Analytics and Big Data — Rail Public Transportation is a Leader
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Analytics and Big Data —
Rail Public Transportation is a Leader
Lyndon HenryBlog Columnist, Railway Age Magazine
Co-Principal, Urban Rail Today
Technical Consultant , Light Rail Now Project
APTA 2013 Rail Transit Conference
Philadelphia
June 2013
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What are …?
Big DataSignificantly large volumes of data, particularly involving human activities and characteristics
AnalyticsHigh technology applied to data processing, complex calculations, and automation
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Common Examples
Private/Public Sector• Consumer behavior analysis
• Customer mailing lists/marketing
• Smartphone apps
• GPS
• Financial market trading
• Astronomical tracking/mapping
• Weather tracking/forecasting
• Genome mapping
• Crowd surveillance
• Monitoring electronic communications
• Data-mining online/wireless data (Emails, texting, social media)
• Robots
Public Transportation• Ridership forecasting
• Train signaling/dispatching
• Route planning/scheduling
• Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
• Passenger Information Systems
• Automated Fare Collection (AFC)
• Automated Passenger Counting (APC)
• Driverless Automatic Train operation (ATO)
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Major Applications in Public Transportation
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Travel Demand Modeling & Ridership Forecasting
• Forefront of Big Data & Analytics for many decades!
• Project demographic characteristics for each TAZ
• Project future growth in population, economic activity, travel patterns
• All trips from all households in all zones to all other zones
• Forecasting ridership
• Really Big Data!
Travel Analysis Zones in Baltimore Metro Area
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Train Signal and Control Systems
• Legacy goes back to 19th century!• High-tech, complex process for tracking location of trains,
estimating travel times, etc.• From electro-mechanical to electronic-digital• Automatic Block Signaling (ABS), Cab Signaling System
(CSS), Centralized Traffic Control (CTC), Automatic Train Control (ATC), Communications-Based Train Control (CBTC), Automatic Train Operation (ATO), Positive Train Control (PTC), Driverless ATO
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Route Planning and Scheduling
• Performs routine, tedious tasks — routing, developing timetables, blocking into bus and train schedules, runcutting, and other essential component tasks such as rostering
• Allows schedulers and transit planners to quickly develop many different scheduling scenarios
• Significantly increases operational efficiency
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Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL)
• Based on AVL or train signal/dispatching system
• Big hit with passengers
Passenger Information System
• Uses GPS-based data + Analytics to track both buses and trains
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Automated Fare Collection (AFC)
• Uses ticket vending machines (TVMs)
• Smartcards provide access to all types of transit services across multiple operating agencies and jurisdictions
• AFC Analytics provide details of how passengers are using systems, identify trends, help improve service
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Automated Passenger Counting (APC)
• Informs agency as to how many passengers are boarding-deboarding each vehicle, precisely where this happens
• Data can be used to provide better service and project evolving ridership trends
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Selected System Examples
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Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
• Analytics/Big Data is key element of train operations, passenger services, power delivery, wayside facilities
• Operational analytics includes delay analysis, passenger flow modeling (PFM), system performance analysis
• PFM ensures on-time service, optimizes train schedules (ensuring high customer satisfaction) while constraining service operating costs
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Austin — Capital Metro's MetroRail
• CTC control center uses data radio as primary system, cellular phone system as secondary backup
• GPS currently used mainly as component of passenger information system (with PIDs in stations)
• APC used for gathering passenger statistics plus planning and operations (e.g., adjusting schedules to accommodate passenger flows, changes in traffic demand by time of day)
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Philadelphia — SEPTA Regional Rail
• Wide variety of Analytics/ Big Data functions — operations control, scheduling, AVL, train signaling/dispatching, AFC with TVMs, APC, passenger information with PIDs, etc.
• Passenger information system provides PIDs in some larger stations, plus app providing bus/train status to smartphones
• APC data to be used to adjust scheduled consists and track trips for Job Access and Reverse Commute (JARC) services
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Seattle – Sound Transit's Link, Sounder
• Analytics/ Big Data involved in signaling-control-dispatching; passenger information with online and smartphone train status information and station PIDs; APC; GPS and AVL capabilities; AFC with TVMs in stations
• AFC system uses “seamless” regional, trans-agency ORCA payment card
• Source of Big Data for local transit agencies — information on individual passenger movements throughout region, plus passenger flows at various locations and times of day
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Current Issues and Trends
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Data Mining
• Poor public reputation, mainly because of privacy issues
• But data mining is typically just a computer-based process of discerning patterns in sizable sets of data
• Especially with AFC and APC, opportunities abound to utilize data mining of data flows to analyze operations, passenger behavior, etc.
• Aim: improve services and performance
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Cloud Computing
• Computing resources (hardware/ software) available over a network (e.g., online — Email or blogging software)
• As Big Data and Analytics needs grow, Cloud is a means of getting access to more powerful outside-vendor resources
• Apache Hadoop — NOT a database! Open-source framework for distributed processing needed for data-intensive tasks
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Sentiment Analysis
• Form of data mining applied to textual, verbal information (from Emails, social media, open forums, etc.)
• Attitudes, opinions, intentions, etc. in source materials can be identified and extracted for processing and scrutiny
• Useful to gauge public attitudes toward transit agency's services, attitudes regarding new plans or services, sentiment on a political issue such as a ballot measure
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Security issues
• Concern is magnified with Big Data (far more data to lose)
• Issue has escalated with recent "cyber-attacks" on data and functioning of large institutions
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Privacy Concerns
• Very hot-button issue for general public
• Potential to extract great volumes of Big Data from fare transactions, passenger counts, surveillance of passengers in trains and stations opens opportunity for abuse
• Seattle ORCA card issue — employers could track employees’ use of transit passes!
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Predictive Analytics
• Applies Analytics to current and historical Big Data to develop predictions about future
• Used to evaluate future role of public transit systems, forecast ridership, and suggest need for new transit systems and facilities
• Further benefits include passenger flow modeling (a la BART), other operational projections and simulations
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Robotics
• Automated machines or devices that can replicate human activity or behavior, including operating a vehicle
• Rail transit has led the way with ATO and now driverless trains
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Summing Up
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Rail Public Transportation Leads!
• Legacy of analytical and data-based high technology going back to 19th century
• Rail transit probably has one of the heaviest utilizations of Analytics/Big Data among modern industries
• Continuing to lead with automated systems, robotics, and other leading-edge transportation technologies
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Lyndon Henry
Blog Columnist, Railway Age Magazine
Co-Principal, Urban Rail Today
Technical Consultant , Light Rail Now Project
512.441-3014