CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Theoritical Framework2.1.1 EthicsThe etymological basis of the word Ethics is the Greek wordethos, meaning habitual or customary conduct. Ethics and ethical are often used synonymously with morality and moral, as when reference is made to the ethics or morality of a person or group, or to their ethical or moral values. (Sulaiman, 2000)According to Velazques (2010), there are two major definitions of ethics. First, ethics refers to well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues. Secondly, ethics refers to the study and development of one's ethical standards. Ethics is the branch of study dealing with what is the proper course of action for man. It answers the question, "What do I do?" It is the study of right and wrong in human endeavors. At a more fundamental level, it is the method by which we categorize our values and pursue them.(Landauer, 2001). One can define whether his behaviour is right or wrong in the society by seeing the rules of ethics, since ethics deals with the method of reaching peoples values. Ethics leads to a set of rules of conduct for specific situations. (Kaddu, 2007). This means that ethics will be the guidance for people to behave apropriately in certain situasion. Ethics will also help people in orienting their own behaviour and interpret the behaviour of others. Ethics stands globally. It doesnt belong to particular groups. As stated by Sulaiman (2000), ethics ought to be viewed in relation to sustaining and enhancing this life experience of peoples worldwide, rather than in relation to any eschatological notions. Ethical values are neither relative nor sectarian; they are grounded in the universal experience of humankind. Ethics is a requirement for human life. It is our means of deciding a course of action. Without it, our actions would be random and aimless. There would be no way to work towards a goal because there would be no way to pick between a limitless number of goals. (Landauer, 2001).2.1.2 PolitenessA person will be said as being ethical if he/she knows how to behave approprately in the society. There are many factors that influence our behaviour. One of the factors is politeness. Politeness is maintaining proper etiquette and speaking properly to a person without offending him or her. (Shukla, 2009). Morever, Shukla states that one must not be rude or offensive. One must use proper words to convey something. Foul language can put off a person. Also one has to be choosy about words while conveying something. Whatever conveyed has to be conveyed in a subtle manner. In term of interaction, politeness can be defined as the means employed to show awareness for another persons face. Showing awareness for another persons face when that other seems socially distant is often described in terms of respect or deference. (Yule, 2007).

Some factor determined the politeness according to Yule (2007): Lexical choice: Use the word could, would, or etc. Sentence structure: We can use command sentence by using asking sentence. Gesture and Posture: Use our part of body to support to our speech. We can not use freely all part our body to support our speech act. Intonation.The kind and amount of politeness that the speaker applies to a certain speech act is determined by the weightiness of this speech act. Speakers calculate the weight of their speech acts from three social variables: the perceived social distance between the hearer and the speaker, the perceived power difference between them, and the cultural ranking of the speech act. (Vilkki)Politeness will bring several effects to us (Shukla, 2009): One will be more popular. People are friendlier towards you. Business transactions can be settled more easily. One develops an attractive personality. One is more likable. Less chances of developing enemies.

2.1.3 Students Politeness in ClassroomPoliteness in the classroom is one of the topics that seem almost too obvious to mention; of course, people will be polite in a classroom, just as theyre polite in a place of worship or at a job interview. But, the classroom is a bit different; it has its own rules of politeness. And, to complicate matters just a bit, these rules are modified in various ways by different institutions and by different instructors. (Devito)2.1.4 Teaching Learning ProcessEducation has always been awash with new ideas about learning and teaching. Teachers and administrators are regularly bombarded with suggestions for reform. They are asked to use new curricula, new teaching strategies, and new assessments. They are directed to prepare students for the new state standardized test or to document and assess students work through portfolios and performance-assessments.2.1.5 Teaching Teaching and Learning are actions that necessary to accomplish a goal in Education. Based on progressive and humanist education teaching is perceived as stimulating, directing, guiding the learner and evaluating the learning outcomes of teaching. We can see the following figure about teaching process below :

Figure 2.1 Teaching ProcessFeedbacks and Reflection In teaching process, teacher should arrange the planning through what lessons are going to discuss. After the arrangement of the planning itself well arranged, then the time to implement it in the teaching process. Teaching learning process have done, so it needs the teacher to make an evaluation of the implementation.In teaching learning process, teacher should try to make an effective teaching in class. The effective teaching means one that will bring about the intended learning outcome. It also need to creating a situation or selecting life-like situation to enhance learning, showing, telling, giving instruction, making someone understand in order to learn and imparting knowledge and skills required to master a subject matter .

2.5.2 LearningThe role of the learner is also to learn how to learn. In fact, the most important long-term outcome of instruction may be the students' increased capabilities to learn more easily and effectively in the future, both because of the knowledge and skill they acquire and because they have mastered the learning process (Joyce and Weil, 1966). How teaching is conducted has a large impact on students' abilities to educate themselves.

2.5.3 Two Principal Types of Learning ProcessThere are two types of Learning Process, they are The Behavioral Learning theories and The Cognitive Learning theories.a. Behavioral Learning Theory Emphasizes observable behavior such as new skills, knowledge, or attitudes which can be demonstrate Observable and measurable If the individual has changed behavior, he has learned b. Cognitive Learning Theory Concerned with human learning in which unobservable mental processes are used to learn and remember new information or acquired skill Related to concept of meaningful learning through cognitive models

In the cognitive learning theory, there are three kinds of the learning theory, as follow :1. DISCOVERY Learning (Jerome Bruner) States that individuals learn from his own discovery of the environment Learners are inherently curious, thus they can be self motivated until they find answers to the problem Gave rise to the emerging theory of constructivism and self-learning Learning is flexible, exploratory and independent.

2. RECEPTION Learning (David Ausubel) Though learners are inherently curious, they may not be able to know what is important or relevant and they need external motivation in order to learn

3. EVENTS of Learning (Robert Gagne) Motivation Phase Apprehending Phase Acquisition Phase Retention Phase Recall Phase Generalization Phase Feedback Phase

2.5.4 Teaching and LearningTeaching and Learning go together, Where the teaching appear, there should be a learning happen. So do the people include both teacher and student. We can see the following statement the realized by the teaching learning process : One cannot succeed without the support and success of the other Teaching style of the teacher should jibe with the learners learning style Learner is the center of teaching Knowledge of the learner and his learning style should be considered Learners become complex individuals capable of learning on their own, the repertoire of teaching should also increase

2.5.5 The Conceptual FrameworkIn teaching learning process, there should be a teacher and students. Teacher as the educator for the students, so does the student as the learner who want to study about something. Both teacher and students have an interaction in teaching learning process. Sometimes, teacher or student doesnt consider to whom they speak to, it is so possible on them to make a mistake, in case of polite or impolite utterances in teaching learning process. Then, the study can be conducted base on the concept below.

Students Politeness

Students Learning Process

Starting the lessonCommunication to the lecturerConversation during presentationEnding the classInterviewQuestionnaire

Transcription

Classify the Utterances

ImpolitePolite

Figure 2.2 The Conceptual Framework of The StudyCHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1. Research DesignThis research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. Maelong (2006: 11) state descriptive research is a method that makes the descriptive of the situation or even or occurrence in order to do the research. Descriptive qualitative is used to describes or interpret a current event, condition or situation. Shaw and Gloud (2001: 6) elaborate that qualitative research is conducted through long-term contact with the field. In doing the research, the researchers use some instruments such as Observation, Interview, and Questionnaire. The Benefit of Descriptive Qualitative gain new insights about a particular phenomenon develop new concepts or theoretical perspectives about the phenomenon discover problems that exist within said phenomenon

3.2. The Source of DataThe sources of data were taken from engineering faculty. The researchers choose X class as the subject of this study. In this class, the researcher did observation about students politeness during teaching learning process, interviewed and distributed questionnaire at the end of the class.

3.3. The Technique for Collecting Data Data will be collected by using, observation sheet, interview sheet and questionnaire in this study.Observation will be done to collect data about the activities of the students and interaction between students and lectures in the class. The process of observing classromm:1. Identify the politeness of students when starting the class2. Identify the politeness of the students when communicate with the lecture.3. Identify the politeness of the students during present the presentation4. Identify the politeness of the students when ending the class.Interview sheet was given in the end of the class. Interview sheet was used when the research wanted to identify the condition of teaching learning process in the classroom. Meanwhile questionnaire was given to several students in engineering faculty randomly. It was used to the condition of teaching learning process in several classes in engineering faculty. The data are analyzed by the following procedures.1. Identifying the politeness in whole process of teaching2. Classifying politeness into Polite sentences/words and impolite sentences/words3. Counting the types of polite and impolite sentences which is used in process of learning4. Determining the dominant sentences/words by applying the following formula:

CHAPTER IVDISCUSSION

A. RESULT OF INTERVIEWS AND OBSERVATIONS

In this chapter, the researchers would like to explain the focus on this study that is aboutstudentspoliteness in teaching-learning process between students of Engineering Department and the Lecturer at the classroom. It will be divided into two; they are polite and impolite behavior in this classroom. This study is conducted by using descriptive qualitative. In this qualitative research, the researchers tend to see the data based on what is the uttered, what is felt, and what is done by the data sources. In qualitative research is not how the research is not how the researchers may think but based on what happened in the reality. By doing this research through descriptive approach, so the researcher must explain and describe about the data that got by the researchers through observation, interview and questionnaire which did to the informant.The researchers did observation to the classroom of Automotive Engineering Education Department which 40 respondents that were observed about studentspoliteness in teaching-learning process in the classroom by using quantitative data. Then the researchers will do the interview randomly of them and give the questionnaire for the whole class. The researchers also give the questionnaire to some students who in different major in Engineering Faculty. The questionnaire asking about the politeness behavior in teaching-learning process in the classroom.

GRAPHIC

B. Selecting InformantsLike what researchers has uttered above that one of the techniques of collecting data in this research is interviewing the informants, the researchers has selected a lecture to do interview deeply. He is Sir HusniTanjung who teach about Kewirausahaan in the Engineering Faculty. We also choose 4 students; they are Alex Malau as Automotive Education student in eighthsemester, GandaSianipar as Production Engineering in eighthsemester, GustiniSitumorang as Beauty Department in sixth semester, and PitriBarus as Culinary Department in sixth semester.By selecting those respondents, researchers assume that they can help solving the problem that researchers carry out this study.

C. Discussion of Research ResultAfter the researchers observing the class and interviewing the respondents, the researchers found thatIn KewirausahaanClass of the Automotive Engineering 2011 class, we found that class is quiet noisy. The students did many activities that made them noisy, although the Lecturer, Sir HusniTanjung already came on time at the class. It happened because the Lecture spent ten minutes to prepare the class. Lecture did it