Analysis ofWork StoppagesDuring 1951

Bulletin No. 10 9 0 favEr op.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR V.\

Letter of Transmittal

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR,Bureau of Labor Statistics,Washington, D. C., June 4, 1952,

The Secretary of Labor:

I have the honor to transmit herewith a report on work stoppages during the year1951. A portion of this report was printed in the Monthly Labor Review for May 1952.

This bulletin was prepared by Ann J. Herlihy, Bernard Yabroff, and Daniel P.Willis, Jr., with the assistance of other members of the staff of the Bureau's Division ofWages and Industrial Relations, under the direction of Lily Mary David.

The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the widespread cooperation of employers, unions,the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishinginformation needed for this report.

EWAN CLAGUE, Commissioner.

Hon. Maurice J. Tobin,Secretary of Labor.

Contents

Age

Introduction 1WSB-certified disputes 1"National emergency" disputes 3Monthly trend - leading stoppages 4Major issues involved 6Industries affected 7States involved 7Cities involved 7Unions involve4 7Dispute status - before and at time of stoppage 7Size of stoppages 8Duration of stoppages 8Methods of terminating stoppages 9Disposition of issues 9

Tables

Work stoppages in the United States, 1916-1951 10Work stoppages involving 10;000 or more workers, in selected periods 11Monthly trends in work stoppages, 1950 and 1951 11Major issues involved in work stoppages in 1951 12Work stoppages by industry group, 1951 13Work stoppages by State, 1951 14Work stoppages in selected cities, 1951 15Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1951 16Work stoppages classified by number of workers involved, 1951 16Work stoppages by number of establishMents involved, 1951 16work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers beginning in 1951 17Duration of work stoppages ending in 1951 . 19Method of terminating work stoppages ending in 1951• 19Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1951 19

Appendix A

Table A. Work stoppages in 1951, by specific industry 20Table B. Work stoppages in 1951, by industry group and major issues 22Table C. Work stoppages in 1951 in States which had 25 or more stoppages during

the year, by industry group

Appendix B

Methods of collecting strike statistics 29

Analysis of Work Stoppages During 1951

Introduction

No long Nation-wide or industrywidestrikes occurred during 1951, and, in general,stoppages in 1951 were somewhat shorter thanin earlier postwar years. Consequently, totalidleness caused by such stoppages dropped to22,900,000 man-days - the lowest point since1944. Average strike duration during the yearwas 17.4 days, compared with 21.8 to 25.6days during the years 1946-49 and 19.2 daysin 1950.

The 4,737 1/ work stoppages beginning in1951 were only slightly fewer than the 4,843recorded in 1950. The number of strikesrecorded in 1951 has been exceeded in only 5years (1937, 1944,46, and 1950) since 1916.However, total workers involved in 1951 stop-pages - 2,220,000 - was lower than inmostother years since WorldWarII. (See table 1.)

Nineteen stoppages in which 10,000 ormore workers took part began in 1951 (table2). The corresponding number in earlier post-war years ranged from 15 to 31. These stop-pages in 1951 directly idled approximatelyhalf a million workers and accounted for al-most 6 million man-days of idleness - a fifthof the total number of workers and a fourthof man-days of idleness involved in strikesof all sizes. These proportions were well be-low comparable figures for any earlier post-war year when the large stoppages accountedfor at least half of the man-days of idlenessin all strikes and lock-outs.

Organized labor's demands for increasedwages and related benefits were the predomiynant causes of strikes in 1951, as in 1950.However, the restraints established by Federalwage stabilization policies, as in World WarII, caused a shift from demands for higherwage rates to demands for "fringe" adjustments

(e.g. vacation and holiday pay, shift differ-entials, and overtime pay). In 1950, 462stoppages (9.5 percent of all strikes) ccurredover these. issues; in -1951, 647 stoppages(13.7 percent of the total) were in thisgroup. The number of workers involved alsoincreased from 245,000 to 383,000. Pensionsand/or social-inaurance proposals, which wereimportant strike issues during 1949 and thefirst 6 months of 1950, caused only a minorproportion of total strike activity in 1951.

WSB --Certified Disputes

The Wage Stabilization Board was. givenlimited jurisdiction in labor disputes byExecutive Order 10233 issued by the Presidenton April 21, 1951. The Board was authorizedto investigate; and recommend settlement inany dispute which was not resolved by col-lective bargaining or by the prior full useof mediation and conciliation facilities, andwhich threatened to interrupt work affectingthe national defense where (1) the partiesjointly agreed to submit the dispute to theBoard; or (2) the President was of the opinionthat the dispute substantially threatened theprogress of national defense and referred itto the Board. Binding decisions were author-ized only if agreed upon by the parties inadvance.

During 1951, the President certified tothe Board five important labor disputes inwhich there had been work stoppages: AmericanSmelting and Refining Co. and the UnitedSteelworkers (CIO); copper and other non-ferrous metals companies and the Mine, Milland Smelter Workers (Ind.); and Borg-WarnerCorp., Douglas Aircraft Co., and Wright Aero-nautical Corp. each with the United AutomobileWorkers (010). 2,/

American Smelting and Refining Co. Astrike, called on July 2 by the United Steel-workers of America (CIO) at the Garfield,

J,/ All known work stoppages arising outof labor-management disputes, involving sixor more workers and continuing a full day orshift or longer are included in this report. g/ Three threatened strikes were averted

2

Utah, plant of the American Smelting and Re-fining Company, idled about 1,300 workers en-gaged in refining copper and producing sul-phuric acid, both important for defense pro-duction. It involved union proposals for anew contract providing a general wage increase,a job evaluation program, a union shop, andother benefits.

Workers returned to their jobs after thePresident certified the dispute to the WSB onJuly 26. Initial recommendations by the Boardfor settlement of the dispute were acceptedby the parties in September. The Board recom-mended an 8-cent hourly wage increase andsuggested that the other issues be resolvedthrough collective bargaining. Subsequentlyall issues were settled through negotiationexcept the amount of increment between 19labor grades established by the parties. Inaccordance with the parties' joint requestthat it resolve the remaining issue, theBoard, on October 19, recommended an incre-ment of 3t cents an hour. The total estimatedaverage increase amounted to 10 cents an hour.

Conner and other Nonferrous-Metals Com-panies. Mining, milling, smelting, and re-fining of copper and other nonferrous metalswere seriously affected by an industry-widestrike by the International Union of Mine,Mill and Smelter Workers (Ind.) beginning onAugust 27. Workers affiliated with severalAFL unions and two independent railroadbrotherhoods were also concerned with thedisputed issues but did not directly partici-pate in the strike. Approximately 40;000workers were made idle as a result of the dis-pute over the unions' proposals involvingwages, pensions, and other benefits.

The dispute was certified to the WSB onthe first day of the walk-out. When unionleaders rejected the Board's request forare-turn to work, the President invoked thenational emergency strike procedures of theLabor Management Relations (Taft-Hartley) Actand appointed a board of inquiry to report onthe issues.

The dispute was partly settled the nextday (August 31) when the Kennecott Copper

urvant nroducer in the industry_

The board of inquiry reported on Sep-tember 4 that, notwithstanding the Kennecottresumption of work, the continuation of thestrike was causing or aggravating criticalshortages of materials vital to both the de-fense program and the civilian economy.Accordingly, the President directed the At-torney General to seek a court injunction tohalt the strike. A temporary court restrain-ing order was issued on September 5 orderingan immediate resumption of work and directingthe companies involved in the dispute to be-gin immediate collective bargaining with theiremployees. Most of the workers returned totheir jobs by September 7.

Agreements closely similar to theKennecott settlement were subsequently reachedwith the Phelps Dodge Corp. and the AmericanSmelting & Refining Co. several weeks afterthe strike ended. By early November, con-tracts had also been negotiated with the Ana-conda Copper Mining Co. and virtually all ofthe smaller firms involved in the dispute. 1/

Bore-Werner. A 4-week strike at theBorg-Warner Corp., beginning on October 9,idled approximately 6,500 workers in plantsin 5 States. The principal issue was a pro-posal by the United Automobile Workers (CIO)for the negotiation of a corporation-wideagreement providing wage increases, insurance,hospitalization, peniion, and other benefitsto replace existing individual plant con-tracts. In his certification of the disputeto the WSB on October 10, the President de-clared the strike to be a substantial threatto defense production. However, the unionurged the President to reconsider the certi-fication. It rejected the Board's request fortermination of the strike, claiming that onlya minor portion of the company's output in-volved military items. The President rejectedthe union's appeal. Following a second re-quest by the Board for a resumption of pro-duction, workers approved a recommendation ofthe union's policy committee for a "recess"of the strike, pending consideration of theissues by the Board. By November 5, most ofthe workers had returned to their jobs.

1/ General wage increases and job-rate re-visions provided in the Kennecott, PhelpsDodge, and Anaconda agreements were approvedby the WSB in December 1951_ thus setting the

-3-Aircraft Companies. A strike called by

the United Automobile Workers (CIO) at theLong Beach, Calif., plant of the Douglas Air-craft Co., 4/ manufacturer of military trans-port planes, caused idleness of approximately10,000 production and maintenance workers be-ginning September 5. The union's new contractproposals included a general wage increase,part of which was to be retroactive, a unionshop, a company-financed pension plan, andother benefits.

Starting September 26, about 10,000 UAWproduction workers also walked out at the WoodRidge and Garfield, N. J., jet engine plantsof the Wright Aeronautical Corp. Major issuesincluded a general wage increase, a pensionplan, an improved social-insurance "package,"and increased vacation pay. An additionalseveral thousand UAW white-collar members ob-served picket lines.

The disputes were certified by the Presi-dent to the WSB on October 12. Workers votedon October 18 to return to their jobs follow-ing a recommendation by the union that. thestrikes be "recessed" pending the Board'sconsideration of the disputes.

In the Douglas dispute, the Board inFebruary 1952, recommended wage adjustmentsaveraging 25 cents an hour and retroactive inpart, a cost-of-living escalator clause agreedupon by the, parties, and other benefits.Action on the question of a union shop, oneof the principal issues in the dispute, waspostponed for later consideration. Terms forsettlement of the Wright dispute were recom-mended by the Board in March 1952. On thequestion of hourly wages, it recommended ageneral increase of 12 cents and, in addition,adjustments in the top four labor grades aver,aging 2.4 cents for all employees.

"National Emergency" Disputes 5/

The national emergency strike provisionsof the Labor Management Relations Act were

4/ The company's three plants at LongBeach, Santa Monica, and El Segundo were alsoaffected by strike idleness of some 300 mem-bers of the United Aircraft Welders' Union

invoked only once during 1951, 6/ in connec-tion with the Nation-wide strike affectingcopper and other nonferrous metals companies(described under WSB-certified disputes, page2).

In the railroad industry, a strike by theBrotherhood of Railroad Trainmen (Ind.) idledapproximately 70,000 workers early in 1951.In the background of the controversy werenegotiations that began in 1949 2/ and in-volved proposals by the Trainmen and otherunions of operating employees for the estab-lishment of a 40-hour workweek at 48 hours'pay for yardmen as well as changes in workrules. The protracted negotiations had beenaccompanied by the unions' rejection of emer-gency board recommendations for settlement ofthe dispute, and by the seizure of the rail-roads by the Government on August 27, 1950,to avert a country-wide strike threatened bythe Trainmen and Conductors. Unrest over thelong-deferred settlement led to scatteredbrief walk-outs by the Trainmen in mid-Decem-ber 1950. Renewed mediation efforts resultedin a tentative agreement on December 21 withrepredentatives of the Trainmen, Conductors,Engineers, and Firemen and Enginemen but itwas rejected by the unions' general chairmen.

The dispute flared again in 1951 whenseveral thousand yard members of the Train-men's union reported sick and did not reportfor duty in several eastern and midwesterncities on January 30. The unauthorized strikespread to other key railroad centers and byFebruary 3 it had reached Nation-wide pro-portions. As the strike continued, the FederalGovernment obtained court orders requiringthe union to show cause why it should not beruled in contempt of court-restraining ordersissued during the December 1950 strike. /Appeals for an end to the strike by PresidentTruman, the union's president, and the Direc-tor of Defense Mobilization were followed onFebruary 6 by the start of a back-to-workmovement in several eastern cities. However,the walk-out continued elsewhere and spreadto additional cities.

6/ In 1950, the emergency provisions wereutilized in the prolonged 1949-50 bituminous-coal dispute. There was no resort to this

10/0. ir. 10/0 4+ .o. esv,

1925 1930 1940 19451916 1920 1935

MILLIONS120

100

80

0 , . . , .. , , . . . , . . . . • . . . . , . . . . .

1916 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1961

MILLIONS 805

4

3

2

0

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABORBUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

01951 1927 1930

MAN-DAYS IDLE

195119401935 1945

40

20

WORKERS INVOLVED

---.1\14A1\,„ ....111.1 III

- 4 -

Cheri 1. Trends in Work Sioppages

On February 8, the Army issued an order,authorized by President Truman, directing allstriking railroad workers to return to theirjobs by 4 p.m. on February 10 under penaltyof dismissal, with consequent loss of allseniority rights. The action was taken on theground that "interference, with essentialmilitary and civilian railroad transportation. . . is intolerable in an emergency." Pend-ing the negotiation of a final settlement,the directive also provided interim hourlywage increases of 121 cents for yardmen andyardmasters and 5 cents for road-service em-ployees represented by the four operatingunions, retroactive to October 1, 1950. Theworkers complied with the order and negoti-ations were resumed. 2/

2/ A settlement reached on May 25, 1951,provided over-all hourly wage increases of 33cents for yardmen and 181 cents for road-ser-vice employees, including the interim hourlywage adjustments ordered by the Army's direo.,tive of February 8. Agreement was reached,in principle, on a 40-hour workweek for yard-men, but its inauguration was deferred untilafter January 1, 1952, because of manpowershortages."The parties further agreed to sub-mit two controversial work rules to arbitra-

Monthly Trend—Leading Stoppages

The year began with 151 stoppages con-tinuing from earlier years. Inasmuch as thesewere generally small, and localized, theyaccounted for a very small percentage of thetotal man-days of idleness in 1951.

The 1,144 new strikes beginning in thefirst 3 months of 1951 is the highest numberever recorded for comparable quarters in pre-vious years. Man-days of idleness in the firstquarter, however, were only a third as numerousas in the first 3 months of 1950 when an in-dustry-wide coal strike and the protractedChrysler strike were in progress.

Strike activity in the second quarter of1951 increased slightly in terms of number ofnew strikes and man-days of idleness, comparedwith the first quarter totals. Only threelarge strikes occurred in the second quarter,of which the protracted cotton and rayon tex-tile stoppage in the South accounted for al-most a fourth of all strike idleness duringthis period.

Strike incidence and, idleness rose tothe highest levels in the third quarter of the

OMIT.. {TAUS DIPAITIWIT Of LABOR.SURSAY or LASO• STATISTICS

5

Chart 2. Work Stoppages, by Percent of Year's StoppagesBeginning Each Month

The only major strike that began inJanuary involved 70,000 railroad workers a-cross the Nation (see page 3). It involvedmore workers than any other stoppage duringthe year.

The leading stoppage beginning in Febru-ary involved 48,000 employees of woolen andworsted mills in 11 Eastern States. It beganFebruary 16 after wage negotiations betweenthe American Woolen Co. and the Textile Work-era Union (CIO) became deadlocked. A partialsettlement was reached on March 13 when theunion and the company agreed on a 1-year con-tract providing for a 12-cent hourly wage in-crease, an escalator clause, severance pay,and increased insurance benefits. Other com-panies involved in the stoppage generallyaccepted this pattern of settlement. A majority of the struck mills reopened March 19,but some did not reopen until late March orApril.

Two other large stoppages that began in

Brief strikes involving 10,500 workersat textile mills in Fall River,'Mass., andvicinity, and 14,000 Westinghouse ElectricCorp. employees at East Pittsburgh, Pa., werethe largest beginning in March. A wage dis-pute led to the 2-day textile strike. Thesuspension of a union steward for alleged in-subordination caused the 5-day WestinghouseCorp. stoppage.

The strike involving 40,000 workers re-presented by the Textile Workers Union (CIO)began on April 1 at cotton and rayon mills in7 Southeastern States as the result of a wagedispute. The policy committee of the union,on May 5, recommended termination of thestoppage in compliance with a request fromthe director of the Federal Mediation andConciliation Service. By mid-May, a majorityof the workers had returned to their jobs;others resumed work during late May, June,and July.

About 21,000 garment workers, members ofthe International Ladies' Garment WorkersUnion (AFL) in New York, New Jersey, Con-nectieut, and eastern Pennsylvania, stoppedwork for 2 days in June. Work was resumed onJune 14, after an agreement was reached on"equitable distribution" of work among con-tract shops in New York and nearby areas;conversion from weekly wages to piece ratesin some "section-work" shops; increased mini-mum wage scales to reflect actual rates beingpaid; and increased health and vacation bene-fits.

An 11-day strike in June idled approxi-mately 15,000 maritime workers on the East,West, and Gulf Coasts. Three CIO maritimeunions - the National Maritime Union, MarineEngineers' Beneficial Association, and Ameri-can Radio Association - called this strike toenforce their demands for wage increases anda shorter basic workweek. Only dry cargovessels carrying nondefense materials wereaffected.

In late July, 24,000 Caterpillar TractorCo. employees at East Peoria, Ill., began astrike to support their wage demands. Thisstoppage continued until the end of September,when members of the United Automobile Workerstrrml 4.4 ----- -1 4 -----

-6-

The only major strike beginning in Augustinvolved about 40,000 employees of copper andother nonferrous metal mines, mills, andsmelters. (See WSB - certified disputes,page 2.)

The two largest September strikes in-volved 10,000 Douglas Aircraft Co. employeesin California and 13,000 workers in the Gar.-field and Wood Ridge, N. J., plants of WrightAeronautical Corp. (See WSB - certified dis-putes, page 3.)

The largest of the four major stoppagesin October lasted 21 days and involved 25,000employees of the Tennessee Coal, Iron & Rail-road Co. in the Birmingham, Ala., area. Inthis wildcat strike members of the UnitedSteelworkers (CIO) protested the lay-off of"extra men." In another October strike, steelproduction was also affected by an 8-daystoppage of 14,500 employees of the InlandSteel Co. at East Chicago, Ind. It ended withan agreement to submit an incentive-pay dis-pute to arbitration.

A longshoremen's strike that started inOctober in the New York-New Jersey and Bostonports disrupted shipping on the East Coast.It was called by several insurgent localsafter they had refused to ratify a 2-year con-tract reached earlyinthe month by the International Longshoremen's Union (AFL) and ship-ping and stevedoring firms. On November 9, amajority of the 17,000 striking longshoremenreturned to their jobs at the request of aBoard of Inquiry appointed by the New YorkState Industrial Commissioner.

The shortest large strike of the yearwas a 1-day stoppage in October by 14,000 em-ployees of milk dealers in New York City, NewJersey, and Connecticut. It was settled whenthe. International Brotherhood of Teamsters,Chauffeurs and Warehousemen (AFL) and the ern,ployere agreed on a $10-a-week wage increaseand a2-cent hourly increase in the employers'contribution to a welfare trust fund.

None of the strikes that began in Novem-ber or December involved as many as 10,000workers, and none of the large strikes thatbegan in prior months continued into December.

accounting for over half of all workers in-volved and more than 60 percent of the totalstrike idleness. (See table 4.)

The number of stoppages in which pensionsand/or insurance matters (either alone or com-bined with important wage demands) were pri-mary issues dropped from 365 in 1950 to 104in 1951. Although these issues accounted foronly a minor proportion of the total number ofworkers involved and total man-days idle,they were important in the stoppage affectingsome 40,000 workers in the nonferrous metalsindustry in August, and in the . brief stoppageof some 10,500 textile workers in March. Allother strikes in which pension and/Or socialinsurance plans were of major importance in-volved fewer than 5,000 workers.

Disputes over such working conditions asjob security, shop conditions. and policies,and work load caused about 28 percent of allstrikes, the largest proportion in the past 6years. They accounted for about a third ofall workers involved and a fifth of totalstrike idleness. Among the largest of thesestrikes were brief stoppages involving WestVirginia coal miners in February; WestinghouseElectric Corp. workers in March; and Jones &Laughlin Corp. and Chrysler Corp. employeesin July.

Union recognition and other union,security questions were primary issues inapproximately 15 percent of the stoppages andwere important, along with wage issues, inanother 4 percent. No large stoppages in-volved these issues.

As in most years of the preceding 2 de-cades, jurisdictional, union-rivalry, andsympathy, strikes accounted for a comparative-ly small proportion of strike activity in1951 - about 7 percent of strikes, 6 percentof workers involved, and 4 percent of idle-ness.

Average duration of stoppages variedaccording to issue. Stoppages over combinedissues of wages and union-organization matterstended to be longest, averaging 30.2 calendardays compared with 26 in 1950, and 44 in 1949.Those over union-organization matters alonehad an average duration of 22.1 days, a slightincrease over the 20 days in 1950, but con-siderably less than the 29 days in 1949. Workstonowes over wazes and related issues lasted

-7-

Industries Affected

Textiles had the moat idleness of anyindustry group in 1951 (table 5). The year'stwo longest large strikes were in textiles;they accounted for about 70 percent of thetotal of 3,490,000 man-days of idleness inthis industry group.

Machinery, except electrical, had atotal of 3,370,000 man-days of idleness. Morethan a 'third of this idleneis was caused bythe prolonged stoppages at the CaterpillarTractor Co., and the Brown & Sharpe Manufac-turing Co. The September stoppages at theDouglas Aircraft Co., and the Wright Aero-nautical Corp., and the prolonged stoppage of2,500 workers at the Mobile yard of the Ala-bama Drydock & Shipbuilding Co., caused morethan a.quarter of the total idleness of2,600,000 man-days, recorded in the trans-portation-equipment group.

Six other industry groups had more than1,000,000 man-days idle: primary metal indus-tries; fabricated metal products; electricalmachinery, equipment and supplies; mining;construction; and transportation, communica-tion, and other public utilities. At least 1major stoppage, involving 10,000 workers ormore, occurred in each of these groups exceptconstruction. In the construction and public-utility groups, strike idleness accounted forless than two-tenths of 1 percent of totalworking time.

The construction industry led all othergroups in number of stoppages - 651 - and thusexceeded the previous peak of 615 recorded in1949. There were 622. strikes in the miningindustry in 1951, compared with 508 recordedin 1950, and 476 in 1949.

Cities Involved

Ten or more work stoppages occurred ineach of 74 cities in 1951 (table 7). Thesecities accounted for about two-fifths of allstoppages (2,012) and more than a third ofall workers involved (800,0(0) and man-daysof idleness (8,500,000) in the country as awhole.

In general, the largest, most indus-trialized cities had the most strikes. Only 2cities experienced more than 100 stoppagesduring the year - New York had 329 stoppages(the same number as in 1950) and Detroit 161.Only 6 other cities had as many as 50 stop-pages - Philadelphia (67), Los Angeles (62),Chicago (59), Akron (58), Pittsburgh (57), andSt. Louis (56).

Detroit strikes accounted for the largestnumber of workers involved (122,000) and man-days of idleness (945,000).' New York camenext with 84,000 workers and 883,000 man-daysof idleness. Chicago was the only other citywith more than half a million man-days ofidleness.

Unions Involved

Unions affiliated with the AFL accountedfor almost half the strikes (table 8) in 1951and between a fourth and a third of the work-ers and man-days of idleness. CIO affiliateswere involved in stoppages accounting forabout half of all the workers and man-days of .idleness but less than a third of the numberof stoppages. Unaffiliated unions took partin about a fifth of the stoppages and workers,but only an eighth of the total idleness re-sulted from these stoppages.

States Involved

More than a million man-days of strikeidleness occurred in each of nine States. Mostof these Were the leading industrializedStates of the country. The two large stop-neuron of Tanneinnao Cnnl Trnn k Rnilrnnti On_

Dispute Status—Before and at Time of Stoppage

In less than a fifth of the 1951 caseswas there resort to services of Federal,State, and local mediation agencies or ofother neutral parties before work stoppages

A-1- ---21-,1_

8

weeks. About a fifth of the stoppages, in-volving 29 percent of the workers, followed

disputes that had existed for more than 2months:

Length of disputebefore stoop:we

Al228SOMNumber Percent

Workers involved,Number Percent

1 day or less 341 18.1 144,095 72.5More than 1 day but

less than f month 589 31.2 306,214 26.6*month and less

than 2 months 416 22.1 176,133 15.32 months (60 days) 169 9.0 189,950 16.5More than 2 months 369 19.6 334,948 29.1

Total 1,884 100.0 1,151,340 100.0

Information regarding the status of thecontract at the time of the stoppage was fur-nished in about four-fifths of the cases.More than half the stoppages for which datawere available occurred when contracts werein effect, whereas two-fifths took place whereno contract existed or where previous con-tracts had expired. In another 5 percent ofthe cases the parties disagreed as to whethercontracts were in effect when the stoppagesoccurred. UV'

Disagreement over unsettled grievanceswas the largest single cause of stoppagesoccurring while contracts were in effect.Others were caused by attempts to alter pro-visions of current contracts or, with con-tract terms nearing expitation, disagreementover new provisions. Most of the stoppages,occurring when no contract was in effect, in-volved either attempts to obtain union recog-nition, or a contract for the first time, ordisagreement over new contract provisions toreplace recently expired agreements.

Size of Stoppages

About half (2,306) the year's stoppagesinvolved fewer than 100 workers each. Theseaccounted for only 4 percent of the totalnumber of workers involved, however, and 5.5percent of total strike idleness (table 9).Stoppages involving 1,000 or more workers

(415) comprised less than a tenth of all stop-pages and accounted for about two-thirds ofthe workers involved and man-days idle, res-pectively. The 19 largest, each involving10,000 or more workers, accounted for about afifth of the workers and 25 percent of strikeidleness during the year. Information on the19 major disputes is presented in table 11.

As in previous years, by far the largestnumber of stoppages beginning in 1951 (80 per-cent) affected a single plant or establish-ment. These stoppages included 55 percent ofthe total number of workers involved andaccounted for about half the strike idleness(table 10). Only 5 percent (250) of the stop-pages extended to more than.10 establiahments,but these were responsible for nearly a thirdof the total workers involved and a similarproportion of the year's strike idleness.

Duration of Stoppages

The average work stoppage ending in 1951lasted 17.4 calendar days, adecrease from the19.2 day average in 1950. About half thestoppages continued for less than a week -most of them only 1 to 3 days (table 12).These brief stoppages included almost halfthe total workers idle but, because they wererelatively short, accounted for only 10 per-cent of the total man-days idle. On the otherhand, two-thirds of the total idleness re-sulted from the 15.5 percent of the stoppagesthat lasted fOr a month or more. Approxi-

t? '„zr.,Loss thanI rook

I week and Insthan I month

OF LABORUNITED STATES DC BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

0. -

PERCENT OF TOTAL WORK STOPPAGES20 40 60

el"

;le/ //,/, w//

. /7/, /1942-44

1949

1950

1951

- 9 -

Chart 3. Duration of Work Stoppages, Averages for Selected Periods

Stoppages in manufacturing industrieswere slightly longer than strikes in nonmantr.featuring. About a fifth of the manufactur-ing stoppages compared with approximately aneighth of the strikes in the nonmanufacturingindustries-lasted a month or more. Stoppagescontinuing at least a week but less than amonth accounted for about a third of the totalstrikes in both groups. Less than half of thestrikes in manufacturing but more than halfof the stoppages in nonmanufacturing indus-tries lasted less than a week.

Methods of Terminating Stoppages

Direct negotiations between employersand workers or their representatives, withoutthe participation of any outside •gency,served as the basis for termination of 51 per-cent of all stoppages ending in 1951, com-pared with approximately 55 percent in 1950

and 1949 (table 13). However, these directlynegotiated settlements included only a thirdof all workers involved and about a fifth oftotal idleness.

Government mediation and conciliationagencies helped to terminate about 25 percentof the stoppages - about the same proportionas in 1950 and 1949 but well below the pro-

' portions from 1940 to 1948 (ranging from 30.5to 70 percent). Because Government repre-sentatives intervene more frequently in thelarger and more prolonged stoppages, stoppagesin 1951 concluded with such help includedmore than a third of all workers and three-fifths of total idleness.

About 21 percent of all stoppages, in-volvingasimilar proportion of workers, endedwithout formal settlement (either settlementof the issues or agreement to negotiatefurther after resumption of work). This groupincluded "lost" strikes in which workerseither returned without settlement . or soughtother employment because their cause appearedhopeless. Establishments in a small numberof cases (47) reported the discontinuance ofbusiness.

Disposition of Issues

As in 1950, the issues in dispute weresettled or disposed of before work was resumedafter most 1951 stoppages (table 14). Thisgroup accounted for 65 percent of the workersand 75 percent of the idleness. In a majorityof these cases agreement was reached on theissues or on their referral to establishedgrievance procedure. In a minority of in-stances, however, the strikers returned towork without agreement on the issues or pro-vision for their subsequent adjustment. In 16percent of the disputes the parties agreed toresume work while continuing their negoti-ations. An additional 7 percent were termi-nated by an understanding to negotiate withthe aid of a third party, to submit the dis-pute to arbitration, or to refer the unsettledissues to an appropriate government agencyfor decision or election.

10 -

TAMS 1. --Work stoppages in the United States. 1916-1951

Work stoppages Workers involved lj Man-days idle

YearNumber

Averageduration( calendarWs) g/

Number(thousands) jj

Percentof totalemployed lij

imahor(thousands)

Percent ofestimated

workingtime of allworkers 5j

Perworkerinvolved

1916 1917

3.7894,450 )

)1,6001.230

8.46.3

) ( ) ))

1918 1919 1920

3.3533,6303.411

))

1,2404.1601,460

6.220.87.2

))))))( I /1

)))

1921 2,3851.112

) 1,100 6.4

)

)1922 )

211

1.610 8.71923 1924 1925 1926 1927

1,249

1.035

1.553

1,301

707

)) 428

757655

330

3.53.12.01.51.4

)26.200

()0.37

( 1( )

)

1928 604 27.6

330

314 1.3 12,600 .17

79.5

40.21929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939

921637810841

1,6951,8562,0142,1724.7402.7722,613

22.622.318.819.616.919.523.823.320.323.623.4

289183342324

1.1701,4701,120

7891,860

6881,170

1.2.8

1.61.86.37.25.23.17.22.84.7

5.3503.3206,890

10,50o16,90019.60015,50013,90028,4009,150

17.800

.07

.05

.11

.23

.36-38.29.21.43.15.28

18.518.120.232.414.413.413.817.615.313.315.2

1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948

2,5084288,2,9683,7524,9564.7504.903,6933,419

20.918.311.75.05.69.9

24.225.621.8

5772.360

8401.9802,1203.4704.6002.170I.96o

2.38.42.86.97.012.214.56.55.5

6.70023,0004,18013.5008.72038,000

116,00034,60034,1oo

.10

.32

.05

.15

.09

.471.43

.4 3.

.37

11.69.85.06.84.111.025.215.917.4

1949 3.606 22.5 3.032 9.0 50.500 .59 16.7 1950 jj 4.243 19.2 2.1112 6.9 38.800 .414 16.11951 4.737 17.4 2,220 5.5 22,900 .23 10.3

/ Information on the number of workers involved in some strikes occurring between 1916 and 1926 is not available.However, the missing information is for the smaller disputes, and it is believed that the totals given here are fairlyaccurate.

J Figures are simple averages; each strike is given equal weight regardless of its size..3./ Figures include duplicate counting where workers were involved in more than one stoppage during the year. This is

particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to 400,000 miners were out on 3 distinct occasions, thus accounting for1,150,000 of a total of 3,030,000 workers.

kj *Total employed workers': For 1927-1950 refers to all workers (based on nonagricultural emplament reported by theHarems) except those in occupations and professions in which there is little if any union organisation or in which strikesrarely.if ever occur. In most industries, it includes all wage and salary workers except those in executive, managerial,or high supervisory positions, or those performing professional work the nature of which makes union organisation orgroup action unlikely. It excludes all self-employed, domestic workers, workers on farms employing fewer than 6 persons,all Federal and State government employees, and the officials, both elected and appointed, in local governments.

Ia 1951, the concept of 'total employed workers" was Changed to coincide with the Harem's figures of non-agricul-tural employaent, excluding Government, but not excluding workers in certain occupational groups as in earlier years.ma.*. ahaw that the verosstage of total idleness computed on the basis of these new figures usually differs by less than

-U-

Sable 2. --Work stoppages involving 10,000 or ,tore workers, in selected periods

Period

Stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers

NumberPercentof total

forperiod

Workers involved Man-days idle

Number 1/

Percentof total

forperiod

Number

Percentof total

forperiod

1935-39 average1941 1946 1947 1948 1949 195o 1951

1129311520la,2219

0.4.7.6

.6

.5

.5

365.0001.070.0002,920,0001,030,000

870,0001,920.000

738,000457,000

32.445.363.647. 54)4.563.230.720.6

5,290,0009,340,000

66,400.00017,700,00018,900,00034,9oo,00021,700,0005.680.000

31.240.557.251.255.369.o56.o24.8

1/ Nolber of workers includes duplicate counting where workers were involved in more than 1 stoppage during the year.This is particularly significant for 1949 when 365,000 to Imo.= miners ware ont on 3 'operate occasions; they comprised1,150,000 of the total of 3,030,000 workers for the country as a whole (Table 1).

Table 3. ...aptISKT trends in work stoppages, 1950 and 1951

Mouth

Number ofstoppages

Workers involvedin stoppages

Man-days idleduring month

Beginningin

month

Ineffectdaringmonth

Beginningin

month(thousands)

In effect durint monthNumber .(thousands)

Percent ofestimated

timewor

okfing

allworkers /

Numberands)(thousands)

Percentof

totalemployed 1/

1950

January 248 368 170.0 305.0 0.93 2,730 0.40Tebruary 206 358 56.5 527.0 1.63 8,590 1.39March 298 453 85.2 566.0 1.71 3,870 .51April hal 605 159.0 294.0 .ss 3,280 .49May 485 723 354.0 508.0 1.49 3.270 .44June 483 768 278.0 373.0 1.07 2,630 .34July 463 732 224.0 389.0 1.11 2,75o .39August 635 918 346.0 441.0 1.22 2,660 .32September 521 820 270.0 450.0 1.23 3,510 .48October 550 801 197.0 330.0 .90 2,590 .32November 329 605 200.0 308.0 .84 2,050 .27December 218 423 61.1 114.0 .31 912 .12

1951

January 442 593. 237.0 260.0 .66 1,270 .15Pebruery 347 548 186.o 322.0 .82 1,94o .26March 355 537 120.0 230.0 .58 1.710 .20April 367 540 163.0 222.0 .56 1,890 .23May 440 621 166.0 249.0 .62 1,820 .21June 396 615 194.0 261.0 .65 1,800 .21July 450 644 284.0 345.0 .86 1,880 .22August 505 727 213.0 314.0 .78 2.640 .28September 457 693 215.0 340.0 .84 2,540 .33MGM... 41g7 700 ohs n :Cm A on 0 70A AA

-12-

TABLE 4..-Major issues involved in work stoppages in 1951

Major issues

Work stoppages beginningin 1951

Man-days idleduring 1951

(all stoppages)

NumberPercent

oftotal

Workers involved

/lumberPercent

oftotal

NumberPercent

oftotal

All tunes 4.737 100.0 2,220,000 100.0 22,900,000 100.0

Wages, hours, end fringe benefits li 2,102 44.4 1,180,000 53.2 14.300,000 62.5Wage increase 1,291 27.2 586,000 26.4 10,100,000 44.oWage decrease 13 .3 3.990 .2 43,800 .2Wage increase, hour decrease 42 .9 116,000 5.2 674,000 .9Hour increase 5 .1 1,970 .1 4,590 LW)Wage increase, pension and/or social

insurance benefits 85 1.8 82,300 3.7 1,190,000 5.2Pension and/or social insurance benefits 19 .4 5.790, .3 96,700 .4Other 647 13.7 383.000 17.3 2,240,000 9.8

Union organisation, wages, hours, and fringebenefits / 206 4.3 53.000 2.4 1,840,000 8.0.

Recognition, wages and/or hours 140 2.9 13,100 .6 424,000 1.9Strengthening bargaining position, wagesend/or hours 25 .5 19,500 .9 1,010,000 4.4

Closed or union shop, wages and/or hours 36 .8 19,700 .9 395,0o0 !.lDiscrimination, wages and/or hours 3 .1 640 (V) 2.640 L4/)Other 2 (2/) 100 (ii) 2,860 (J)

Union organization 682 14.4 82,600 3.7 1,620,000 7.1

Recognition 483 10.2 34.800 1.5 659,000 2.9Strengthening bargaining position 60 1.3 12,500 .6 355,00o 1.6Closed or union shop 56 1.2 11,000 .5 274,000 1.2Discrinination 49 1.0 6,030 .3 93,400 .4Other 34 .7 18,100 .8 237,000 1.0

Other working conditions 1,542 28.3 761,000 34.3 4.180,000 18.2

Job security 675 14.3 354,000 15.9 2,000,000 8.6Shop conditions and policies 547 11.5 245,000 11.1 1,170,000 5.1Work load 87 1.8 111,000 5.0 820,000 3.6Other 33 .7 51,100 2.3' 201,000 .9

Interunion or intraunion natters 326 6.9 132,000 5.9 894,000 3.9

Sympathy 78 1.6 32,900' 1.5 167,000 .7Union rivalry or factionalism 64 1.4 28,900 1.3 426,000 1.8Jurisdiction 176 3.7 63,300 2.8 289,000Union regulations 3 .1 120 (V) 380 ti,)Other 5 .1 6,590 .3 12,400 .1

Not reported 79 1.7 10,900 .5 63,200 .3

lj "Triage benefits" has been added to the title only for purposes of clarification. There has been no change fromprevious years in definition or content of these groups. This change applies to all tables in which major isms are pre.seated.

J Less than a tenth of 1 percent.

I '

- 3.3-

TABLE 5.--Work stoppages by industry group, 1951

•Industry group

Stoppages beginningin 1951

Man-days idleduring 1951

NumberWorkersinvolved(thousands)

Number(thousands)

Percent ofestimatedworkingtime 1/

All industries 4,737 1/ 2,220.0 22,900.0 0.26

MANUFACTURING 3/ 2,548 1,370.0 17,50*.0 .43Primary metal industries 308 214.0 1,630.0 .48Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery,

and transportation equipment) 242 84.2 1,300.0 .51Ordnance and accessories 6 2.0 15.5 .13'Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies 136 104.0 1,040.0 .44Machinery (except electrical) 268 158.0 3,370.0 .83Transportation equipment 194 230.0 2,600.0 .68Lumber and wood products (except furniture) 118 22.8 251.0 .12Furniture end fixtures 99 22.7 309.0 .35Stone, clay, and glass products 132 19.0 231.0 .16Textile mill products 121 153.0 3,490.0 1.07Apparel and other finished products made from fabrics

and similar materials 210 54.0 354.0 .12Leather and leather products 78 22.6 221.0 .23Food and kindred products 197 77.5 819.0 .21Tobacco manufactures 5 1.6 14.1 .06Paper and allied products 54 20.6 494.0 .39Printing, publishing, and allied industries 27 1.2 29.5 .02Chemicals and allied products 67 20.0 201.0 .11Products of petroleum and coal 19 5.2 55.5 .08Rubber products 156 137.0 700.0 1.01Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments;photographic and optical goods; vetches and clocks 26 10.2 127.0 .17

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries 92 12.7 195.0 .16

NOIMANUFACTURINO if 2,189 844.0 5.470.0 .11

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 21 17.2 348.0 (W)Mining 622 284.0 1,290.0 .55Construction 651 232.0 1,190.0 .18Trade 277 40.0 289.0 .01Finance, insurance, and real estate 21 14.3 208.0 (W)Transportation, communication, and other public utilities 387 231.0 1,790.0 .17Services--personal, business, and other 179 21.3 329.0 (11/)Government-administration, protection, and sanitation ,/ 36 4.9 28.8 (V)

/ See footnotes 4 and 5, 'hale 1./ The figure on number of workers

than one stoppage in the year.3/ This figure is less than the sum

groups have been counted in this columnamog the respective groups.

Not available.51 Stoppages involving mamicipallY

public utilities.'

involved includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more

of the fiance 'below because a few stoppages extending into two or more industryin each industry group affected; workers involved, and man-days idle were divided

operated utilities are included ender 'Transportation, communication, and other

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- 15-

TABUS 7.--abrk stoppages in 'sleeted cities, 1951

City

Work stoppagesbeginning in -Man-days

1951 idle during1951 (all

stoppages)

City

Work stoppagesbeginning in

1951Ma-daysidle during1951 (all

stoppages)"amberat

Workersinvolved

hater3/

Workersinvolved

Akron, Chio 58 51,400 181,000 Memphis, Tenn. 20 11,800 37,600Allentown, Pa. 13 2,790 45,400 Milwaukee, Wisc. 23 14,400 160,000Atlanta, Ga. 16 2,190 45,400 Minneapolis, Minn. 22 9,010 227,000Baltimore, Mi. 18 4,410 34,400 Mails, Ala. 11 3,240 288,000

Bimingben, Ala. 25 9,660 120,000 Nashville, Tenn. 12 770 11,100Boston, Mass. 23 7,900 59,700 Newark, N. J. 35 12,000 75,000Bridgeport, Coon. 14 3,130 58,800 New Bedford, Mass. 10 1,900 13,100Buffalo, N. Y. 47 8,450 74,900 New Haven, Coon. - 10 3,240 31,100

Camden, N. J. 10 1,640 7,670 New Orleans, La. 15 8,550 293,000Chattanooga, Tenn. 16 1,630 24,400 New York, N. Y. 329 85,400 883,000Chicago, Ill. 59 36,200 539,000 Norfolk, Va. 10 1,230 7,730Cincinnati, °do 36 11,200 139,000 Oakland East Bay Area, Calif. ... 40 13,200 148,000

Cleveland, Ohio 38 18,000 369,000 Passaic, N. J. 10 7,010 85,200Columbus, Chio 14 920 13,500 Paterson, N. J. 18 4,260 78,400Dayton, Chio 15 3,170 12,000 Philadelphia, Pa. 67 28,700 290,000Denver, Colo. 20 3,480 63,900 Phoenix, Aria. 11 3,350 46,300

Des Moines, Iowa 10 2,490 7,880 Pittsburgh, Pa. 57 15,700 141,000Detroit, Mich. 161 322,000 945,000 Portland, Oregon . 31 5,190 121,000E. St. Ionia, Ill. 10 1,810 11,100 Providence, R. I. 12 8,570 485,000Elisabeth, N. J. 10 1,830 51,600 Rochester, N. Y. 10 2,260 18,600

Erie, Pa. 15 4,680 64,000 Sacramento, Calif. 11 1,350 10,700"Manville, Ind. 23 12,800 136,000 St. Louis, MO. 56 21,600 168,000Tall River, Mass. 17 12,000 36,900 St. Paul, Minn. 13 3,120 16,200Port Wayne, Ind. 10 12,900 42,500 San Francisco, Calif. 31 10,500 81,000

Port Worth, Texas 12 1,930 42,700 Scranton, Pa. 18 2,470 41,400Gary, Ind. 25 11,000 27,700 Seattle, Wash. 15 12,500 115,000Grand Rapids, Mich. 11 2,000 10,400 Spokane, Wash. 12 2,890 9,790Houston, Texas 17 8,940 31,000 Springfield, Miss. '12 2,160 34,300

Huntington, W. Va. 11 3,200 25,900 Syracuse, N. Y. 14 4,950 16,600Inlianapolis, led. 22 5,110 75,200 Tacoma Wash. 11 4,760 57,300Jersey City, N. J. 32 6,800 51,800 Terre Haute, Ind. 13 1,710 5,990Johnstown, Pa. 12 8,100 29,500 Toledo, Chic 23 12,900 117,000

Kansas City, Mo. 14 5,850 36,800 Trenton, N. J. 13 2,680. 28,000Knoxville, Tenn. 18 3,430 19,300 Washington, D. C. 10 4,360 24,800keg Beach, Calif. 14 14,000 340,000 Worcester, Mass. 32 2,140 239,000Iwo Angeles, Calif. 62 19,100 156,000 Yonkers, N. Y. 12 4,430 132,000Louisville, Ky. 20 3,750 21,800 I Youngstown, Ohio 35 19,700 80,400

}/ are tabulated separately for 150 cities, including all those with a population of 100,000 and over in 1940 as wellas for a mater of smaller ,cities included for purposes of regional balance. This table includes data for each of the 150cities that had 10 or ears stoppages in 1951. bnspt for the Oakland-East Bay Area. figures relate to the corporate limits of

- 16 -•

TABU 8.-Work stoppages by affiliation of unions involved, 1951

Affiliation of union

Stoppages beginning in 1951Workers involW

Man-days idleduring 1951

(all stowage.)Number

Percentof

total NumberPercent

oftotal

NumberPercent

oftotal

Total 14.737 100.0 1/ 2,220,000 100.0 22,900,000 100.0

American declaration of Labor 2,117 44.8 654,000 29.5 6,570,000 28.7Congress of Industrial Organizations Unaffiliated unions Single firm unions

1,3871,037

20

29.321.9

.0

1,030,000497.000

6,990

46.422.14

3

12,700,0003.040,000

53.000

55.413.3

.2Different affiliations;

Rival unions 59 1.2 11.200 5 159.000 .7Cooperating unions 6 .1 12,600 .6 351,000 1.5No union involved 105 2.2 7.390 35,400 .2Not reported 6 .1 70 (2/) 370 (V)

1/ The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than onestin the year.

,/Less than a tenth of 1 percent.

TABLE 9.--Work stoppages classified by number of workers involved, 1951

Stoppages beginning in 1951 Man-days idleduring 1951

Workers involved 1/ (all etc:Twee)Number of workers Percent Percent Percent

Number of Number of Number oftotal total total

All workers 4.737 100.0 2,220,000 100.0 22,900,000 100.0

6 and under 20 675 14.2 8,650 .4 154,000 .720 and under 100 1,631 34.5 81,800 3.7 1,090,000 4.8100 and under 250 994 21.0 158,000 7.1 1,680,000 7.3250 and under 500 589 12.4 203,000 9.2 2,010,000 8.8500 end under 1,000 433 9.1 303,000 13.7 2,910,000 12.71,000 and under 5,000 354 7.5 710,000 32.0 6,520,000 28.45,000 end under 10,000 42 .9 295.000 13.3 2,870,000 12.510,000 and over 19 .4 457,000 20.6 5,680,000 24.8

1/ The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than onestoppage in the year.

TABLE 10.--Work stoppages by nusiber of establishments involved, 1951

Stoppages beginning in 1951 Itt=s idle

1951Percent Workers involved RY

Number of establishments involved 24/all sto es)

Percent PercentNumber oftotal Number of

total17a4Number of

total

All establishments 4.737 100.0 2,220,0004 100.0 22,900,000 1

- 17-

TABUS 11.--Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more workers beginning in 1951

Beginningdate

Approxi-mate

duration(calendardays) 1/

Establishments) and location Union(s) involved 2/

Approxi-matenumber

of work-era in,

,d 2/

Major terms of settlement 1/

Jan: 30 A/ 12 Railroads,Nation-wide

Bro. of RailroadTrainmen, (Ind.)

70,000 Wages-hours-rules dispute notsettled at termination of stoppage.Army directive provided for interimhourly wage increases of 12* centsfor yardmen And yardmastera and 5cents for road service employees,effective Oct. 1, 1950, pendingsettlement of the dispute by theparties involved.

Feb. 16 j/ 74 Woolen and worsted mills,Conn., Ga., Ky., Llaine :ass.N. H., N. J., N. Y., Pa.,

I., and Vt.

Textile WorkersUnion, (CIO)

48,000

Agreement reached March 13with American Woolen Co., thelargest firm in the industry, onone year contract providing for 12cents hourly wage increase, esca-lator clause, improved insurancebenefits, severance pay, etc. Othermills involved in the stoppagegenerally accepted the AmericanWoolen Co. pattern of settlement.

Feb. 19 7 Coal mines,Bluefield and Northern W. Va.

United Mine Workers,(Ind.)

28,000 Union members voted to returnto work Feb. 26, with request togovernor to veto bill legalizingsafety inspections by section fore-men.

Feb. 22 13 Tennessee Coal, Iron & RailroadCo.,Birmingham area, Ala.

United Steelworkers,(CIO)

18,000 Issues to be settled by par.ties upon resumption of work.

March 16 2 Fall River Textile ManufacturersAssociation,Fall River, Mass. andvicinity

Fall River Loomfixers'Union (Ind.), andSlashers & Knot-Tiers Ass'n. (Ind.)

10,500 Two year contract ratified bymembership providing for immediatewage increase, quarterly cost-of-living adjustments severance pay,increased hospital and illnessbenefitsond other fringe benefits.

March 30 5 Westinghouse Electric Corp.,East Pittsburgh, Pa.

Intl]. Union ofElectrical, Radioand Machine Work-ers, (CIO)

14,000 Workers returned without for-mal settlement.

April 1 .6/ 122 Cotton and rayon mills,Ala., Ga., La., N. C.,

C., Tenn., and Va.

Textile WorkersUnion, (CIO)

40,000 Production was resumed in amajorityof the mills in compliancewith a request by director of theFederal Mediation and ConciliationService. On May 7 he appointed aspecial 3-man panel to aid the par-ties in negotiations.

June 12 2 Garment manufacturers,N. Y., N. J., Conn.,and eastern Pa.

Int'l Ladies' GarmentWorkers, (AFL)

21,000 Agreement reached between as-sociation and union on increasedminimum wage rates, conversionfrom week work (time-rates) in"section work" shops to a piece-rate basis, equitable distributionof work among shops, increase inemployers' contribution to thehealth and vacation fund. Fringeissues and other contract clausesvekra,nmi .1., the. inAilfal,rvla intr.",

•iteue 11.--wore szoppeges mnvo4v11 iv.uwv or more wormers oeiannln g ln lynl - uonzinuea

Appromi-Approxi-

mateBeginning mate number

date duration Establishment(s) and location Union(s) involved Z/ of work- Major terms of settlement 1/(calendar era in,days) 2,/ volved 2/

July 19 2/ 12 Chrysler Corp. (Dodge MainPlant),Detroit, Mich.

United AutomobileWorkers, (CIO)

27,000 Workers returned to their jobswithout formal agreement.

July 19 5 Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.,Aliquippa, Pa.

United Steelworkers,(CIO)

12,000 Issues to be settled by par-ties upon resumption of work.

July 30 63 Caterpillar Tractor Co.,East Peoria, Ill.

United AutomobileWorkers, (CIO)

24,000 General wage increase of 13}cents an hour. Cost-of-living wageadjustment on Feb. 1, 1952.

Aug. 27 12 Copper and other non-ferrousmetal mines, mills andsmelters,Nation-wide

Intl]. Union of Mine,Mill and SmelterWorkers, (Ind.)

40,000 Kennecott Copper Corp. and theunion reached agreement on August31 on wage increases and a pensionfund. Workers employed by theother oompanies affected by thestrike returned to their jobs bySept. 10 under a Federal Court in-junction.

Sept. 5 44 Douglas Aircraft Co.,Long Beach, Santa Monica,and El Segundo, Calif.

United AutomobileWorkers, (CIO), andUnited AircraftWelders, (Ind.)

10,000

Workers voted to return towork in compliance with requestsof the President and the Wage Sta-bilization Board. The WSB hadagreed to consider the issues in,volved after termination of thestrike.

Sept. 26 23 Wright Aeronautical Corp..,Wood-Ridge and Garfield, N.J.

United AutomobileWorkers, (CIO)

13,000 Union members voted to "re-cess" the strike in compliance withrequests of the President and theWage Stabilization Board, and togive consideration to the Board'srecommendations for settlement.

Oct. 11 8 Inland Steel Co.,East Chicago, Ind.

United Steelworkers,(CIO)

14,500 Dispute over incentive payreferred to arbitrators appointedby the director of the FederalMediation and Conciliation Service.

Oct. 15 26 Stevedoring and shippingcompanies,New York, N. Y.-New Jersey,and Boston, Mass.

Int'l Longshoremen'sAss'n., (AFL)

17,000 A majority of the strikers re-turned to work at the request of aBoard of Inquiry appointed by theNew York State Industrial Commis-sionerto inquire into the dispute.

Oct. 24 1 Milk Dealers,New York, N. Y., New Jersey,and Conn.

Int'l Bro. of Team-stern, (AFL)

14,000 Immediate wage increase of$10 a week, and 2 cents an hourincrease in employers' contributionto the Welfare Trust Fund.

Oot. 23 21 Tennessee Coal, Iron & RailroadCo.

Urilted Steelworkers,(CIO)

25,000 Issues to be settled by par-ties upon resumption of work.

Birmingham area, Ala.

Includes non-work days, such as Saturdays, Sundays, and holidays. Only normally scheduled work days are used incomputing strike idleness.

2,/ The unions listed are those directly involved in the dispute. The number of workers involved may include membersof other unions or non-union workers idled by the dispute in the same establishments.

"Workers involved" include all workers made idle for one shift or longer in establishments directly involved in astoppage. They do not measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose employeesare made idle as a result of material or service shortages.

-19-

TABLE 12.--Duration of work stoppages ending in 1951

DurationStoppages Workers involved Man-days idle

NumberPercent

oftotal

Number

1/

Percentof

totalEusber

Percentof

total

All periods 4,758 100.0 2,200,000 100.0 2/21,8004000 100.0

1/

1 day 692 14.5 247,000 11.2 248,000 1.12 to 3 days 919 19.3 422,000 19.2 842,000 3.94 days and less than 1 week 723 15.2 358,000 16.3 1,130,000 5.21 week and less than i month 1,009 21.2 548,000 24.8 3,270,000 15.1i month and less than 1 month 680 14.3 303,003 13.8 4,050,000 18.51 month and less than 2 months 426 9.0 140,000 6.3 4,110,000 18.82 months and less than 3 months 161 3.4 119,000 5.4 4,570,000 20.93 months and over 146 3.1 65,loo 3.o 3,620,000 16.6

The figure on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than onestoppage in the year.x4/ This figure is smaller than the total man-days idle shown in preceding tables because the figures in this and the

ne two tables relate only to those stoppages ending in 1951.

TABLE 13.--Method, of terminating work stoppages ending in 1951

Method of termination

Stoppages Workers involved Man-days idle

NumberPercent

of

total

Number

1/

Percentoftotal

NumberPercent

oftotal

All methods 4,758 100.0 2,200,000 100.0 g/21,806,000 100.0

Agreement of parties reached--Directly 2,442 51.4 822,000 37.3 4,980,000 22.9With assistance of Government agencies 1,138 23.9 829,E 37.7 13,600,000 62.0With assistance of non-Government mediators or agencies 49 1.0 15,000 .7 87,900 .4

Terminated without formal settlement 992 20.8 508,000 23.1 2,900,000 13.3Employers discontinued business 47 1.0 4,040 .2 139,000 .6Not reported 90 1.9 22,300 1.0 184,000 .8

1/ The figure. on number of workers includes duplicate counting where the same workers were involved in more than onestoppage in the year.

2/ See footndte 2, table 12.

TABLE 14.--Disposition of issues in work stoppages ending in 1951

Disposition of issues

Stoppages Workers involved Man-days idle

NumberPercent

oftotal

NumberPercent

oftotal

NumberPercent

oftotal

All issues 4,758 100.0 2,200,000 100.0 1/21,800,000 l00 i0

Issues settled or disposed of at termination of stoppage i(Some or all issues to be adjusted after resumption of wor

3,558 74.7 1,440,000 65.4 16,300,000 74.9

By direct negotiation between employer(s) and union 757 15.9 503,E 22.9 2,990,000 13.7By negotiation with the aid of Government agencies By arbitration

76 1.63.0

6o.,80086,900

2.83.9

505,000528,000

2.32.4

By other means 4/ 131 2.8 73,500 3.3 1,060,000 4.8

-20-

AppendixesAppendix A includes tables presenting work-

stoppage data by specific industries, by industrygroups and major issues, and by States with 25 or more

stoppages during the year.Appendix 8 includes a brief summary of the

methods of collecting strike statistics.

Appendix A

TAUS A.-Work stoppages in 1951; by specific industry

Industry

Stoppages begin-sing in 1951

-4.May.n i4i.

during1951 (allstoppages)

Industry

Stoppages begin-ning in 1951

Men-days idleduring1951 (ellstoppages)Number Waiter...,

involved AiNumber Workers.,

involved A/

All industries 2/ 4,737 2,220,000 22,900,000 /COMMIDTUNINS - Continued

MANUFACTURING Lumber and wood products (exceptfurniture) 118 22,800 251,000

Primary metal industries g/ 308 214,000 1,630,000 Logging camps end loggingPlait furnaces, steel works, and contractors 21 2,550 33,800

rolling mills 146 131,000 562,000 Sawmill. and planing mills 45 13,800 114,000

Iron snd steel foundries 73 24,700 300,000 Millwork, plywood, end prefabricatedPrimary smelting and refining of structural wood products 21 3,170 35,800

nonferrous metals 15 21,500 264,000 Wooden containers 17 2,640 51,200

Secondary smelting and refining of Miscellaneous wood products 14 690 16.100nonferrous metals and alloys 2 350 2,640

Rolling, drawing, and alloying of Furniture and fixtures 99 22,700 309,000nonferrone metals 23 18,200 243,000 Household furniture 71 17,600 268,000

Nonferrous foundries 15 4,940 158,000 Office furniture 19 4,430 31,000Miscellaneous primary metal Public-building and professional

industries 36 13,300 104,000 furniture 3 360 4.420Partitions, shelving, lockers, and

Fabricated metal products (exceptordnance, machinery, and transportation

office and store fixtures Window and door screens, shades, and

2 80 2.440

equipment) 242 84,200 1,300,000 venetian blinds 4 230 3,330Tin cams and other tinware 8 10,800 34,200Cutlery, bandtools, and general Stone, clay, and glass products 132 19,000 231,000

hardware 33 10,100 171,000 Flat glass 5 1,870 12,500

Heating apparatus (except electric) Class and glassware, pressed orand plumbers' supplies 43 17,600 191,000 blown 11 2,340 27,200

Fabricated structural metal products.. 64 19,700 298,000 Sloss products made of purchased

Metal stomping, costing, and glass 4 240 1,610engraving 57 15,600 272,000 Cement, hydraulic 12 2,900 11,800

Lighting fixtures 7 340 2,350 Structural clay products 42 4,400 67.100Fabricated wire products 12 5,510 29,000 Pottery and related products 10 1,870 34,600

Miscellaneous fabricated metal Concrete, gypsum, snd plaster

products 18 4,580 299.000 products .. 24 2,110 40,40oCut-stone end stone products 3 110 640

Ordnance end accessories Suns, howitsers, sorters, and related

6 2,020 15.500 Abrasive, asbestos, and miseellane-sus non-metallic mineral

equipment 1 620 2,660 products 21 3,180 35.000Ammunition, except for smell arms .... 4 1,310 10,100Small arms ammunition 1 90 2,700 Textile-mill product. 121 153.000 3.490,000

electrical machinery, equipment, andYarn end thread mills (cotton, wool,

silk, end synthetic fiber) 12 4,460 79,100

supplies electrical generating, transmission,

distribution, and industrial.

136 104,000 1,040.000 Broad-woven fabric mills (cotton,wool, silk, and synthetic fiber) ..

Narrow fabrics and other emellveres50 129,000 2,940,000

apparatus 55 66,100 624,000 mills (cotton, wool, si lk, endelectrical appliances 11 4,310 45,000 synthetic fiber) 5 ggo 27,5ooInsulated wire and cable electrical equipment for motor

7 4,640 26,200 Knitting mills Dyeing end finishing textiles

17 3,380 113,000

vehicles, aircraft, end railway (except knit goods) 12 2,410 38.200

locomotives and cars 10 8,360 88,200 Carpets, rugs, end other floorelectric loupe 7 3.950 41,800 coverings 8 8,820 63,700

Communication equipment and related Hats (except cloth and millinery) 7 1,180 25.000

products 39 14,600 179,000 Miscellaneous textile goods 10 2,980 209,000

Miscellaneous electrical products .... 7 2,050 36,400Apparel and other finished products

Machinery (except electrical) 268 158,000 3.370,000 node from fabrics end similarIngines and turbines 9 6,320 21,900 materiels 210 54.000 354,000

Agricultural machinery end tractors ., 49 56,000 1,110,000 Men's, youths', and boys , suits,

Construction and mining machinery coats, and overcoats 4 1,510 2.1180

and equipment 22 4.740 190,000 Men's, youths', and boys'Metalworking machinery 41 18,800 729,000 furnishings, work clothing, and

Special-industry machinery (except allied garments 32 4,660 58,900

metalworking machinery) 26 5.270 166,000 Women's and misses' outerwear 110 33,600 135.000

General industrial machinery and Women's, misses', children's, sodequipment 58 21,900 571,000 infants' undergarments 14 1,970 36,900

(wiles, and store machines end -- •Millinery -- ••- - •

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Appendix B

Methods of Collecting Strike Statistics 11/

The Bureau's statistics on work stoppagesinclude all known strikes and lock-outs inthe continental United States involving sixor more workers and lasting the equivalent ofa full shift or longer.

Work stoppages are measured in terms ofthe number of stoppages, number of workersinvolved, and number of man-days of idleness.Figures on "workers involved" and "man-days_idle" cover all workers made idle for oneshift or longer in establishments directlyinvolved in a stoppage. They do not measuresecondary idleness - that is, the effects'onother establishments or industries whose em-ployees may be made idle as a result of ma-terial or service shortages.

Lead information as to the probableexistence of work stoppages is collected froma number of sources. Clippings on labor dis-putes are obtained from a comprehensivecoverage of daily and weekly newspapersthroughout the country. Information is re-ceived directly from the Federal Mediationand Conciliation Service as well as fromagencies in all States such as State boardsof mediation and arbitration, research divi-sions of State labor department offices, Stateemployment service offices, and unemploymentcompensation offices. Various employer as-sociations, companies, and unions, .which col-lect data for their own use, also furnish theBureau with work-stoppage information.

Upon receipt of such notices of new workstoppages a questionnaire is mailed to eachparty to the dispute to secure such data asthe number of workers involved, duration,major issues, and method of settlement. Insome instances, field agents of the Bureaucollect the information.

21/ More detailed information on methodsof calculation, sources, and classification

The Bureau defines a strike as a temporarystoppage of work by a group of employees toexpress a grievance or enforce a demand. Alock-out is a temporary withholding of workfrom a group of employees by an employer (orgroup of employers) in order to forceacceptance of the employer's terms. Beoauseof the complexities involved in most labor-management disputes, the Bureau makes noeffort to determine whether the stoppages areinitiated by the workers or the employers. Theterms "strike" and "work stoppage" are usedinterchangeably in this report.

The definitions of Strikes and lock-outspoint out certain characteristics inherent ineach strike or lock-out: (1) The stoppage istemporary rather than permanent; (2) theaction is by or against a group rather thanan individual; (3) the objective is to expressa grievance or enforce a demand; and (4) anemployer-employee relationship exists, al,though the grievance may or may not be againstthe employer of the striking group. In juris-dictional as well as rival union or repre-sentation strikes, the major elements of dis-pute may be between two unions rather thandirectly with the employer. In a sympathystrike, there is usually no dispute betweenthe striking workers and their immediate em-ployer but the purpose is to give union sup-port or broaden group pressure for the bene-fit of another group of workers. Sympathy orprotest strikes may also be intended to recordthe workers' feelings against action (orabsence of action)by local, State, or FederalGovernment agencies on matters of generalworker concern.

Although the Bureau seeks to obtain marplete coverage of all strikes involving sixor more workers and lasting a full shift orlonger, information is undoubtedly missing onsome of the smaller strikes. For this reasonthe aggregate figures of workers involved andman-days of idleness are rounded to avoid asense of false accuracy. Also, in some in-stances the figure of man-days of idleness isan estimate to some extent, because the exactnumber of workers idle each day is not knownin prolonged strikes. Because of rounding the