Analytic Philosophy
description
Transcript of Analytic Philosophy
![Page 1: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Analytic PhilosophyAnalytic Philosophy
![Page 2: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Logic and the dream of a precise and unambiguous language
• Leibniz and the Characteristica universalis and the Calculus ratiocinator
![Page 3: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gottlob Frege (1848-1925)University of Jena
• Recognized as father of analytic philosophy
• Logicism (reduction of mathematics to pure logic; i.e. no psychologism or intuition)
• Quantification theory
![Page 4: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Frege’s Begriffschrift
![Page 5: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Jena
![Page 6: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Jena
![Page 7: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
C. S. Peirce
• Truth table method• Quantification theory• Theory of relations• Modal logic• 3-valued logic
![Page 10: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Peirce’s existential graphs
![Page 11: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Harvard, Cambridge Mass.
Sever Hall
![Page 12: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)University of Cambridge
• Logicism• Principia Mathematica
1910-13 with Alfred North Whitehead
• 1916 dismissed from Cambridge and imprisoned during Great War for pacifism
![Page 13: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
University of Cambridge
![Page 14: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vienna (Wien) Austria
![Page 15: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Vienna Circle (Der Wiener Kreiss)
• Logical Empiricism/ Logical Positivism
• Mathematics, Modern Symbolic Logic & Natural Sciences (theory of relativity, quantum physics)
• Hume’s relations of ideas & matters of fact
• “When we run over our libraries persuaded of these [empiricist] principles, what havoc must we make? If we take in our hand any volume; of divinity or school metaphysics, for instance; let us ask, Does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or number [math]. No. Does it contain any experimental reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence [natural science]. No. Commit it then to the flames: for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion.” David Hume An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding (1748)
![Page 16: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Moritz Schlick (1882-1936)
• Founder of the Vienna Circle
• Murdered by a former student and Nazi for his Jewish sympathies
• Metaphysics results from a confusion over language; pseudoproblems
![Page 17: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Einstein & Gödel
![Page 18: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Kurt Gödel (1906-78)
• Member, Vienna Circle
• Mathematician, logician
• Completeness proof 1st-order predicate logic; incompleteness theorems -> trouble for the logicist program
![Page 19: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)
![Page 20: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Wittgenstein
• Studied with Russell at Cambridge (1911-13) on Frege’s advice
• Fought for Austria in Great War (1914-18)
• POW in Italy; writes Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
• Some-time member Vienna Circle 20’s
• 1929 return to Cambridge, DPhil for Tractatus
• 1936-37 Norway, writes Philosophical Investigations
• ‘39-Cambridge professor• becomes British citizen (as a Jew
not comfortable in Nazi Austria)• Philosophical puzzles result from
misapplications of our ordinary uses of language
• ‘Language games’; ‘forms of life’; pragmatic approach
![Page 21: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rise of Hitler and the National Socialists1933-1945
![Page 22: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Heidegger (1889-1976)
• Philosophy of Being; Dasein
• Member of Nazi party
• “Highly eccentric in its terminology, his philosophy is extremely obscure. One cannot help suspecting that language here is running riot. An interesting point in his speculations is the insistence that nothingness is something positive. As with much else in Existentialism, this is a psychological observation made to pass for logic.” Russell, Wisdom of the West, 303
![Page 23: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Alfred Jules Ayer (1910-1989)Oxford
• Visit with the Vienna Circle 1932-33
• Language Truth and Logic 1936
• Verifiability theory of meaning (any statement that cannot be verified is meaningless)
![Page 24: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Willard Van Orman Quine (1908-2000)Harvard University
• PhD under Whitehead on PM
• Visit with Vienna Circle 1932-33
• “Two Dogmas of Empiricism”
• “Epistemology naturalized”
![Page 25: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hilary Putnam (1926-)Harvard
• Mathematics, Logic and Philosophy
• Reason, Truth and History 1980
• Critique of ‘metaphysical realism’ (the ‘God’s eye view’)
• ‘Internal realism’ (realism from within a conceptual scheme/language)
![Page 26: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Richard Rorty (1931-2007)Stanford
Major critic of analytic philosophy
Though analytically trained himself
Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature 1980
![Page 27: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Language and the World
• How does language ‘hook onto’ the world?
• Can there be one uniquely true account of reality?
• Or are there multiple accounts/descriptions suitable for distinct purposes? E.g. scientific, spiritual/religious
• Is this relativism? What of objectivity?
![Page 28: Analytic Philosophy](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062322/568147a5550346895db4e204/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Analytic Philosophy Today