]An International Commission is establishedresponsible for implementing all aspects of this Agreement pertaining torefugees.[50] The Geneva Accord also establishes a fund to receivedonations from the international community for the InternationalCommission. The fund is also tasked with auditing the InternationalCommissions work.[51]

Security

Israel and Palestine must respect the others right to live in peace withinsecure and recognized boundaries free from the threat or acts of war,terrorism, and violence.[52] Both countries must condemnterrorism/violence and refrain from supporting any military organizations ormilitias.[53] Perhaps most importantly, Palestine shall be a non-militarizedstate, with a strong security force.[54] According to Netanyahu, a non-militarized Palestinian state provides ironclad security provisions forIsrael.[55] Netanyahu envisions Palestine without an army, no control overits airspace, and unable to enter into military pacts.[56] The Geneva

Accord does not allow armed forces to be deployed or stationed inPalestine.[57] In addition, there are limits on the amount and type ofweapons that can be purchased or manufactured by Palestine.

The Geneva Accord creates a strong security force within Palestine. TheIsraeli and Palestinian law enforcement agencies shall cooperate incombating illicit drug traffickingand other illegal activity.[58] However,the agreement does not explicitly detail how the law enforcement agencieswill cooperate. The Geneva Accord notably promotes regional security byhaving Israel and Palestine work together with their neighbors and theinternational community to build a secure and stable Middle East free fromweapons of mass destruction (and) characterized by reconciliation,goodwill, and the renunciation of the use of force.[59] The agreement

allows Israel to maintain two Early Warning Stations (EWS) in the WestBank (down from Clintons three[60]). Lastly, the agreement goes intodetail outlining international border crossings and border control.

Accountability International Supervision

The Geneva Accord explicitly defines and structures the Implementationand Verification Group (IVG), which provides accountability and


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supervision. The agreement also determines the procedures and functionsof the IVG.[61] The IVG facilitates, assists in, guarantees, monitors, andresolves disputes relating to the implementation[62] of the Geneva

Accord. The IVG consists of numerous countries and international groupslike the United Nations.

A multinational Force (MF) is part of the IVG, which guarantees securityand oversight of the implementation of the Geneva Accord.[63] The IVGpermanent headquarters shall be based upon an agreed upon location inJerusalem.[64] However, the agreement should go further and actuallyselect a location rather than depend on mutual agreement in the future.The Geneva Accord also sets up a trilateral committee, which will reviewevery month the implementation of the agreement.[65] The approach tosupervise and review implementation strengthens the agreement bysetting up a structure of accountability.

Arguments in Favor of the Geneva Accord

The Geneva Accord is concise, comprehensive, pragmatic, and clearmodel of an Israeli-Palestinian peace agreement. The agreement is astatement and declaration to the world that peace is still possible.Representing compromise in search of the common good, the Geneva

Accord proposes a comprehensive roadmap while still keeping in mind thebig picture, which is to pursue regional peace throughout the Middle East.The agreement is comprehensive because it provides a thoroughlydetailed plan, maps, mechanisms for implementation, and mandates

periodic reviews analyzing the proper implementation of the agreement.The Geneva Accord will create a sovereign Palestinian State alongsideIsrael, end all mutual claims, put an end to the occupation, and terminateconflict and bloodshed.[66] However, the true value or importance of theGeneva Accord is the mere fact that it was conceived, negotiated, agreedupon, and put forth for the world to see.[67]

The Geneva Accord is a realistic, tangible, and mutually agreed uponroadmap to peace. For the purposes of this research paper it is importantto define the terms realistic and mutually agreed upon. A realistic

agreement is one that is feasible and not extreme. According to theGeneva Initiative mission statement, the agreement provides realistic andachievable solutions on all issues.[68] However, some may argue thatwhen it comes to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict nothing is realistic. Thisdefeatist attitude is unacceptable and must be rejected.

It is true that only some leaders from each country mutually agreed upon


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aspirations and interests.[81] In contrast, a poll by the Peace IndexProject of the Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research at Tel AvivUniversity showed that only 18 percentof the Israeli public supported theGeneva Accord.[82]

Arguments Against the Geneva Accord

According to Professor Galia Golan, The Geneva Accord received amixed response[83] Argument one against the Geneva Accord are that ithas no official standing.[84] Former Palestinian Authority Chairman Yasser

Arafat responded with caution to the Geneva Accord careful to point outthat the document has no official standing.[85] Former Prime Minister

Ariel Sharon described the Geneva Accord as the greatest historicalmistake since Oslo.[86] In addition, former Deputy Prime Minister EhudOlmert claims the negotiations were grave, pathetic, and delusional.[87]

Argument two is that the Geneva Accord was vigorously denounced byIsraeli prime minister Ariel Sharon as soon as it was made public, (and) itsIsraeli drafters (were) branded in some quarters as traitors.[88] Sharonconsiders the Geneva Accord to be the greatest mistake since Oslo.[89]

Argument three is that three articles notably on water, economic relations,and legal cooperation, have yet to be completed, and the annexes referredto in the text have not been made available.[90] Argument four is that theagreement unfairly favors the Palestinians.[91] For example, why shouldIsrael be required to start withdrawing immediately compared to no timerequirement for Palestine to disband the PLO terrorist insfrastructure?[92]

According to Michael Lerner, one problem is that the Israeli majoritysupports establishing a Palestinian state, but only after the Palestinianshave ended terrorism (and) reformed their government.[93] Argument fiveis that Palestine is to be demilitarized, but there is no provision for how torid of weapons already existing in Gaza and the West Bank.[94] Argumentsix is that the agreement goes into great detail about the Old City inJerusalem, but does not specifically define which quarter would belong towhich state.[95] Many of these arguments against the adoption of theGeneva Accord are easily able to be rectified when finalizing theagreement. It may actually prove beneficial that not every single detail is

already completely finalized.

Ending the Conflict

A long-term peaceful solution is necessary because the Israeli-Palestinianconflict has become a proxy for a much larger ideological clash betweenthe west and the Muslim world, (and) a sharp escalation in violence in


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Israel or Palestine could spark a regional if not global conflict.[96] TheGeneva Accord marks the historic reconciliation between the Palestiniansand the Israelis, and paves the way to reconciliation between the Arabworld and Israel and the establishment of normal, peaceful relationsbetween the Arab states and Israel.[97]

Ending the conflict does not automatically mean a lasting peace will existbetween Israel and Palestine. However, ending the conflict does mean anend to all claims, meeting basic human needs, and no more militaryfighting. The Geneva Accord specifically states that there will be no furtherclaims.[98]

Overcoming Fear

Fear is a distressing negative sensation induced by a perceivedthreat.[99] A meaningful and lasting peace, sought by groups likeMepeace.org, requires overcoming our own insecurities, fears, andprejudices. OurBeyond Bridges group met Eyal Raviv, which founded TheFacebook of Peace entitled Mepeace.org. This network for peace enablesa movement for peace through the Internet, exemplifies peace, andempowers people and organizations with interaction, information, andinspiration.

As a Jewish individual I felt uncomfortable when our group visited aPalestinian refugee camp deep within the West Bank. We met the largestfaction of the PLO, which is Fatah. Historically, Fatah has promoted armed

resistance and maintained a number of militant groups with a stronginvolvement in terrorism in the past.[100] The seriousness of my situationsuddenly hit me as the everyday nonsense and thoughts about seats onthe bus immediately disappeared. Do these people know that I am Jewish,and if not, what would they do if they found out? Do I look Jewish?Suddenly, a feeling of fear washed over me. I attempted to reassure myselfknowing that my group leaders would never put me in danger, but therewas no escaping the perceived tension floating throughout the smoky andunfamiliar room.

Looking around, I found myself sitting close to the exit careful to not upsetanyone. My mind was racing questioning my safety and if my fears werejustified. Maybe I am just acting childish. The leaders of Fatah seemedexcited to see us and hospitable so I worked up the nerve to ask aquestion. Will you please give us a specific example of the human rightsabuses you claim are occurring at the hands of the Israelis on a dailybasis? I know that being in that room and sitting amongst people from a


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different world was an extremely valuable educational experience that I willcarry with me. I believe the only way sustainable peace can ever be trulyachieved is if more people like me sit in similar rooms, listen, and askquestions. A wall of fear literally cuts through the heart of Israel, and theonly way to begin tearing down that wall and eventually overcome is to

face our own fears and insecurities.

Achieving Sustainable Peace

Putting an end to decades of confrontation and conflict,[101] theagreement envisions the Israeli and Palestinian people living in peacefulcoexistence, mutual dignity, and security based on a just, lasting, andcomprehensive peace.[102] A sustainable peace means bringing an endto hate, prejudice, inequality, injustice, and war. Netanyahu argues,Economic peace is not a substitute for peace, but is a very important

component in achieving it.[103] Peace requires the transition from thelogic of warto the logic of peace and cooperation. The logic of peacerequires compromise.[104]

Adopting the Geneva Accord, with the help of the United States, wouldgive the United States a stronger hand in its program to represent itself asa force for democratic reconstruction of the world, thereby giving it moresupport in the Arab world.[105] The Israeli-Palestinian conflict definitelyextends beyond a small patch of land in the Middle East[106] TheGeneva Accord resolves to pursue the goal of attaining a comprehensiveregional peace, thus contributing to stability, security, development, and

prosperity throughout the region.[107]

Prediction Involving President Obama

President Obama will resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the end ofhis second term in office.

Upsetting most Israeli citizens, President Obama has not yet visited thestate of Israel since becoming President and being awarded the NoblePeace Prize. Instead, President Obama visited Cairo, Egypt, snubbing the

understandably upset Israelis. However, what the Israeli people shouldtake away from President Obamas actions are not feelings of being letdown or insulted, but feelings of pride and joy for their Egyptian neighborsdemocratic revolution that took place not long after President Obamasvisit. President Obama knows that the United States and Israel aresteadfast allies. The Obama Administration does not want to appear to beblindly favoring Israel and does not want the Arab world to think of theUnited States as their opponent.


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The Palestinian people frequently refer to President Obamas call for areturn to the 1967 borders, which Netanyahu considers indefensible forIsrael. In 2008, Senator Obama visited Al-Quds University in the WestBank signaling an awareness and attention to the narratives of bothsides[108] in pursuit of long-term peace. Searching for common ground

and compromise in an unstable region, Obama is simply playing both sideswhile maintaining hope that democracy, justice, and peace will soonprevail. However, Obama is not a leader known to rely on hope alone. Ibelieve that a plan is in place decided upon only after extensive research,deliberation, and careful consideration by the Obama Administration.Resolving the Israeli-Palestinian conflict by the end of his second term inoffice, President Obama must wait until after his 2012 re-election toaddress the politically volatile issue.

Conclusion

I believe in a world without war, genocide, hunger, or despair. Ibelieve in a world shared by all people full of love, laughter, andmutual cooperation. I believe in a world that rejects fear andembraces peace. Providing a comprehensive vision of how to end theconflict, the Geneva Accord seeks sustainable peace proving to the worldthat there is still hope for reconciliation. The Geneva Accord shows us apossible path forward, and with some minor modifications the agreementshould be adopted by Israel and Palestine. The Geneva Accord teaches ushow to end the conflict, pursue sustainable peace, and make this world abetter place.

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