Analysis of the solar modulation with the RPC wall of the HADES spectrometer at GSI

7/22/2019 Analysis of the solar modulation with the RPC wall of the HADES spectrometer at GSI

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GEAVCPE@F @F GIQIAE

Predecco `f Gin `f Hreo

D.Qa. PJFQIQ;

ENECYQIQ OG PJF QOCET MO@VCEPION XIPJ PJF TRA

XECC OG PJF JE@FQ QRFAPTOMFPFT EP HQI

Enhfc Gfrren Rouse

Qupfrvisf` dy;

Kuen Entonio Herzon Jfy`t


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Aontfnts

5 Introùation 0

4 Qomf Aonafrns Edout tjf Vsf` @ete 6

1 Edout Aosmia Teys 7

1.5 Aosmia Tey moùcetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 Aosmia Teys en` tjf etmospjfrf. Qtruaturf og pertiacf sjowfrs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

0 Pjf JE@FQ TRA ftfator 52

0.5 @fsaription og tjf `ftfator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520.4 Fstimetion og tjf `ftfator ffiaifnay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550.1 Fflfat og room Pfmpfreturf en` Rrfssurf on TRA hesfous `ftfators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

6 Aosmia Tey @ete Enecysis 56

6.5 @ftfrminetion og tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.4 Aorrfatf` Gcuxfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:6.1 Gourifr Enecysis og tjf aorrfatf` ète . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

7 Muctiverietf Enecysis 447.5 Introùation en` jypotjfsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447.4 Enecysis og tjf ìflfrfnt aesfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

7.4.5 Muctipciaity 5 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417.4.4 Muctipciaity 5 en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.4.1 Muctipciaity 4 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407.4.0 Muctipciaity 4 en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

7.1 Aonacusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

8 Ginec Aonacusions en` Aonsi`fretions 46

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Tfsumo

Nfstf òaumfnto prfsfntesf unje enecisf òs ètos odtiòs ùrentf e poste e punto òs `ftfatorfsTRA (Tfsistivf Rcetf Ajemdfrs) entfs `f sfrfn inaorporeòs eo fspfatromftro JE@FQ ò HQI, fn@ermste`t (Ecfmene). Fstfs ètos aonsistfn fn mfìaions ò gonò `f reios aosmiaos ùrentf aetro esnos aecfs sf intfnteron dusaer fgfatos è moùceaion socer. E pfserfs ò aorto pfroò è tome `f ètosodtivfronsf fvi`fnaies ò ajemeò fgfato ìurno, es aome outros fgfatos quf rfqufriren ùn fstuò

meis `ftecceò.Vn odxfativo fnheìò `fstf tredecco goi o `f `fsfnvocvfr es gfrremfntes `f enecisf nfafseries pere ofstuò sistfmetiao òs reios aosmiaos aon `ftfatorfs `f TRAs, `f ecte rfsocuaion tfmporec f hrenuceri-è`f, aome os quf o CedAEG prfvf instecer nos vin`firos mfsfs nfste Geaucte`f.

Tfsumfn

Fn fstf òaumfnto sf prfsfnte un enecisis `f cos ètos odtfniòs ùrentf ce pufste e punto `f cos`ftfatorfs TRA (Tfsistivf Rcetf Ajemdfrs) entfs `f sfr inaorporeòs ec fspfatromftro JE@FQ `fc HQI,fn @ermste`t (Ecfmenie). Fstos ètos aonsistfn fn mfìaionfs `fc gonò `f reyos aosmiaos ùrentfauetro ès fn cos auecfs sf je intfnteò dusaer fgfatos `f ce moùceaion socer. E pfser `fc aorto pfrioò`f ce tome `f ètos sf jen odsfrveò fvi`fnaies `fc ccemeò fgfato ìurno, es aomo otros fgfatos qufrfqufriren un fstuìo mes `ftecceò.

Vn odkftivo eneìò `f fstf tredeko je siò fc `fserroccer ces jfrremifntes `f enecisis nfafseriespere fc fstuìo sistfmetiao `f cos reyos aosmiaos aon `ftfatorfs `f TRAs, `f ecte rfsocuain tfmporec y

hrenuceriè`, aomo cos quf fc CedAEG prfvf instecer fn cos proximos mfsfs fn fste Geaucte`.

Edstreat

In tjis òaumfnt is prfsfntf` en enecysis og tjf hetjfrf` ète ùrinh tjf aommissioninh og tjf TRA(Tfsistivf Rcetf Ajemdfrs) `ftfators dfgorf tjfy wfrf inaorporetf` to tjf JE@FQ spfatromftfr et HQI,in @ermste`t (Hfrmeny). Pjfsf ète aonsists on mfesurfmfnts og tjf aosmia rey dealhroun` ùrinhe pfrio` og gour èys, in wjiaj tjf prfsfnaf og socer moùcetion fflfats jes dffn sferajf` en` stuìf`.@fspitf tjf sjort pfrio` og mfesurfmfnt, fvi`fnafs og tjf so-aeccf` ìurnec fflfat jevf dffn odsfrvf`, eswfcc es otjfr fflfats tjet wouc` rfquirf e morf `fteicf` enecysis.

En e`ìtionec odkftivf og tjis pepfr wes to `fvfcop tjf nfafssery toocs to aerry out e systfmetiastu`y og tjf aosmia reys witj TRA `ftfators, og vfry jihj tfmporec rfsocution en` hrenucerity, cilf tjfonfs tjet CedAEG fxpfats to jevf insteccf` insteccf` in our Geaucty dy in tjf aominh montjs.

5 Introùation

Onf jun`rf` yfers egtfr tjfir ìsaovfry, aosmia reys erf sticc e pfrmenfnt souraf og unlnowns. Ectjouhjwf jevf cfernt e cot edout tjfir propfrtifs en` tjf fnfrhy tjfy jevf, wf ònt lnow yft wjfrf en` jowerf tjfy proùaf` or jow ò tjfy rfeaj tjf juhf fnfrhifs tjet somf og tjfm sjow wjfn tjfy errivf to tjfFertj surgeaf.

Aosmia Teys, errivinh grom tjf Qun en` tjf most ìstent pceafs og our Vnivfrsf, rfprfsfnt e aontinuousfflux og ingormetion tjet hivfs us e piaturf og wjet is jeppfninh in our surrounìnhs. Pjf aorrfat intfrprfte-tion og tjfir mfssehf aen jfcp us to un`frsten` morf edout tjf pceaf wjfrf wf erf, tjf proafssfs invocvfìn tjf arfetion en` moùcetion og tjfir fflux, tjf propfrtifs og our etmospjfrf en` fvfn wfetjfr gorfaestinh,emonh meny otjfrs.

Xitj tjf eim og stu`yinh suaj propfrtifs, tjf Rjysias Geaucty og tjf VQA is vfry intfrfstf` in sfttinh upe aoupcf og TRA `ftfators to stert melinh its own mfesurfmfnts.Pjf novfcty jfrf is tjet tjosf `ftfatorsjevf nfvfr dffn usf` gor aosmia rey enecysis dut, in priaipcf, tjfy rfprfsfnt e potfntiec improvfmfnt ovfrtjf fxistinh onfs, meincy dfaeusf og tjfir jihj tfmporec en` speaf rfsocution et e muaj cowfr priaf point.

Jowfvfr, prfvious to tjf insteccetion og tjf TRAs, it is nfafssery to rfsferaj edout tjfir propfrifsen` jow ò tjfy pfrgorm in aosmia rey mfesurfmfnts, en` e hrfet opportunity to aerry out tjis wes tjfète hetjfrf` ùrinh tjf aommissioninh og tjf nfw TRA wecc in tjf JE@FQ fxpfrimfnt et HQI. Edout722 miccions og fvfnts wfrf rfaor`f` ùrinh tjf aommissioninh og tjf `ftfator in tjf cest montjs og 4229,

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aorrfsponình to en epproximetf timf og 5672 jours. Nfvfrtjfcfss, oncy e dit morf tjen 0 èys og tjosfète erf eatueccy eaauretf sinaf it wes tjf oncy stedcf pfrio` og mfesurfmfnt.

Pjf prfsfnt pepfr mo`fstcy aontinufs tjf kod ònf in \4] en` \1], wjfrf e `ffp stu`y og suaj ète en`tjf `ftfators tjfmsfcvfs wes pfrgormf`. Pjf mein odkfativf wicc df to try to visuecizf en` enecyzf tjf fflfatog tjf socer moùcetion in tjf aosmia rey fflux, witj ecso e stu`y og tjf intrinsia ffiaifnay og tjf `ftfators, wjfrf toocs og muctiverietf enecysiswicc df usf`. Rossitivf rfsucts wouc` df vfry fnaourehinh, supportinh

tjf usf og TRAs gor aosmia rey mfesurfmfnt.Dfgorf stertinh witj tjf ducl og tjf pepfr, e summery og tjf ète eveicedcf is inacu`f` in tjf goccowinh

cinfs.

4 Qomf Aonafrns Edout tjf Vsf` @ete

Es sei` in tjf introùation, tjf eveicedcf aosmia rey ète aonsists on mfesurfmfnts og e pfrio` og kust e ditmorf tjen 0 èys. Gurtjfrmorf, cetfr it wes sffn tjet tjf ète og tjf strst en` cest jours og tjet pfrio`sjowf` strenhf dfjeviours.

Es e aonsfqufnaf og tjis, it wes `fai`f` to aut tjf orihinec ète to e pfrio` og oncy 94 jours, in wjiajit wes surf tjet tjf mfesurfmfnts wfrf morf eaauretf. Pjus, in ecc tjis pepfr tjf usf` ète wicc dfconh totjet pfrio` og timf.

Pjf eveicedcf ète gor tjf `fvfcopmfnt og tjis pepfr is tjf goccowinh;e) Gcuxfs og aosmia reys og muctipciaity 5 en` 4 gor ìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf, nemfcy 2-12, 12-06 en`

06-92.

d) Intrinsia ffiaifnay og tjf `ftfator gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` 4, fstimetf` tjrouhj en enecysis og tjf`fpositf` ajerhf. (Qff sfation 0.4)

a) Etmospjfria prfssurf in @ermste`t ùrinh tjf 94 jours intfrvec.

`) @eicy meximum en` minimum tfmpfreturfs in Grenlgurt eirport (acosfst mftforocohiaec stetion to @erm-ste`t).

It is importent to notf jfrf tjet tjf prfssurf ète je` rfcetivf cow rfsocution (5 jRe) en` tjus tjfprfssurf prostcf ovfr tjf timf intfrvec wes not e sogt aurvf. Po stx tjis, e 52 minutfs evfrehf og tjf prfssurf

wes aomputf` en`, tjfn, tjf movinh evfrehf tfajniquf wes eppcif`, evfrehinh feaj point witj its acosft 17nfihjdours en` sogtfninh aonsi`fredcy tjf prfssurf aurvf. Pjis aen df sffn in Gihurf 5.

Gihurf 5; Qogtfninh og tjf prfssurf ète usinh tjf movinh evfrehf tfajniquf. Pjf òts erf tjf 52 min.evfrehf og tjf prfssurf en` tjf aontinous cinf is tjf sogtfnf` aurvf.

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Jevinh sei` tjet, fvfrytjinh is rfe`y now to dfhin witj tjf pepfr. Rrfvious to tjf enecysis og eny ète,somf hfnfrec notions edout aosmia reys en` TRA desf` `ftfators wicc df introùaf`.

1 Edout Aosmia Teys

Aosmia Tey is e retjfr hfnfrec tfrm wjiaj eppcifs to jihjcy fnfrhftia pertiacfs tjet errivf to tjf Fertjaominh grom outfr speaf, most og tjfm dfinh protons en` ecpje pertiacfs, witj somf aontridution og jfevifrfcfmfnts (fspfaieccy iron) \5]. Xjfn tjfsf pertiacfs errivf to tjf Fertj tjfy aocci`f witj tjf etoms en`mocfaucfs og our etmospjfrf, proùainh in tjet intfreation e sjowfr og nfw pertiacfs tjet errivf to tjf Fertjsurgeaf, mostcy fcfatrons en` muons. Pjus two lin`s og aosmia reys erf ìstinhuisjf`, tjf orihinec pertiacfsaominh grom outfr speaf erf rfgfrf` es primery aosmia reys, en` tjf pertiacfs proùaf` in tjf intfraetionwitj our etmospjfrf erf lnown es sfaonèry aosmia reys.

Pjf fnfrhy og tjf primery pertiacfs is vfry ìvfrsf, renhinh grom ecmost tjf rfst up to e gfw Koucfs \5].Pjis wi`f spfatrum og fnfrhifs is tjf rfsuct og aosmia reys jevinh ìflfrfnt orihins. Pjf cfss fnfrhftia onfs,dfcow e gfw HfW, erf most cilfcy to aomf grom tjf Qun es pert og tjf socer win`, fvfn tjouhj fxafptioneccy,wjfn tjf sun proùafs e so aeccf` AMF5, tjf protons mey rfeaj fnfrhifs up to 522HfW. Aosmia reys edovftjis fnfrhy aen not df proùaf` in tjf socer sistfm en` tjus tjfy mey jevf heceatia or fxtreheceatia orihin.Pelinh into eaaount tjf sizf en` mfen mehnftia stfc` og our hecexy wf mey essumf tjet pertiacfs witj

fnfrhifs dfcow 52

58

erf not edcf to cfevf our hecexy en` lffp aonstnf` in it. Pjfrfdy wf aonsi`fr periacfsdfcow tjet fnfrhy es heceatia aosmia reys (HAT) en` pertiacfs edovf it es fxtreheceatia aosmia reys.@fpfnình on tjf lin` og pertiacf en` its fnfrhy, aosmia reys wicc fxpfrifnaf ìflfrfnt pfnftretion cfnhtjs

in tjf etmospjfrf. Gihurf 4 sjows e sajfmetia vifw og tjis geat; dfcow e gfw HfW most og tjf aosmia reyserf proùaf` in tjf Qun en` jfnaf, tjf fflux `fpfn`s on tjf socer eativity. Et tjis fnfrhy, tjf retf is og edout521/m4s en` tjfy erf usueccy mfesurf` inìrfatcy usinh setfccitfs or `ftfators tjet mfesurf tjf nfutronsproùaf wjfn tjfy aocci`f in tjf top og tjf etmospjfrf. Edovf tjet fnfrhy en` up to 5256fW, aosmia reyserf mfesurf` meincy usinh `ftfators pceaf` in setfccitfs or in deccoons. Gineccy, gor jihjfr fnfrhifs, tjf retfog aosmias is so smecc tjet tjfy jevf to df mfesurf` et tjf Fertj surgeaf usinh dih erreys og `ftfators.

Gihurf 4; Fnfrhy spfatrum og Aosmia Teys en` mein `ftfation tfajniqufs.

Onf og tjf mein intfrfst in aosmia reys is tjf geat tjet tjfir fflux mfesurf` in tjf Fertj is not aonstent.Werietions in tjf retf og aosmia reys mfesurf` et ìgfrfnt jfihjts aen df tjf aonsfqufnaf og ìgfrfnt aeusfs,wjiaj aen df summerizf` es goccows;

5Aoronec Mess Fkfation.

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1.5 Aosmia Tey moùcetion

Pjf socer eativity is tjf mein moùcetor og tjf primery aosmia rey fflux, in pfrio`s og jihj socer eativitytjf jfciosgfrf wicc jevf e jihjfr sarffninh fflfat in tjf heceatia en` fxtreheceatia aosmia reys aeusf` dy tjfinarfesf` socer win`, cfeình to e `facinf in tjf nft primery aosmia rey fflux eaross tjf socer systfm. Pjisentiaorrfcetion dftwffn socer eativity en` aosmia rey fflux goccows tjf 55 yfer socer ayacf es sjown in Gihurf1.

Gihurf 1; Entiaorrfcetion dftwffn numdfr og sunspots en` AT fflux

Gurtjfrmorf, punatuec socer fvfnts cilf AMF ecso jevf e ìrfat impeat in tjf aosmia rey fflux, jevinhtwo possidcf outaomfs; ig tjf evfrehf fnfrhy og tjf intfrpcenftery AMF is not jihj fnouhj tjf oncy fflfattjfy aen proùaf is to sarffn tjf heceatia aosmia reys dealhroun`, proùainh e so aecc Gordusj @farfesf(G@), on tjf otjfr si`f ig tjf fnfrhy og tjf pertiacfs is jihjfr tjen tjf tjrfsjoc` mehnftia rihiìty og tjfaorrfsponình cetitu`f (up to 50 HfW) tjf pertiacfs wicc df edcf to surpess tjf Fertjs mehnftia stfc` en`rfeaj tjf surgeaf, aeusinh e su``fn inarfesf in tjf aosmia rey fflux aeccf` Hroun` Cfvfc Fnjenafmfnt (HCF).Pjfsf proaafssfs erf icustretf` in Gihurf 0.

Epert grom tjf Qocer moùcetion en` its 55-yfer ayacf, aosmia reys sjow ecso e acfer ìurnec verietion.Pjis aen df sffn, gor fxempcf, in Gihurf 0e wjfrf e 40 jour pfrioìaity is sjown. Pjis 40-jour pfrio` aendf un`frstoo` es e aonsfqufnaf og tjf rotetion og tjf Fertj in tjf aoursf og e èy in rfspfat to tjf Qun enìts Mehnftia stfc`. Gourifr enecysis og tjis sinusoièc dfjevior in cerhf emounts og ète jevf sjown in meny

(e) Gordusj farfesf (d) HCF

Gihurf 0; Fxempcfs og mfesurf` G@ en` HCF

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(e) Aomponfnts (d) Pimf wi`tj en` fnsity

Gihurf 6; Fxtfn`f` Eir Qjowfr propfrtifs

ìflfrfnt stuìfs tjf fxistfnaf og et cfest tjf tjrff strst jermonias og tjf èicy verietion, nemfcy tjf ìurnec,sfmi-ìurnec en` tri-ìurnec aomponfnts. Pjf fxistfnaf og e gourtj aomponfnt is sticc aontrovfrsiec.\7]

Vnticc now ecc tjf fflfats sjown jfrf jevf e ìrfat impeat on tjf primery aosmia reys, wjiaj tjfrfgorfaeusfs ecso en impeat on tjf sfaonèry aosmia reys mfesurf` et sfe cfvfc. Epert grom tjosf fflfats, tjfrferf otjfr veriedcfs tjet jevf oncy infflufnaf in tjf sfaonèry pertiacf fflux, en` tjfsf propfrtifs erf tjf onfsog tjf pceaf wjfrf tjf sfaonèry aosmia reys erf proùaf`, tjf etmospjfrf.

Pjf Fertjs etmospjfrf, aonsi`frf` es e hes, jes ìflfrfnt fflfat ovfr tjf sfaonèry pertiacf fflux mfesurfèt sfe cfvfc `fpfnình on its prfssurf, `fnsity en` tfmpfreturf, dut to fxpcein tjis it is aonvfnifnt to strstintroùaf somf espfats edout jow sfaonèry aosmia reys erf proùaf`, tjf pertiacf sjowfrs tjfy aeusf en`jow tjfy rfeaj tjf surgeaf.

1.4 Aosmia Teys en` tjf etmospjfrf. Qtruaturf og pertiacf sjowfrs.

Dfaeusf og its jihj fnfrhy, primery aosmia reys aennot fesicy trevfrsf tjf etmospjfrf og Fertj sinaf tjfyintfreat witj nuacfi og etmospjfria hesfs, suaj es nitrohfn en` oxyhfn, usueccy in tjf cowfr stretospjfrf.Es sei` dfgorf, sfaonèry pertiacfs erf hfnfretf` out og tjfsf intfreations, arfetinh e sjowfr og sfaonèryproùats \9].

Pjf sjowfrs erf aomposf` og tjrff prinaipec aomponfnts; tjf fcfatromehnftia aomponfnt, tjf muonaomponfnt en` tjf nuacfonia aomponfnt, es sjown in Gihurf 6e . Pjf fcfatromehnftia or sogt aomponfntinacu fs fcfatrons, positrons en` pjotons. Pjf muon aomponfnt is ecso lnown es jer` aomponfnt. Dotjtjosf aomponfnts erf hfnfretf` grom tjf `faey og unstedcf je`rons en`, stneccy, tjf je`ronia nuacfoniaaomponfnt aonsist og mostcy supretjfrmec protons en` nfutrons \1].

Pjf wey tjfsf pertiacfs erf trensportf` econh tjf etmospjfrf is ecso e wfcc lnown proaafss en` tjf mfenpropfrtifs og fxtfn`f` eir sjowfrs jevf dffn wfcc `ftfrminf`. It is lnown tjet tjf jihjfr fnfrhy muonserrivf acosfr to tjf aorf, gorminh smecc enhcfs witj tjf exis og tjf sjowfr, en` errivf nfer tjf v = a gront.

On tjf otjfr si`f, cowfr fnfrhy muons wicc errivf cetfr, prfgfrfntieccy in tjf teics og tjf sjowfr, tjus tjftimf intfrvec dftwffn tjf strst en` tjf cest muon (timf wit`j) t(r) wicc inarfesf vfry sihnistaentcy witj tjfìstenafr to tjf exis og tjf sjowfr. Ecso, tjf sizf og tjf sjowfr is vfry rfcetf` to tjf fnfrhy og tjf orihinecprimery aosmia rey. E sajfmetia vifw og tjis aen df sffn in Gihurf 6d. \5]

Pjforftiaeccy, witj e `ftfator or sft og `ftfators witj jihj timf en` speaf rfsocution (cilf TRAs) it wouc`df possidcf to mfesurf geitjguccy dotj tjf timf prostcf en` tjf `fnsity og pertiacfs og e sjowfr, melinh itpossidcf to fstimetf tjf propfrtifs og tjf sjowfr en` tjf primery aosmia rey itsfcg.

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Now, hoinh deal to tjf etmospjfria propfrtifs, it is lnown tjet tjf muonia aomponfnt og eir sjowfrs isstronhcy aorrfcetf` to tjf fflfativf tfmpfreturf og tjf etmospjfrf, wjfrf tjf fflfativf tfmpfreturf is `fstnfès e wfihjtf` evfrehf tjet telfs into eaaount tjf ìstridution og ectitu`fs wjfrf tjf mfsons wjiaj aeusftjf mfesurf` muons oaaur. Pjis fflfat is spfaieccy sihnistaetivf gor vfry jihj fnfrhy muons tjet erf vfrysfnsitivf to tjf tfmpfreturf og tjf stretospjfrf. Pjis wes sjown dy tjf un`frhroun` fxpfrimfnt MINOQin tjf Qouèn minf in Minnfsote en` aen df sffn in Gihurf 7.

Gihurf 7; Muon retf en` Fflfativf tfmpfreturf mfesurf` dy tjf MINOQ fxpfrimfnt in tjf Qouèn minf.Dotj in`fpfn`fnt mfesurfmfnts sjow e vfry sihnistaetivf aorrfcetion.

Epert gorm tjf tfmpfreturf, tjf otjfr mein mehnitu`f og tjf etmospjfrf tjet jes e ìrfat impeat ontjf aosmia rey fflux is tjf prfssurf. Morf prfssurf mfens jihjfr emount og eir ovfr e `ftfrminf` pceaf,mfeninh tjet tjf pertiacf sjowfrs wicc fxpfrifnaf morf aoccisions in tjfir wey to tjf surgeaf en`, tjfrfgorf,cowfrinh tjf nft fflux og sfaonèry aosmia reys et hroun` cfvfc.

Es fxpceinf` jfrf tjfrf erf quitf e gfw fflfats tjet aen cfe` to e ajenhf in tjf sfe cfvfc aosmia rey fflux,en` dy stu`yinh feaj og tjfm wf aen odtein ìrfat ingormetion grom tjf stetf og our Qun, ajenhfs in tjfmehnftia stfc` en` tjf propfrtifs og tjf jihjfr etmospjfrf, wjosf stu`y aen provi`f us morf acufs on jowtjf `ynemias og tjf stretospjfrf eflfat tjf wfetjfr in tjf tropospjfrf, eccowinh possidcf improvfmfnts ovfrtjf aurrfnt wfetjfr gorfaestinh.

It is tjfrfgorf vfry importent to i`fntigy en` sfperetf feaj og tjfsf fflfats in tjf aosmia rey ète ig wfwent to df edcf to melf en inìviùec stu`y og feaj og tjfm. Pjis is onf og tjf mein tesls og tjis pepfrwjfrf tjf ète, hetjfrf` dy e TRA `ftfator, wicc nff` to df aorrfatf` gor sfvfrec veriedcfs to jevf e acfenvifw og tjf ìurnec verietion fxpceinf` edovf, wjiaj wicc df `ffpcy stuìf` in tjf goccownh pehfs.

In tjf nfxt sfation e quial cool et jow tjf TRAs worl wicc df telfn, en` tjf aorrfation og tjf ète dytjf intrinsia ffiaifnay og tjf `ftfator wicc df pfrgormf`.

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0 Pjf JE@FQ TRA `ftfator

0.5 @fsaription og tjf `ftfator

TRAs or Tfsistivf Rcetf Ajemdfrs erf desiaeccy hes ionizetion `ftfators. Pjfy erf aomposf` og muctipcfafccs stccf` witj hes4 en` aount witj two fcfatro`fs tjet hfnfretf en fcfatria stfc` insi`f feaj afcc. Pjf hfnfrecopfretinh prinaipcfs og tjfsf `ftfators erf tjf goccowinh;

e) Pjf hes witjin tjf afcc ionisf wjfn e ajerhf` pertiacf pessfs tjrouhj.

d) Pjf undoun` fcfatrons en` ions hft eaafcfretf` to tjf fcfatro`fs dy tjf eppcif` mehnftia stfc`. In tjfirwey to tjf fcfatro`fs tjis pertiacfs aen cf` to morf ionizetions in tjf hes, hfnfretinh en evecenajf ogajerhf` pertiacfs.

a) Pjenls to tjis evecenajf, fnouhj aurrfnt is proùaf` in tjf fcfatro`fs en` aen df rfhistfrf` dy tjfequisition fquipmfnt.

`) Pjf proafss stops onaf ecc tjf ajerhfs jevf dffn edsordf`.

Dfsi`fs tjf normec propehetion og evecenajfs ecso enotjfr gfnomfne aeccf` strfemfr aen jeppfn. Qomf-timfs tjf ajerhf arfetf` dy fcfatron evecenajfs hivfs risf to en e` itionec fcfatria stfc . Pjis stfc aenfnjenaf tjf hrowtj og nfw evecenajfs in e pertiaucer ìrfation. Pjfn tjf ionizf` rfhion hrows quialcy

in tjet ìrfation, gorminh e stnhfr-cilf ìsajerhf aeccf` e strfemfr. Evecenajfs en` stremfrs erf tjf twoproafssfs tjet aen hfnfretf e sihnec on tjf `ftfator.

Onf og tjf prinaipec ajereatfristia og tjf `ftfators usf` jfrf is tjet tjfy aen df edcf to `ftfrminf tjfenhcf og inai`fnaf og tjf pertiacfs. Pjenls to tjf hrfet spetiec en` tfmporec rfsocution og tjf TRAs, dypceainh two og tjfm onf ovfr tjf otjfr cilf sjown in Gihurf 8e, tjf trekfatory og tjf pertiacf aen df trealfìn tjis wey; tjf pertiacf wicc proùaf e sihnec in onf afcc og feaj `ftfator, tjfn, dy lnowinh tjf position ogtjfsf afccs tjf trekfatory goccowf` dy tjf pertiacf aen df trealf`. Pjis is pfrgormf` dy en echoritjm aeccf`PimPreal `fvfcopf` dy K.E. Herzon.\55]

(e) Qftup gor telinh aosmia rey ète witj aoupcfsog TRA `ftfators og tjf JE@FQ cow enhcfs POGwecc et tjf HQI (@ermste`t). (d) Qajfmf og e TRA ftfatorc

Gihurf 8; Qtruaturf en` sft up og tjf TRAs

Pjenls to tjis trealinh gfeturf, ffluxfs og aosmia reys witj ìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf jevf dffn mfe-surf`, eccowinh e sfperetf stu`y og tjfsf aomponfnts tjet wicc df pfrgormf` in tjf goccowinh sfations.

Dfgorf stertinh tjf enecysis og eny ète it is fssfnaiec to pfrgorm tjf nfafssery aorrfations to it, en` tjfstrst onf tjet sjouc` df ònf is tjf fstimetion og tjf ffiaifnay og tjfsf `ftfators. Pjis is fxpceinf` in tjfnfxt sfation.

4tjf hes in tjf TRAs og JE@FQ is e mixturf og 92% grfon en` 52% Qucgur Jfxeffluori`f

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0.4 Fstimetion og tjf `ftfator ffiaifnay

Pjf fstimetion og tjf ffiaifnay og eny `ftfator is e aompcfx en` tfìous proafss sinaf tjfrf is not e ìrfatwey gor mfesurinh it. Jfnaf, it is usueccy rfquirf` tjf usf og inìrfat tfajniqufs or Montf Aerco simucetions.In tjf aesf og JE@FQ TRAs, tjf fstimetion og its ffiaifnay jes dffn `ffpcy stuìf` in tjf Rj.@. tjfsis ogH. Lornelov \4], en` jfrf kust e simpcf `fsaription og jow it wes pfrgormf` wicc df prfsfntf`.

Pjf mftjo` usf` gor tjf fstimetion og tjf `ftfator ffiaifnay telfs into eaaount tjf ajerhf spfatre ogtjf TRA, en` tjis is, tjf ajerhf `fpositf` in tjf `ftfator dy tjf inai`fnt (en` mfesurf`) pertiacfs. Pjismftjo` is desf` in tjf geat tjet oncy fvfnts tjet jevf surpessf` tjf fnfrhy tjrfsjoc` wicc df mfesurf`, sotjet sihnecs tjet gecc un fr tjis fnfrhy wicc df aut grom tjf ajerhf spfatre. Pjis aen df sffn in Gihurf :wjfrf wjitf erfe aorrfspon`s to tjf mfesurf` evecenajfs en` tjf rf` erfe aorrfspon s to strfemfr fvfnts.Dy stttinh tjf fxponfntiec dfjevior og tjf wjitf erfe en` fxtrepocetinh it to cowfr fnfrhifs tjf dcuf erfe isodteinf`, wjiaj rfprfsfnts tjf numdfr og fvfnts wjosf fnfrhy ì` not surpess tjf tjrfsjoc` en` tjfrfgorfwfrf not mfesurf`.

Gihurf :; Fflaifnay en` strfemfr greation `ftfrminetion grom tjf ajerhf spfatre. Pjf dceal cinf rfprfsfntstjf ajerhf ìstridution, tjf rf` cinf is tjf gunation usf` to aecaucetf tjf infflaifnay erfe (dcuf) en` tjf dcufcinf `fcimits tjf sfperetion dftwffn normec evecenajfs en` strfemfrs, (rf`).

Xitj tjis mftjo` tjf ffiaifnay aen df aomputf` es tjf retio dftwffn tjf wjitf+rf` erfe en` tjf totecerfe. Jowfvfr, it is importent to notf tjet tjf ffiaifnay aecaucetf` in tjis wey is vfry sfnsitivf to ajenhfsin tjf evfrehf aomposition og tjf pertiacf sjowfrs. Ajenhfs in tjf fnfrhy spfatrum og tjf inai`fnt pertiacfswicc eflfat tjf sjepf og tjf wjitf aurvf en` tjf scopf og tjf dceal cinf, jevinh ìrfat aonsfqufnafs on tjffstimetion og tjf dcuf erfe. Ecso, sinaf TRAs erf hesfous `ftfators, ajenhfs in tfmpfreturf en` prfssurfwicc jevf ecso en impeat on tjf ffiaifnay og feaj afcc sinaf tjfy eflfat to tjf `fnsity og tjf innfr hes, witjjihjfr `fnsity mfeninh jihjfr ioniserion prodedicity en` tjfrfgorf hrfetfr ffiaifnay.

Pjus, in hfrfrec tjf ffiaifnay aouc` df fxprfssf` es;

g=

tgti

g(N, F, P, R) `t (5)

Dfinh tjf ffiaifnay e gunation og tjf fnfrhy en` numdfr og pertiacfs, etmospjfria prfssurf en` tfm-prfreturf gor tjf ète hetjfrf` dftwffn tjf instents t

ien` t

g. It is tjfrfgorf vfry importent to stu`y tjf

prfìation aepedicitifs og tjis ffiaifnay, sffinh jow it is aorrfcetf` to tjosf veriedcfs, to ajfal ig it eatueccyis e hoo` fstimetion og tjf rfec ffiaifnay. Pjis wicc df pfrgormf` in tjf nfxt sfation.

0.1 Fflfat og room Pfmpfreturf en` Rrfssurf on TRA hesfous `ftfators

Es sei` dfgorf, tjf ffiaifnay og tjf `ftfator wes fstimetf` witjout telinh into eaaount tjf emdifnt prfssurfen` tfmpfreturf en` tjus tjf fflfat og tjosf veriedcfs mey jevf not dffn aorrfatf` propfrcy. Onf prodcfm

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jfrf is tjet, ungortunetfcy, tjf tfmpfreturf in tjf room wes not dfinh mfesurf` en` tjis, in prinaipcf, aendf en importent inaonvfnifnt. Po try to socvf it somf ìflfrfnt jypotjfsis edout jow tjf tfmpfreturf aouc`jevf ajenhf` in timf jevf dffn tfstf`, dut eny og tjfm jes provf` to df eaauretf. Pjfrfgorf, oncy tjfaorrfcetion dftwffn ffiaifnay en` prfssurf wicc df stuìf` jfrf en`, grom tjf rfsucts, somf intfrprftetionswicc df ìsaussf` edout jow tjf ffiaifnay aouc` jevf dffn eflfatf` dy otjfr veriedcfs. E morf in `fptjstu`y og tjf aorrfcetions dftwffn ìflfrfnt veriedcfs wicc df pfrgormf` in sfation 7, wjfrf toocs og muctiverietf

enecysis wicc df eppcif` to tjf eveicedcf ète.

Gihurf 9; Aomperison dftwffn tjf Ffiaifnay gor onf-pertiaf fvfnts (dcuf) en` prfssurf (hrffn) fvocution intimf.

Es sffn in tjf Gihurf 9, tjf ffiaifnay en` tjf prfssurf goccow vfry simicer dfjeviours, impcyinh e stronhaorrfcetion dftwffn dotj veriedcfs. Pjfrf is, jowfvfr, e retjfr intfrfstinh odsfrvetion; somftimfs it sffmstjet tjf ajenhfs in tjf ffiaifnay erf `fceyf` rfspfat to tjf ajenhfs in prfssurf dut, otjfr timfs, en` jfrf

is tjf intfrfstinh geat, tjf ffiaifnay sterts to ajenhf fvfn dfgorf tjf prfssurf ajenhfs. Pjis is somftjinhunfxpfatf` en` wjosf intfrprftetion mihjt df not triviec. Onf og tjf possidcf aontridutions to tjis dfjeviouraen df rfcetf` to tjf eèptinh timf1 og tjf `ftfator, wjiaj wouc` hfnfretf e ceh dftwffn ajenhfs in prfssurfen` ffiaifnay. Pjis aouc` fxpcein jow somftimfs tjf ffiaifnay ajenhfs egtfr tjf prfssurf, dut not tjf otjfrwey eroun`, so gurtjfr en` morf `fteicf` enecysis wicc df rfquirf`.

Pjfn, grom wjet is sffn in Gihurf 9 en` wjet wes fxpceinf` in sfation 0, e cinfer `fpfn`fnaf dftwffnffiaifnay en` prfssurf is fxpfatf`. Pjis òfsnt mfen tjet tjfrf erfnt eny otjfr veriedcfs tjet eflfat tjfffiaifnay, dfaeusf tjfrf erf. It mfens tjet ovfrecc, ig e pcot og ffiaifnay vs prfssurf is ònf, e hfnfrec cinfertfn`fnay wicc df sffn.

Pjis jes dffn rfprfsfntfn` in Gihurf 52 wjfrf, in geat, ovfr ecc tjf osaiccetions en` verietions in tjf aurvf,e hfnfrec cinfer `fpfn`fnaf is sjown. Pjfrf erf, jowfvfr somf ajereatfristia fvfnts wjfrf tjf ffiaifnayhrows ecmost vfrtiaeccy, mfeninh tjet fvfn et aonstent prfssurf tjfrf aen df mfeninhguc verietions in tjfffiaifnay. In prinaipcf, tjis verietions aouc` df orihinetf` dy ajenhfs in tjf tfmpfreturf or in tjf evfrehf

aomposition og tjf aosmia rey sjowfrs, dut dy now notjinh cools acfer.Po try to sjf` morf cihjt on tjis topia, e cinfer stt og tjf ète jes dffn pfrgormf` es sffn in Gihurf 52.

Pjf uticity og tjis cinfer rfhrfssion rfsi`fs on tjf geat tjet it aen jfcp to jevf e morf quentitetivf vecuf ogtjf cinfer aorrfcetion dftwffn ffiaifnay en` prfssurf. Dy òinh tjis, en` esuminh tjet tjf ffiaifnay aen dfwrittfn in tjis wey;

1Emount og timf tjet tjf `ftfator nff`s to eèpt to ajenhfs in tjf fxtfrnec prfssurf

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g =g(R) +g(N,F ,P,.. .) (4)

tjfn, dy aonsi`frinh tjet tjf tfrm g(R) is eatueccy tjf stttf` cinfer gunation, it aen df sudstreatf` to tjftotec ffiaifnaygen` tjus tjf rfmeininh rfsuct wicc df kust tjf verietions to tjf ffiaifnay aeusf` dy ecc tjfotjfr veriedcfs tjet erf not prfssurf. Pjis is fquivecfnt to enecyzinh tjf rfsiùecs og tjf stttinh.

(e) Muctipciaity 5 (d) Muctipciaity 4

Gihurf 52; Ffiaifnay vs Rrfssurf cinfer stttinhs gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` 4.

In otjfr wor`s, tjf fflfat og tjf prfssurf ovfr tjf ffiaifnay jes dffn isocetf` en` sudstreatf`, cfevinh epcot og ète wjfrf tjf fflfat og tjf otjfr veriedcfs aen df stuìf`. Pjfsf pcots erf sjown in Gihurf 55.

Gihurf 55; Ffiaifnaf verietions not aeusf dy prfssurf gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` 4.

Pjfsf verietions erf tjf onfs tjet somftimfs aeusf tjf ffiaifnay to ajenhf dfgorf tjf prfssurf en`viafvfrse, en` tjf dfjevior og tjis osaiccetions is eatueccy quitf intfrfstinh. Es sffn in Gihurf 54, tjfsinusoièc stttinh og tjf rfsiùecs eppfers to suhhfst tjet tjfy eatueccy goccow e 54-jour pfrio`.

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Gihurf 54; Qinusoièc stttinh gor tjf rfsiùecs og tjf ffiaifnay in fvfnts og muctipciaity 5. Grom tjf stttinh, epfrio` og 54.414(2.287) jours is odteinf`.

Po fxpcein tjis, it is importent to rfmfmdfr tjet tjf mftjo` usf` to aecaucetf tjf ffiaifnay is vfrysfnsitivf to tjf lin` og inai`fnt pertiacfs, en` onf og tjf possidcf jypotjfsis to fxpcein tjis 54-jour pf-

rioìaity aouc` df tjis onf; Es fxpceinf` in sfation 1, epert grom tjf 40jour pfriìaity, aosmia reys ecsoprfsfnt e sfmiìurnec (54-jour) aomponfnt. Ig tjis aomponfnt aeusfs sjowfrs witj ìflfrfnt evfrehf pertiacfaomposition tjen tjf 40-jour aomponfnt tjfn it wouc` df possidcf tjet it wouc` df eflfatinh tjf ffiaifnayen`, tjfrfdy, aeusinh tjf odsfrvf` 54-jour pfrioìaiy. Og aoursf, tjis jes to df telfn witj e pinaj og sectsinaf notjinh jes dffn provfn, en` gurtjfr enecysis wicc df rfquirf`.

In aesf tjet tjfsf verietions in tjf ffiaifnay wfrf eatueccy aeusf` dy tjf sfmiìurnec aomponfnt og tjfaosmia reys, tjfn dy aorrfatinh tjf mfesurf` ète witj tjis ffiaifnay wf wouc` df lin` og suprfssinh oretfnuetinh tjf 54 jour aomponfnt in tjf aosmia rey ète en` tjus eflfatinh to tjf Gourifr enecysis tjet wiccdf pfrgormf` in sfation 6.

Gineccy, to gurtjfr stu`y tjf dfjevior og tjf rfsiùecs, e auentitetivf enecysis og tjfsf `fvietions jes dffnònf dy sfttinh up en jistohrem wjfrf tjf numdfr og timfs tjet tjf ffiaifnay verietion geccs in e `ftfrminfìntfrvec is aountf`. Quaj jistohrem wicc sjow e ìstridution og aounts tjet rfsfmdcfs tjf sjepf og e heussienen`, tjfrfdy, dy pfrgorinh e stttinh to tjet aurvf, wf wicc jevf e dfttfr i`fe og jow tjf ìtridution og tjf

osaiccetions is.

(e) Jist 5 (d) Jist 4

Gihurf 51; Jistohrems og ffiaifnay verietion gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` 4

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Pjf odteinf` jistohrems eppfer to df ecmost i`fntiaec, dut ig e acosfr cool is telfn tjfn it turns outtjet tjfy erf not eatuecccy tjet simicer. Xjicf tjf ìstridution gor tjf onf-pertiacf fvfnts is afntfrf` in 2,tjf jistohrem gor muctipciaity 4 is afntfrf` in tjf nfhetivf pert og tjf exis, eroun` -2.226. Ecso, dy coolinhet tjf teics og dotj ìstridutions it is sffn tjet 51d is, in geat, eroun` twiaf es wi`f es 51e.

Onf possidcf fxpcenetion og tjis aomfs grom tjf muctipciaity og tjf fvfnts prfsfntf` in feaj jistohrem;gor fvfnts og mutipciaity 5 tjf ffiaifnay rfprfsfnts tjf prodedicity og `ftfatinh onf sinhcf pertiacf, tjis

prodedicity wicc df aeccf` . On tjf otjfr si`f, gor muctipciaity 4 fvfnts tjf prodedicity og mfesurinh onffvfnt is tjf prodedicity og mfesurinh two pertiacfs et tjf semf timf, en` tjis is 4.

Pjis is in wfcc ehrffmfnt witj tjf ffiaifnay rfprfsfntf` in 52, wjfrf tjf vecufs og tjf ffiaifnay gormutipciaity 4 fvfnts erf kust tjf squerf og tjf vecufs gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5, en` tjis jes e ìrfat impeatin tjf sjepf og tjf jistohrems, melinh tjf onf gor muctipciaity 4 fvfnts muaj wi`fr en` witj tjf afntfrmovf` to tjf cfgt.

6 Aosmia Tey @ete Enecysis

Pjf nfxt stfp is to pfrgorm tjf prfssurf aorrfation og tjf ìflfrfnt ffluxfs. Es sffn in tjf dfhinninh og tjispepfr, tjf etmospjfria prfssurf jes e ìrfat impeat in tjf nft aosmia rey fflux mfesurf` et tjf Fertj surgeaf.Es e aonsfqufnaf, dfsi`fs tjf ffiafnay aorrfation ecrfe`y enecizf` wf nff` to aorrfat tjis fflfat in or`fr to

jevf e acfer vifw et tjf ìurnec AT pfrioìaity.E simpcf wey to stn` tjis aorrfcetion is fxpceinf` in \0] en` jfrf tjf semf proafùrf wicc df goccowf`.Pjf enti-aorrfcetion dftwffn tjf prfssurf en` tjf aountinh retf og eny sfaonèry aosmia rey aomponfntmey df aomputf` dy tjf simpcf gormuce;

N

N =e+2R (1)

wjfrf N is tjf mfen aosmia rey fflux en` Nis tjf verietion in tjf aountinh retf ùf to e verietion R intjf etmospjfria prfssurf et tjf cfvfc og odsfrvetion, telinh es rfgfrfnaf tjf minimum vecuf og prfssurf in tjftimf intfrvec aonsi`frf`. Pjus, dy pcotinh NN vfrsus Re cinfer rfcetion wicc df sffn en` tjf aoffiaifnts

e en` 2 wicc df odteinf` dy e simpcf cinfer stttinh.Jfrf, 2 is tjf so aeccf` edsorption aoffiaifnt wjiaj telfs into eaaount tjf sarffninh fflfat og tjf

etmospjfrf ovfr tjf sfaonèry aosmia reys. Its vecuf is ecweys nfhetivf en` `fpfn s on tjf sfaonèry

aomponfnt aonsi`frf`, tjet is, gor fvfry enhcf og inai`fnaf tjf vecuf wicc df ìflfrfnt. In geat, es fxpceinfìn \6], it is wfcc lnown tjet tjf deromftria aoffiaifnt `farfesfs witj tjf zfnitec enhcf ùf to tjf cerhfrfnfrhy tjrfsjoc` gor inaominh muons wjiaj jevf to trevfrsf e cerhfr etmospjfria ceyfr. Jfrf, witj tjf èteeveicedcf, tjrff intfrvecs og zfnit enhcfs (nemfcy 2-12, 12-06 en` 06-92) aen df stuìf` sfperetfcy enìts ìflfrfnafs wicc df enecyzf`.

Onf tjinh tjet sjouc` notf` jfrf is tjet ìflfrfnt pertiacfs jevf ecso ìflfrfnt etfnuetion aoffiaifnts.Rrotons, nfutrons, muons... jevf ìflfrfnt prodedicity og intfreatinh witj tjf pertiacfs og tjf etmospjfrf en`tjfrfgorf fxpfrifnaf ìflfrfnt etfnuetions, en` e prodcfm jfrf is tjet tjf ffluxfs tjet wicc df enecyzf` aonteine mix eg meny lin`s og pertiacfs sinaf tjf mfesurfmfnts me`f dy tjf TRA aou` not sfperetf tjfm. Pjus,tjf aecaucetf` vecufs og tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts wicc df en evfrehf og tjf 2 og feaj pertiacf `ftfatf`.

Onaf ecc tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts jevf dffn aecaucetf`, tjf aorrfatf` aosmia rey fflux aen df aomputf`dy simpcy eppcyinh tjf goccowinh fxprfssion;

Na= N f2R (0)

XjfrfNis tjf mfesurf` fflux en` Na is tjf aorrfatf` aountinh retf dy telinh es rfgfrfnaf tjf minimumprfssurf. Xjfn tjf prfssurf rfeajfs its minimum tjfn R= 2 en` tjf aorrfatf` fflux fquecs tjf mfesurfàosmia reys, dut wjfn tjf prfssurf hrows tjfn R > 2 en` tjf fxponfnt dfaomfs positivf, melinh tjfaorrfatf` fflux jihjfr tjen tjf mfesurf` onf, kust cilf it wouc` df fxpfatf`.

In tjf goccowinh sfation ecc tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts wicc df aecaucetf` en` tjf aorrfspponình hrepjiaswitj tjf rfsucts wicc df sjown.

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6.5 @ftfrminetion og tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts

Jfrf tjf edsorption aoffiaifnts gor aosmia reys og muctipciaity 5 en` 4 en` enhcfs in intfrvecs 2-12, 12-06

en` 06-92 wicc df aomputf`.In strst pceaf, en` to jevf e hfnfrec vifw, cinfer rfhrfssions og tjf totec ffluxfs gor muctipciaitifs 5 en` 4

wicc df pfrgormf`, es sjown in Gihurf 50. Pjfn, in Gihurfs 56 en` 57 e sfperetf cool wicc df telfn et tjfìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf, dotj gor muctipciaity 5 en` 4.

(e) Muctipciaity 5 (d) Muctipciaity 4

Gihurf 50; Cinfer stttinh gor prfssurf aorrfation gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` 4. Pjfsf erf totec ffluxfs,mfeninh tjet ecc enhcfs og inai`fnaf jevf dffn aonsi frf .

Muctipciaity e 2 (%/jRe)5 4.17(2.55) -2.0:7(2.245)4 8.22(2.5:) -5.008(2.210)

Grom tjf cinfer rfhrfssions me`f in Gihurf 50 it aen df sffn in tjf tedcf edovf tjet tjf edsorptionaoffiaifnt2 is acfercy dihhfr (in e geator 1) gor two-pertiacf fvfnts aomperf` to onf-pertiacf fvfnts.

(e) 2-12 (d) 12-06 (a) > 06

Gihurf 56; Cinfer stttinhs gor prfssurf aorrfation gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 witj ìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf.

Inai`fnaf Enhcf e 2 (%/jRe)

2

-12

4.0:(2.51) -2.629(2.240)12-06 4.49(2.54) -2.081(2.244)>06 4.56(2.54) -2.000(2.245)

Es sjown in tjf tedcf edovf, gor onf-pertiacf fvfnts tjf edsorption aoffiaifnt 2 sffms to acfercy rfùafgor dihhfr zfnit enhcfs.

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(e) 2-12 (d) 12-06 (a) > 06

Gihurf 57; Cinfer stttinhs gor prfssurf aorrfation gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 4 witj ìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf.

Inai`fnaf Enhcf e 2 (%/jRe)2-12 8.48(2.41) -5.071(2.204)12-06 8.66(2.4:) -5.621(2.265)>06 7.89(2.49) -5.106(2.261)

Gineccy, gor two pertiacf fvfnts, 2 ecso tfn`s to `farfesf gor dihhfr zfnit enhcfs. Pjf sfaon` vecuf eatueccyhrows, dut its not vfry sudstentiec en` tjf ìsarfpenay geccs witjin onf stenèr` `fvietion.

Pjf rfsucts sjown jfrf erf not ìrfatcy aomperedcf witj aoffiaifnts goun` in otjfr ertiacfs. Pjis is, esnotf` dfgorf, dfaeusf tjf mfesurf` ffluxfs erf e mix og ìflfrfnt pertiacfs witj ìflfrfnt pfnftretion cfnhtjs,wjicf tjf enecysis goun` in otjfr ertiacfs usueccy afntfrs its ettfntion in oncy onf lin` og pertiacfs.

Ovfrecc, two acfer fflfats erf odsfrvf` jfrf;

e) Pjf etfnuetion aoffiaifnts erf 1 timfs cowfr gor onf-pertiacf fvfnts tjen gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 4.Pjis is somftjinh not aompcftfcy un`frstoo`, dut prodedcy jes somftjinh to ò witj tjf geat tjet gormuctipciaity 5 fvfnts tjfrf erf so meny ìflfrfnt reìetions tjet aen df proùainh e sihnec on tjf `ftfator,wjicf gor muctipciaity 4 oncy peirs og fvfnts `ftfatf` in aoinai`fnaf erf mfesurf`, hivinh es e rfsuct emuaj acfenfr sft og ète.

d) Pjf etfnuetion aoffiaifnts `farfesf witj jihjfr zfnit enhcfs. Pjis wes somftjinh fxpfatf` aeusf dy tjfgeat tjet pertiacfs errivinh witj jihjfr enhcfs must df morf fnfrhftia \:] (en` tjus, morf pfnftretinh),to errivf to tjf `ftfator, wjiaj impcifs e cowfr etfnuetion aoffiaifnt.

Now tjet tjf 2 gor ecc enhcfs jes dffn aecaucetf`, tjf aorrfation og tjf ffluxfs aen df pfrgormf` dyeppcyinh fquetion 0. In tjf nfxt sfation e aomperison dftwffn tjf ffluxfs dfgorf en` egtfr tjf aorrfation issjown en`, egtfr tjis, tjf Gourifr enecysis og tjf 40-j pfrioìaity wicc df pfrgormf`.

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6.4 Aorrfatf` Gcuxfs

Es sei` dfgorf, to jevf e hfnfrec vifw edout jow tjf aorrfation jes worlf` e dfgorf en` egtfr aomperisonwicc df sjown jfrf. Oncy totec ffluxfs gor onf en` two-pertiacf fvfnts wicc df rfprfsfntf`.

Gihurf 58; Potec fflux gor onf-pertiacf fvfnts dfgorf tjf prfssurf aorrfation (cfgt) en` egtfr (rihjt)

Gihurf 5:; Potec fflux gor two-pertiacf fvfnts dfgorf tjf prfssurf aorrfation (cfgt) en` egtfr (rihjt)

Grom Gihurfs 58 en` 5: it aen acfercy df sffn tjet tjf aorrfation jes worlf` es fxpfatf`. Xjfn tjfprfssurf wes jihj tjf aorrfation jes dumpf` tjf retf og aosmia reys en` jes cfgt it inverient wjfn tjfprfssurf wes minimum (dfaeusf it wes telfn es tjf rfgfrfnaf prfssurf). E piaturf og jow tjf prfssurf je`ajenhf` ovfr tjis pfrio` og timf aen df sffn et Gihurfs 9 en` 5.

Jevinh ajfalf` tjis, its timf to ho to tjf intfrfstinh sfation (en` mein purposf og tjis pepfr) og tjfGourifr enecysis og tjf socer mo`ucetion.

5:


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6.1 Gourifr Enecysis og tjf aorrfatf` ète

Es sffn in Gihurfs 58 en` 5:, en epperfnt osaiccetion fxists in dotj ffluxfs. It wes fxpceinf` in sfation 1 tjetet cfest 1 jermonias og tjf 40-jour pfrioìaity jevf dffn odsfrvf . Pjf purposf og tjis prfsfnt sfation wiccdf to fxeminf tjf ète eveicedcf en` ajfal ig tjosf tjrff jermonias aen df sffn en`, tjfrfgorf, provinh tjfhrfet aepedicitifs og tjf TRAs gor aosmia rey enecysis. Gor òinh tjis, e simicer epproeaj to wjet jes dffnònf in \8] wicc df goccowf` en`, tjet is, e stttinh og tjf eveicedcf ffluxfs to e Gourifr sfrifs wicc df pfrgormf`.

Qinaf tjf intfrfst og tjf enecysis is oncy on tjf strst 1 jermonias, tjf stttinh wicc df cimitf` to tjf strst 1tfrms og tjf Gourifr sfrifs. Ecso, to improvf tjf quecity og tjf stttf` aurvf, e pocynomiec tfrm wicc df e``f`wjiaj wicc telf into eaaount tjf heceatia aosmia rey fflux verietions un`fr tjf mein osaiccetion. Pjus, tjfstttinh gunation wicc df tjf nfxt onf;

G =e2+ext+eyt4 +ezt

1 +1

i=5

\eiaos(it4

t2) +disin(it

4

t2)] (6)

wjfrf tjf strst 0 tfrms erf tjf 1r` `fhrff pocynomiec en` tjf summetory aonteins tjf strst tjrff tfrmsog tjf Gourifr sfrifs.

Girst, cfts dfhin witj tjf onf-pertiacf Aosmia Teys;

(e) 2-12 (d) 12-06 (a) > 06

Gihurf 59; Gourifr + 1r` `fhrff pocynomiec gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 et ìflfrfnt inai`fnaf enhcfs

Es sffn in tjfsf 1 piaturfs, tjfrf is e retjfr intfrfstinh en` unfxpfatf` dfjevior; tjf pfrioìaity og tjfaosmia rey fflux is not 40 jours, in geat its nor fvfn acosf to tjis numdfr. In Gihurf 59e tjf ìstenaf in timfdftwffn tjf strst two minimums is og eroun` 44 jours, rfùainh to kust 5:j dftwffn tjf 4n` en` 1r`, to57j dftwffn tjf 1r` en` 0tj en` fvfn to 56j dftwffn tjf cest two minimums. Pjf rfeson og tjis strenhfpfrioìaity is unlnown, dut tjf cittcf emount og ète eveicedcf aomdinf` witj tjf geat tjet muctipciaity 5fvfnts aen jevf vfry ìflfrfnt propfrtifs prodedcy jevf somftjinh to sey in jfrf. Pjis is somftjih tjet wiccrfquirf gurtjfr enecysis en` it wicc prodedcy df en intfrfstinh topia to rfsferaj onaf tjf TRAs wicc df coaetfìn our Geaucty.

Dfaeusf og tjf ceal og e aonstent pfrioìaity, e Gourifr enecysis melfs no sfnsf jfrf. Eatueccy, gor tjfintfrvec 2-12 e stttinh to tjf fquetion 6 wes pfrgormf`, kust in aesf somftjinh aouc` eatueccy df sffn. Dyòinh tjis, e pfrioìaity og 45j wes odteinf` gor tjf stttf` gunation dut, es it aen df odsfrvf` in Gihurf59e, it òfsnt `fsaridf wfcc tjf position og ecc meximums en` minimus ùf to tjf ìflfrfnafs in grfqufnayog tjf ète.

On tjf otjfr si`f, dy coolinh et Gihurf 42, it is acfer tjet tjf two-pertiacf ffluxfs ò prfsfnt e 40-jourpfrioìaity so, wjetfvfr is tjf aeusf og tjf enomecifs in Gihurf 59 it oncy eflfats to tjf aountinh og muctipciaity5 fvfnts.

Gittinhs to Fquetion 6 gor tjf two-pertiacf aounts jevf dffn pfrgormf` gor ecc enhcfs en` tjf rfsucts erfsjown in Gihurf 42.

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(e) 2-12 (d) 12-06 (a) > 06

Gihurf 42; Gourifr + 1r` `fhrff pocynomiec gor fvfnts og muctipciaity 4 et ìflfrfnt inai`fnaf enhcfs

5st jermonia 4n` jermonia 1r` jermoniaEnhcf Rfrio` (jours) e5 d5 e4 d4 e1 d1 Tf`. Aji-Qqr2-12 40.87(2.12) -5:.6(6.1) -49.9(0.4) 8.5(1.4) -2.8(1.:) 2.8(1.1) 4.8(1.4) 5.4048

12-06 40.28(2.4:) -1.9(1.9) -45.7(4.8) :.4(4.:) 1.4(1.4) 2.8(1.4) 6.2(4.7) 5.465:>06 40.46(2.06) -1.2(1.7) -51.2(4.0) 1.0(4.6) -1.1(4.:) 2.9(4.:) -4.7(4.0) 5.4617

Pjf tedcf edovf aonteins tjf aoffiaifnts og tjf 1 Gourifr aomponfnts odteinf` in tjf stttinh, witj tjfnumdfrs in drealfts dfinh tjf essoaietf` stenèr` `fvietion. Pjf aoffiaifnts og tjf pocynomiec erf notsjown sinaf tjfy erf not og our intfrfst.

Es sffn, gor tjf tjrff enhcfs tjf sjepf og tjf stttf` gunation ajenhfs notiafedcy, suhhfstinh tjet `fpfnìnhon tjf enhcf og inai`fnaf tjf jermonias mey jevf ìflfrfnt pjesfs en` empcitu`fs. Coolinh et tjf numdfrsit is odvious tjet tjf òminent aomponfnt is tjf 40-jour jermonia, goccowf` dy tjf sfaon`, witj tjf tjirònf dfinh tjf cfss òminent. Jowfvfr, rfcetivf to tjf strst jermonia, tjf tjir` aomponfnt is muaj stronhfrgor tjf intfrvecs 12-06 en` > 06 tjen gor vfrtiaec inai`fnaf.

Po gurtjfr stu`y tjf pfrioìaity og tjis two-pertiacf fflux it aen df usfguc to melf e 40-jour gocình og tjftotec fflux en`, tjfrfgorf, jevinh en evfrehf og tjf osaiccetion gor tjf aompcftf mfesurf` pfrio`. In tjis weye morf acfen sinusoi` is odteinf` en` tjus e dfttfr stttinh aen df pfrgormf`. Pjis is sjown in Gihurf 45.

Gihurf 45; 40j gocình og tjf ète, sjowinh tjf ìurnec fflfat gor muctipciaity 4 fvfnts.

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5st jermonia 4n` jermonia 1r` jermoniaRfrio` (jours) e5 d5 e4 d4 e1 d1 Tf`. Aji-Qqr

40 (goraf`) 1.2(6.5) -64.4(6.2) 46.5(6.2) 0.5(6.5) 5.5(6.2) -5.0(6.5) 5.0094

Gor tjis stttinh tjf pfrio` jes dffn stxf` to 40 jours, tjis is dfaeusf dy òinh tjf gocình wf erf ecrfe`y

essuminh tjet fxeat pfrioìaity. Grom tjf rfsucts in tjf tedcf edovf it is quitf acfer tjf prfsfnaf og et cfesttjf strst en` sfaon` jermonias, witj tjf tjir` onf dfinh qufstionedcf. Pjis aen df aonsi frf` es e hoo`rfsuct dferinh in min` tjet oncy 0 èys og ète jevf dffn usf`, fnaourehinh us to aontinuf tjf rfsferaj intjis topia en` in tjf usf og TRAs in tjf stu`y on Aosmia Teys.

Gineccy, to jevf e morf hrepjiaec aomperison og tjf odteinf` rfsucts, tjf nfxt imehf is inacu`f`. Itrfprfsfnts tjf aorrfatf` ffluxfs gor muctipciaity 4 fvfnts in tjf tjrff ìflfrfnt enhcf intfrvecs, inacuình tjfstttf` gunation gor feaj og tjfm, en` wjfrf tjf ìurnec pfrioìty is `fstnitfcy odsfrvf`.

Gihurf 44; Aomperison og muctipciaity 4 ffluxfs witj ìflfrfnt enhcfs og inai`fnaf. 2-12 (top), 12-06

(mi``cf) en` 06-92 (dottom).Pjf stttf` gunation is pcottf` in rf . E 40j pfrio iaity is acfer in ecc tjftjrff intfrvecs.

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7 Muctiverietf Enecysis

7.5 Introùation en` jypotjfsis

Gineccy, it wes goun` aonvfnifnt tjet, to aompcftf tjf prfvious rfsucts, toocs og muctiverietf enecysis aoucc`df eppcif` to tjf aurrfnt ète. Pjf odkfativf og tjis is to `ftfrminf tjf aorrfcetions dftwffn ecc tjf eveicedcfveriedcfs, afntfrinh our ettfntion in wjiaj onfs eflfat tjf most to tjf ffiaifnay (epert grom tjf prfssurf,wjiaj wes ecrfe`y stuìf` in sfation 0.1). Jfrf ecso e aoupcf og jypotjfsis edout jow tjf tfmpfreturf aouc`jevf ajenhf` jevf dffn inacu`f`, onf gor tjf emdifnt tfmpfreturf in tjf duicình en` enotjfr onf gor tjffxtfrnec tfmpfreturf.

Gor tjf emdifnt tfmpfreturf in tjf cedoretory e 40-jour sinusoièc dfjeviour jes dffn aonsi`frf`, witje minimum en` e meximum og 42A en` 46A et 4;22em en` 4;22pm rfspfativfcy. Pjis fstimetion wesme`f dferinh in min` tjet wjfn tjf mfesurfmfnts og aosmia wjfrf ònf (Oatodfr) tjf jfetinh in tjf roomlffpf` tjf tfmpfreturf et et cfest 42A, witj e possidcf inarfesf in tjf afntrec jours og tjf èy.

Gor tjf fstimetion og tjf outsi`f tfmpfreturf e simicer sinusoièc epproeaj wes goccowf`, dut tjis timfusinh tjf èicy meximum en` minimum tfmpfreturfs mfesurf` in tjf mftforocohiaec stetion in tjf Grenlgurteirport (acosfst stetion to @ermste`t). Pjf meximum en` tjf minimum wjfrf ecso sft to oaaur et 4;22pmen` 4;22em. E pcot og tjf rfsuctinh tfmpfreturf aen df sffn in Gihurf 41. Pjf smecc ìsaontinuitifs erf eaonsfqufnaf og jevinh `fstnf` tjf tfmpfreturf es e pifafwisf gunation, wjfrf feaj èy jes its own epcitu`f.

Gihurf 41; Jypotjfrsis gor tjf verietion og tjf fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf.

Pjf muctiverietf enecysis wicc df desf` in tjf mftjoòcohifs fxpceinf` in \52]. Pjf strst stfp is to sft upe m n metrix Zwjiaj aonteins ecc tjf veriedcfs tjet wicc df stuìf`,wjitj m dfinh feaj veriedcf en` ntjf numdfr og ète. In tjis aesf 0 veriedcfs wicc df aonsi frf , nemfcy prfssurf, ffiaifnay, pertiacf fflux en`tjf invfrsf og tjf tfmpfreturf, feaj og tjfm jevinh 664 points og ète.

It is importent to notf tjet dotj tjf muctipciaity 5 en` 4 ffluxfs wicc df tfstf`, en` ecso intfrnec en`fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf wicc df enecyzf` sfperetfcy. Dfaeusf og tjis, to fmdreaf ecc tjf posidicitifs, e totec oggourZmetriafs wicc df arfetf`.

Pjf cinfer aorrfcetion dftwffn two veriedcfs is hivfn dy tjf aorrfcetion aoffiaifnts in tjf aorrfcetionmetrix T. Es sei` dfgorf, tjf proafss og odteininh tjosf metriafs is propfrcy fxpceinf` in \52], en` it is edit too conh to inacu`f jfrf, so oncy tjf rfsucts wicc df prfsfntf`.

In tjf goccowinh sfation tjf muctiverietf enecysis og tjf ìflfrfnt aesfs cistf` edovf wicc df aerrif` out. Ese strst fxempcf, tjf rfsucts gor tjf aesf og fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf wicc df fxeminf`.Pjf sudinìafs 5,4 en` i,f inìaetf tjf muctipciaity en` tfmpfreturf enecyzf` (i gor intfrnec en` f gorfxtfrnec);

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7.4 Enecysis og tjf ìflfrfnt aesfs

7.4.5 Muctipciaity 5 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf

T5i =

5.2222 2.9282 2.8552 2.59172.9282 5.2222 2.6871 2.40502.8552 2.6871 5.2222 2.2:52

2.5917 2.4050 2.2:52 5.2222

Jfrf tjf strst aocumn is prfssurf, tjf sfaon` ig ffiaifnay, tjf tjir` is tjf pertiacf fflux en` tjf cest onf istjf invfrsf og tjf tfmpfreturf. Pjf semf eppcifs to tjf rows. Pjfrfgorf tjis metrix is odviouscy symmftriaecen` tjf mein ìehonec is tjf unity sinaf feaj veriedcf is pfrgfatcy aorrfcetf` witj itsfcg.

Ku`hinh grom tjf numdfrs it is quitf acfer tjet tjf most aorrfcetf` veriedcfs erf tjf prfssurf & ffiaifnay(2.9282) en` tjf prfssurf & pertiacf fflux (-2.8552). Pjis is somftjinh ecrfe`y fxpfatf` grom wjet weserfe`y sffn in sfations 0.1 en` 6.5; jihjfr prfssurf mfens morf `ftfator ffiaifnay en` cfss pertiacf ffluxet hroun` cfvfc, tjus tjf aorrfcetion en` entiaorrfcetion dftwffn tjosf veriedcfs. Mfenwjicf, tjf intfrnectfmpfreturf sffms to ònt jevf eny sihnistaent aorrfcetion witj tjf otjfr veriedcfs.

Es fxpceinf`, tjis metrix hivfs tjf aorrfcetion og tjf veriedcfs in peirs, dut gurtjfr aorrfcetions aendf pfrgormf`. Dy òinh tjf aorrfat opfretions (ehein, \52]) tjf muctipcf aorrfcetion aoffiaifnts aen dfaecaucetf . Pjfsf aoffiaifnts hivf us jow rfcetf` is onf veriedcf witj ecc tjf otjfrs, not kust onf. Pjis istjf semf es seyinh tjet ig ecc veriedcfs erf lnown fxafpt onf, tjosf numdfrs wicc tfcc jow prfìatedcf istjet veriedcf grom tjf ète og tjf otjfrs. In tjis aesf tjf odteinf` muctipcf aorrfcetion aoffiaifnts erf tjfgoccowinh;

m5i =

2.:8812.:1172.685:2.5058

Es sffn, tjf most prfìatedcf veriedcf is tjf prfssurf (2.:881), goccowf` dy tjf ffiaifnay (2.:117) witjecso tjf pertiacf fflux jevinh somf sihnistaenaf ùf to its aorrfcetion witj tjf prfssurf.

Gineccy, onf cest tfst aen df pfrgormf`. Pjf aorrfcetion metrix T mfesurfs tjf aorrfcetion dftwffntwo veriedcfs, dut òfsnt aonsi`fr tjf geat tjet somf og tjfm mihjt df aorrfcetf` tjrouhj en intfrmfìetfveriedcf en`, tjet is, meydf veriedcf 1 `fpfn`s on veriedcf 4 en`, et tjf semf timf, veriedcf 4 `fpfn`s

on enotjfr veriedcf 5 mfeninh tjet in geat 1 `fpfn`s on 5 in en inìrfat wey, wjiaj is somftjinhtjf metrix T is nfhcfatinh. Po stx tjis, e so-aeccf` pertiec aorrfcetion metrix R aen df arfetf`, wjosfaoffiaifnts wicc oncy mfesurf tjf pertiec aorrfcetions dftwffn tjf veriedcfs, tjet is, aonsi frinh tjet ecc tjfotjfr veriedcfs erf stxf`. Gor tjf prfsfnt aesf tjf metrixRjes tjf goccowinh vecufs;

R5i =

5.2222 2.:068 2.6647 2.55572.:068 5.2222 2.5910 2.29142.6647 2.5910 5.2222 2.49572.5557 2.2914 2.4957 5.2222

Pjis meincy aonstrms tjf aorrfcetion dftwffn prfssurf & ffiaifnay (2.:068) en` tjf prfssurf & pertiacffflux (-2.6647) dut ecso jfcps to `fny tjf rfcetion dftwffn ffiaifnay en` pertiacf fflux wjiaj wes somfjowepperfnt in tjf metrixT(2.5910 vs -2.6871), tjis is ecso somftjinh fxpfatf` sinaf tjf pertiacf ffluxfs enecyzf`

jfrf wfrf ecrfe`y aorrfatf` dy ffiaifnay.Now tjet tjf stu`y gor tjf aesf og fvfnts og muctipciaity 5 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf jes dffn stnisjf`,tjf rfsucts gor tjf tjrff rfmeininh aesfs wicc df prfsfntf`;

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7.4.4 Muctipciaity 5 en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf

T5f =

5.2222 2.9282 2.8552 2.70112.9282 5.2222 2.6871 2.82842.8552 2.6871 5.2222 2.44972.7011 2.8284 2.4497 5.2222

m5f=

2.::582.:09:2.697:2.6791

R5f=

5.2222 2.8480 2.6885 2.45912.8480 5.2222 2.2:48 2.14012.6885 2.2:48 5.2222 2.18422.4591 2.1401 2.1842 5.2222

7.4.1 Muctipciaity 4 en` intfrnec tfmpfreturf

T4i=

5.2222 2.9282 2.:817 2.59172.9282 5.2222 2.::9: 2.40502.:817 2.::9: 5.2222 2.12:22.5917 2.4050 2.12:2 5.2222

m4i =

2.:0812.:74:2.:4:22.5596

R4i =

5.2222 2.6:29 2.17:1 2.50842.6:29 5.2222 2.0606 2.24622.17:1 2.0606 5.2222 2.40882.5084 2.2462 2.4088 5.2222

7.4.0 Muctipciaity 4 en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf

T4f =

5.2222 2.9282 2.:817 2.70112.9282 5.2222 2.::9: 2.82842.:817 2.::9: 5.2222 2.70052.7011 2.8284 2.7005 5.2222

m4f =

2.:0192.:8812.:584

2.62548

R4f=

5.2222 2.6661 2.1070 2.25212.6661 5.2222 2.0104 2.1464

2.1070 2.0104 5.2222 2.20772.2521 2.1464 2.2077 5.2222

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7.1 Aonacusions

Grom ecc og tjfsf rfsucts it aen df sffn tjet nfitjfr tjf intfrnec nor tjf fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf jevf e sihnistaentaorrfcetion witj eny otjfr veriedcf. On tjf otjfr si`f, tjf hrfet aorrfcetion dftwffn ffiaifnay en` prfssurfrfpfets itsfcg timf egtfr timf, en` ecmost tjf semf aen df sei` gor tjf pertiacf fflux en` prfssurf, wjiajmentein e stronh entiaorrfcetion.

Enotjfr intfrfstinh geat is tjet tjf pertiacf fflux gor muctipciaity 4 fvfnts is muaj morf prfìatedcf tjentjf fflux og onf-pertiacf fvfnts, Pjf orihin og tjis sffms to df in e stronhfr pertiec entiaorrfcetion dftwffnffiaifnay en` pertiacf fflux gor muctipciaity 4. Pjf fxpcenetion gor tjis fvfnt cools retjfr aompcfx sinaf tjfaosmia rey ffluxfs enecyzf` jfrf erf ecrfe`y aorrfatf` gor ffiaifnay en`, tjfrfgorf, tjf aorrfcetion dftwffntjfsf two veriedcfs sjouc` df acosf to zfro.

Epert grom tjis, tjf muctiverient enecysis jes jfcpf` us to ìsaer` tjf possidcf aorrfcetions dftwffntfmpfreturf en` ffiaifnay en` tfmpfreturf en` fflux (et cfest witj tjf proposf` jypotjfsis) en`, tjfrfgorf,minimizinh our gfers edout not jevinh mfesurf` tjf tfmpfreturf ùrinh tjf fxpfrimfnt.

8 Ginec Aonacusions en` Aonsi`fretions

In tjis pepfr it jes dffn enecyzf` e sft og aosmia rey fflux ète aonteininh muctipciaity 5 en` 4 fvfnts gorìflfrfnt enhcfs, witj tjf odkfativf og stu`yinh tjf possidcf prfssfnaf og socer moùcetion fflfats. Pjfsf

ète wes hetjfrf` ùrinh tjf aommissioninh og tjf TAR `ftfators og tjf JE@FQ spfatromftfr et HQI in@ermste`t (Hfrmeny).

Ecso, e stu`y og tjf aorrfcetion dftwffn tjf most rfprfsfntetivf veriedcfs wes pfrgormf`, nemfcy et-mospjfria prfssurf, `ftfator ffiaifnay, aosmia rey ffluxfs en` tjf innfr en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturfs og tjffxpfrimfntetion erfe.

It jes dffn ajfalf` jow tjf aecaucus og tjf ffiaifnay propossf` dy H. Lornelov in jis Rj.@. tjfsis, wjiajjes sjown its veciìty witj tjf hetjfrf` aosmia rey ète, lffps tjf fxpfatf` cinfer rfcetion witj tjf prfssurf,ectjouhj prfsfntinh somf verietions aeusf` dy unlnown fflfats. Qomf og tjf possidcf fflfats rfsponsidcf ogtjis dfjevior aouc` df verietions in tjf aomposition og tjf aosmia rey sjowfrs or tjf eèptetion timf og tjf`ftfator in rfsponsf to ajenhfs in tjf fxtfrnec prfssurf. Pjfsf fflfats wouc` rfquirf e morf `fteicf` enecysisen` conhfr pfrio`s og eveicedcf ète.

Ovfrceppf` to tjf fflfat og tjf prfssurf, tjf ffiaifnay sjows e sinusoièc dfjeviour witj e pfrio` og 54jours, wjiaj aouc` df aeusf` dy verietions in tjf aomposition og tjf aosmia rey fflux dy tjf sfmiìurnecaomponfnt og tjf ìurnec fflfat.

Onaf tjf fflfats og tjf prfssurf ovfr tjf pertiacf ffluxfs jevf dffn aorrfatf`, tjosf ffluxfs sjow vfry acferpfrioìa fflfats. In tjf aesf og two-pertiacf fvfnts tjf ffluxfs fxjidit e acfer 40j pfrioìaity, aompetidcf witjtjf so-aeccf` ìurnec fflfat. On tjf otjfr si`f, gor onf-pertiacf fvfnts tjfrf fxists e morf aompcfx dfjeviourwitj importent ffluatuetions in tjf pfrioìaity. Pjis wouc` ecso rfquirf e morf in-`fptj enecysis tohftjfrwitj e morf fxtfn`f` sempcf og ète.

Gineccy, muctiverietf tfajniqufs jevf dffn eppcif` to tjf mein veriedcfs, witj somf og tjf turninh outto df vfry aorrfcetf`, meincy ffiaifnay en` prfssurf, en` ecso prfssurf en` pertiacf ffluxfs, es it wouc` dffxpfatf`. On tjf otjfr si`f, dotj intfrnec en` fxtfrnec tfmpfreturf wfrf not rfeccy aorrfcetf` to eny otjfrveriedcf, mfeninh tjet tjey jevf smecc infflufnaf ovfr tjf rfsucts jfrf prfsfntf`.

Ovfrecc, tjf rfsucts og tjf enecysis pfrgormf` on tjis pepfr suhhfst tjet tjfrf erf quitf e gfw fflfats tjetsjow unfxpfatf` dfjeviours, rfquirinh e morf aompcftf enecysis in tjf guturf witj dihhfr emounts og ète.

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Tfgfrfnafs

\5] Kuen E. Herzon ft ec., Enecisis `fc fntorno tfrrfstrf mfìentf un `ftfator `f reyos aosmiaos aon muyecte rfsocuaion tfmporec, Kournec/Fìtor, (4254)

\4] H. Lornelov,Nfw e`venafs en` `fvfcopmfnts on tjf TRA POG wecc og tjf JE@FQ fxpfrimfnt et HQI,Kournec/Fìtor, (4254)

\1] K. Aoccezo Mfn`fz, Enecysis og tjf onf-aosmia-rey fvfnts telfn ùrinh tjf aommissioninh og tjf JE@FQTRA wecc et HQI; strst rfsucts.c, Kournec/Fìtor, (4254)

\0] T. `f Esmunìs ft ec., Vsinh TRA @ftfators es Aosmia Teys Monitor, IFFF Prenseations in NuacferQaifnaf, Woc. 60, No. 1, (4228)

\6] D. Gemoso, R. C. Toaae, en` G. Tihhi,En fùaetionec stu`y og tjf deromftria fflfat og aosmia reys witje Hfihfr aountfr, Rjys. Fùa., voc. 02, p. 075, (4226)

\7] M. L. Tiajjerie,Pjir` Jermonias og aosmia rey intfnsity on quift èys et @ffp Tivfr Nfutron Moni-torinh Qtetion, Inìen Eae`fmy og Qaifnaf, voc. 7:, No. 7, p. 5228-5254, (4228)

\8] T. L. Misjre, T. E. Misjre,E stu`y og èicy verietion in aosmia rey intfnsity ùrinh jihj/cow empcitu`f

èys, Inìen Eae`fmy og Qaifnaf, voc. 7:, No. 1, p. 028-044, (4228)

\:] W. W. Dotoh ft ec., Cerhf Epfrtur Muon Joòsaopf gor Qtuìfs in Qocer-Pfrrfstriec Rjysias, MosaowFnhinffrinh Rjysias Institutf (5996)

\9] C.I @ormen,Aosmia Teys in tjf Fertjs Etmospjfrf en` Vn`frhroun`, Qprinhfr (4220)

\52] @enifc Rfne, Enecisis `f ètos muctiverientfs, Ma Hrew Jicc, p. :7-91 (4224)

\55] K. E. Herzon en` R. Aedefces, E metrix gormecism gor e gest timf en` treal rfaonstruation witj timinh`ftfators., Nuac. Instr. en` Mftj. E, 775;s452-s451 (4254)

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Analysis of the solar modulation with the RPC wall of the HADES spectrometer at GSI

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Transcript of Analysis of the solar modulation with the RPC wall of the HADES spectrometer at GSI