Analysis of FDS Thermal Detector Response Prediction ... · Issued January 2009 Analysis of FDS...

NIST GCR 09-921

Analysis of FDS Thermal Detector Response Prediction Capability

Morgan J. Hurley Alex Munguia

Society of Fire Protection Engineers7315 Wisconsin Ave., #620E

Bethesda, MD 20814

NIST GCR 09-921

February 2007 Issued January 2009


Prepared for U.S. Department of Commerce

Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8664

By Morgan J. Hurley

Alex Munguia Society of Fire Protection Engineers

7315 Wisconsin Ave., #620EBethesda, MD 20814

U.S. Department of Commerce

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology Patrick D. Gallagher, Deputy Director

Notice

This report was prepared for the Building and Fire Research Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology under Grant number 60NANB5D1207. The statement and conclusions contained in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Institute of Standards and Technology or the Building and Fire Research Laboratory.

ii


Prepared forNational Institute of Standards and Technology

Building and Fire Research LaboratoryGaitbersburg, MD 20899

Grant #60NANB5D1207

Morgan J. Hurley, P.E.Alex Munguia, EIT*

Society of Fire Protection Engineers7315 Wisconsin Ave., #620E

Betbesda, MD 20814

February 28, 2007

• Presently with Schinner Engineering

ABSTRACT

Predictions offire plume and ceiling jet temperature and the response of thermal detectors fromNIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) were compared to data from a series of full-scale testsconducted by Underwriters Laboratory. The tests were conducted in a 36.6 m x 36.6 mcompartment with ceiling heights ranging from 3.0 meters to 12.2 meters. Heat release ratesfollowed a modified t2 growth profile. Thermocouples attached to brass disks were used tosimulate thermal detectors.

FDS simulations were conducted with a grid spacing of 100 mm. A convergence study foundthat grid-size convergence was achieved outside of the plume region. However, gridconvergence was not achieved in the plume.region at this grid spacing. Outside of the plumeregion, FDS predictions were within a factor of 1.9 of test data.

KEY WORDS: FDS; DETACT -QS; model evaluation; fire experiments; heat detectors

INTRODUCTION

In 2002, the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) published the Engineering Guide:Evaluation of the Computer Fire Model DETACT-QS.l This guide was the first comprehensive,independently conducted evaluation of a computer fire model ever published.

DETACT-QS2 is a fire model that estimates the activation time of thermal detectors andsprinklers. DET ACT -QS uses correlations developed by Alpere to predict the temperature andvelocity offire plumes and ceilingjets resulting from a user-defined fire. Thermal detectors andsprinklers are modeled as a lumped mass. DETACT-QS.solves an ordinary'differential equationusing an Euler technique. Despite its age, DET ACT -QS is one of the most widely used computerfire models.

Three series of test data were used to evaluate DETACT-QS:

L A series oftests conducted at Underwriter's Laboratories with an "unconfined" ceilingand ceiling heights ranging from 3 meters to 12 meters that used a heptane spray burneras the fire source

2. Two tests conducted at Factory Mutual that used wood cribs as a fire source

3. Tests conducted in a residential scale room.

SFPE's analysis showed that DET ACT -QS predictions were more accurate under someconditions than others. Specifically, it was found that as the radial distance of the detector fromthe plume centerline increased, predictions generally improved. Similarly, predictions generallyimproved as the response time index of thermal detectors increased. Since the scope of theanalysis was limited to the evaluation ofDET ACT -QS, development of better predictivemethods was not explored.

1

More recently, Fire Dynamics Simulator4 (FDS) has been developed. FDS is a computationalfluid dynamics model that permits the discretization of a space into user-defined numbers of gridcells. FDS has quickly become a widely used tool in the fire protection engineering community.FDS models a variety of fire phenomena, including prediction of thermal detector response.

However, unlike many other computer fire models in existence, FDS uses a much differenttechnique to model thermal detector response than does DET ACT -QS. Like DET ACT -QS, FDSuses a lumped-mass model of thermal detectors and a numerical technique to determine thethermal response to local gas temperature and velocity. However, FDS determines thetemperature and velocity of fire plumes and ceiling jets using a large eddy simulation technique.Therefore, the conclusions found in the Engineering Guide: Evaluation of the Computer FireModel DETACT-QS are not applicable to FDS.

To determine the capability ofFDS to predict thermal detector response, FDS predictions werecompared to a subset of the data used to evaluate DETACT-QS. Specifically, the data from theexperiments conducted at Underwriter's Laboratories were compared to FDS predictions. FDSversion 4.0.6 was used to perform simulations.

TEST DESCRIPTION

Tests were conducted in a 36.6 m x 36.6 m facility with a smooth, flat, horizontal ceiling thatmeasured 30.5 m x 30.5 m.5 The height ofthe ceiling was adjustable. Ventilation exhaust at arate of28 m3/s was provided above the ceiling such that a smoke layer would not form. Testswere conducted with the ceiling positioned at heights of 3.0, 4.6, 6.1, 7.6, 10.7, and 12.2 meters.A minimum of two replicate tests were conducted at each ceiling elevation.

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2

A heptane spray burner was located under the center of the moveable ceiling and elevated 0.6meters above the floor. The burner was made using 12 mm diameter piping oriented in a squarethat measured 1.02 meters on a side with two atomizing spray nozzles per side. A diagram of theburner is shown in Figure 1.

Because of the low heptane flow rates used in these tests, only nozzles A, B, D & G were used inthe experiments with ceiling heights of 3.0 and 4.6 meters.

The heptane flow rate was controlled manually in an effort to create a growing fire that followeda "medium" growth curve (fire growth coefficient = 0.01172 kW/s2.) In the tests with ceilingheights of 3.0 m and 4.6 meters, the heptane flow rate was leveled off to provide constant firesizes of 1055 kW and 2100 kW, respectively. However, in the other scenarios, the heptane flowrate was increased throughout the duration of the test.

The flow of heptane to the burner was manually controlled using two float type flow metersconnected in parallel. The first flow meter had a resolution of 0.08 lpm and a range from 0.68lpm to 9.1 Ipm. The second flow meter had a resolution of 1.1 lpm and a range from 0.91 lpm to11.4 lpm. Given an approximate density and heat of combustion for heptane of 687 kg/m3 and44.4 MJ/kg,6 a theoretical heat release rate can be calculated for the fuel as 30.5 MJ/l. Therefore,the measurable flow rate range of the system was able to provide heat release rates ranging fromapproximately 350 kW ± 20 kW to 10.4 MW ± 0.3 MW.

Because of the heptane flow instrumentation limitations, it was not possible to precisely followthe desired medium t2 growth profile. This was particularly true at the early stages of fire growthwhere the heptane flow necessary to achieve the desired heat release rate was below theresolution of the flow meters. Therefore, adjustments to the medium growth curve werenecessary. A time offset of 200 seconds was used to increase the minimum fire size.

The initial fire size varied from experiment to experiment due to the limitations of controlling theheptane flow rate and difficulties experienced in igniting the burner at low flow rates. Theburner was ignited by four small pilot fires, which were estimated to have a combined heatrelease rate between 15 and 20 kW. Also, because the flow measurement occurred remotelyfrom the burner, inaccuracies were introduced by fuel line fill time. The heat release rateachieved from the burner was also affected by incomplete combustion in the heptane sprayduring the early stages of fire growth. This resulted in the creation of pool fires of varying sizeson the floor during the start of the experiments. Based on these factors and estimations based onthe observed fire size, a modification to the medium t2 growth curve was used to estimate theactual heat release rate achieved.

Table 1 - Estimated Heat Release Rate from Heptane BurnerTime (s) Heat Release Rate (kW)

o through 40q = 0.1875(t + lOy

Time> 40q = 0.0117(t + 160)2

Note to Table 1: The maximum heat release rates in the experiments with 3 m and 4.6 m ceilingheights were 1055 kW and 2100 kW, respectively.

3

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As the fire size increased, the difficulties with accurately measuring the heptane flow wereminimized, and it was possible to follow the medium t-squared growth curve more closely. Theequations in Table 1 were used to estimate the heat release rate that was achieved from theburner.

The ceiling was constructed of 0.6 m x 1.2 m x 16 mm thick UL fire rated ceiling tiles suspendedfrom 38 mm wide steel angle brackets. Reported5 thermal properties of the ceiling tiles areprovided in Table 2.

Table 2 - Thermal Properties of Ceiling TilesDensity 313 kg/mj

Thermal conductivity

0.0611 W/m °C

Specific heat753 J/kg °C

Thermal diffusivity

2.6 x 10-1 m~/s

Instrumentation consisted of thermocouples to measure temperature. Arrays of thermocoupleswere provided 100 mm below the ceiling at the plume centerline and at radial distances of 2.2 m,6.5 m and 10.8 m from the plume centerline. These distances correspond to the radial distancesof sprinklers at the comers of squares created by a 3 m x 3m (10 ft x 10ft) sprinkler spacing witha fire located at the center of the square. See Figure 2.

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Sprinkler Spacing••••

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Figure 2 - 3 m x 3 m Sprinkler Spacing

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Figure 3 - Reflected Plan View of Experimental Setup

At each thermocouple array, four thermocouples were provided: a type K inconel sheathedthermocouple, and three thermocouples soldered to 25 mm brass disks to simulate heat detectors.The disks were 25.4 mm in diameter and had thicknesses of 0.41 mm, 3.18 mm and 6.54 mm.The thermocouples attached to brass disks were determined to have response time indexes (RT!)

1/2 In In In 1/2 \12 .• 7of32 m -s -,164 m --s-, and 287 m . -s· when tested IIIaccordance wIth UL 1767. Otherthermocouples were used in the testing, but they were not used in the analysis ofFDS. Figure 3shows a reflected ceiling plan of the experimental setup.

MODELING APPROACH

Fire Dynamics Simulator input consists of user prescribed boundary conditions for a user definedcomputational domain. Model users also specify the grid spacing in each of the Cartesiancoordinate directions. Theoretically, as the grid spacing approaches zero, the solutions foundshould approach the exact solution. However, model run times also increase with the number ofgrid cells used in a simulation.

Because of the physical size of the experimental facility, it was not possible to run simulationswith fine grid resolution within acceptable timeframes. However, it was not necessary to modelthe entire experimental facility for two reasons: The fire and the instrumentation that wasmodeled only use a portion of the facility, and (2) because of the physical size of the facility incomparison with the fire size, a significant volume of the space would neither influence, nor beinfluenced by, the fire.

The remaining space was modeled using a multi-block approach. The first block consisted of a10 meter by 10 meter computational domain that extended from the floor to the ceiling. Thefloor was left as the default "inert" surface, and the ceiling was assigned boundary conditions

5

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that corresponded to the material properties of the ceiling tiles used in the experimental setup.The four vertical surfaces of the computational domain were opened to the outside of thecomputational domain. The grid spacing in the two horizontal directions ("X" and "Y") were setas 100 mm. The grid spacing in the vertical direction ("Z") was set to be as close to 100 mm aspossible while ensuring that the number of grid cells in the "Z" direction was only divisible by 2,3, and/or 5.

A second block was used to simulate the ceiling jet area and began where the first block ended.This block also measured 10 meters by 10 meters, but extended from the ceiling to one half ofthe distance from the floor to the ceiling. A grid spacing of 100 mm was used in the twohorizontal directions, and the grid spacing in the vertical direction was identical to that used inthe first block. By selecting these grid spacings, the exterior boundaries of the grid cells wherethe meshes intersected perfectly coincided. Therefore, the transfer of information from one meshto the other occurs where the meshes intersect.

The top of the second mesh was assigned boundary conditions that corresponded to the ceilingtile used in the experimental setup. The remaining five boundaries of the second mesh wereopened to the outside of the computational domain. The volume that was above the moveableceiling, including the exhaust ventilation, was not modeled.

The reaction was set using the parameters for "heptane" contained in the DA TABASE.DA TAfile that comes with FDS. In the DATABASE.DA TA file, the entry for heptane does notdesignate a radiatiive fraction, so FDS uses the default value of 0.35.

The burner was modeled as an inert box that measured 1 meter by 1 meter by 0.6 meters. Thissize was 0.02 meters smaller than the burner used in the experiments in each of the horizontaldirections. The top of the burner was assigned surface properties that corresponded to the heatrelease rate of the burner used in the experimental setup. A "ramp" function was used to matchthe heat release curve provided in Table 1.

Instrumentation arrays were simulated within FDS by placing "thermocouples" and "heatdetectors" at locations immediately above the center of the "burner," and radial distances of2.2,6.5 and 10.8 meters from the center of the burner measured in the "Y" direction. The

instrumentation was placed 0.1 meters (100 mm) below the ceiling. Since heat detectors andthermocouples are not "physical" devices within FDS, at each radial distance the thermocoupleand the three heat detectors were located at the same point. Heat detectors were assigned anactivation temperature of 1000 DC to ensure that a complete record of device temperatures wasrecorded by FDS.

Figure 4 illustrates how the space was modeled. The FDS input files used are included inAppendix A.

6

ISmokeview 4.0.6 - Sep 15 2005

mesh: 1

Figure 4 - FDS Representation of Experimental Facility

The ambient temperature was left as the default value of 20°C. From the test data, it appearedthat in some cases the ambient temperature differed from this value by as much as nine degrees.It was not possible to determine the ambient temperature in the tests from the recorded data.First, there was no recording in the test report about the time of ignition. Therefore, the ignitiontime had to be inferred from the test data at the time when a consistent rise in temperature began.This was also complicated by the fact that small pilot flames were used to ignite the burner, andit was difficult to determine when the temperature rise was caused by the burner and when it wascaused by the pilot flames. If the ambient temperature was selected as a time that was clearlybefore any measurement in temperature rise, there would be an immediate rise in temperature atthe time of ignition, which could also affect the results.

A convergence study was conducted by reducing the grid spacing to approximately 66 mm ineach of the three Cartesian coordinate directions for the scenarios with 3.0 meter and 6.1 meter

ceiling heights.

Thermocouple and heat detector output was imported into a spreadsheet for analysis. FDS"thermocouple" data exhibited a tremendous amount of scatter. To smooth the thern10coupledata, the predicted temperature at each time step was averaged with the predicted temperaturesduring the preceding four time steps and the subsequent four time steps.

EXPERIMENT AL UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS

Uncertainty associated with the data used in this analysis comes from three sources: (1)uncertainty in thermocouple temperature measurements, (2) uncertainty in fuel flowmeasurements, and (3) repeatability uncertainty.

Uncertainty in thermocouple measurements is estimated as +/- 2.2 °C based on manufacturer'sdata.s

7

,11,1,

Which flow meter(s) were used to measure heptane flows was not reported. Since the flowmeter with the greater resolution had a range that was 75% ofthat of the flow meter with thelesser resolution, it was assumed that the flow meter with greater resolution was solely used untilthe heptane flow had reached the limit of the meter's range. This assumption seems reasonable,in that the meter with the lesser resolution would not be capable of measuring the flow rates thatwould occur in the early parts of the experiments.

The resolution of the flow meter with the greatest resolution was 0.08 lpm. Because readings onthe flow gage could be made to an accuracy of half the resolution, the estimated uncertainty inflow rate would be +/- 0.04 liters per minute. This corresponds to an uncertainty in heat releaserate of +/- 20 kW. The uncertainty in heptane flow during the start-up portion ofthe text is likelygreater (and more difficult to quantify.) Therefore, data was not used from before 100 secondsinto the experiments. Uncertainty associated with human error in reading the flow meters or inmanually controlling the fuel flow rate was not addressed.

To determine the effect on gas temperatures, the uncertainty in heptane flow rate was convertedto a temperature value using Alpert's correlations for fire plume and ceiling jet temperature rise.3To provide a conservative estimate of the uncertainty in temperature resulting from anuncertainty in heptane flow, the uncertainty was calculated by using 20 kW as input to Alpert'scorrelations. The uncertainty in temperature resulting from an uncertainty of +/- 20 kW woulddecrease as the heat release rate of the burner increased.

Repeatability uncertainty was estimated by calculating the standard deviation of temperaturesmeasured in replicate tests. Generally, repeatability uncertainty dominated uncertainty fromother sources.

The three types of uncertainty in temperature were combined by using the root-sum-of-squares.9For purposes of comparing measured temperatures with FDS predictions, experimental data wasreported as a range, which was the average of temperatures plus and minus the combineduncertainty. On Figures B.I - B.96, this data is reported as "high" and low," where "high" is theaverage temperature plus the combined uncertainty, and "low" is the average temperature minusthe combined uncertainty.

An additional source of uncertainty was that the burner may not have been centered directlybeneath the thermocouple array that was used to measure temperatures in the plume centerline.If the plume was not centered below the thermocouple array that was used to measuretemperatures in the plume centerline, the distances from the plume centerline to thethermocouple arrays that were used to measure temperatures in the ceiling jet region may alsohave slightly differed from that reported. In the test facility, 100 thermocouples were placed 100mm below the ceiling in a 3 m by 3 m spacing. The fire source was located below the center ofthe thermocouple array.

To investigate whether the plume was located at the geometric center of the burner, fourthermocouples were selected that were each located at a radial distance of 4.5 meters from theburner (the thermocouples formed a 3 m by 3 m square centered above the burner.)

It was found that the ceiling-level thermocouples did not measure the same temperatures. Thisdemonstrates that the plume was not centered. Additionally, differences in temperature

8

measurements were systematic; they consistently differed throughout a test. Whichthermocouples measured higher temperatures varied between tests. There was no variation inwhich thermocouples measured higher temperatures during a single day, but there was variationfrom day to day. Because of this, it is suspected that the burner assembly was not exactlycentered in the test facility.

However, given that it is not possible to determine exactly where the burner was placed, thissource of uncertainty was not addressed. There were not visual obervations recorded in the testdocumentation relating to the location of the plume.

RESULTS

From the grid convergence studies, it was found that grid size independence was achieved formeasurements in the ceiling jet region (radial distances of 2.2, 6.5 and 10.8 meters from theplume centerline.) See Figures 8.1-8.16 and 8.33-B.48. FDS predictions of temperatures in theplume centerline were found to be sensitive to grid size, and grid size independence was notachieved with the grid spacings that were used in the FDS simulations. Where the plume regionends was not explored in this analysis, since data was only available for detectors located atdiscrete distances from the plume centerline. However, thermocouples and thermal deviceslocated 2.2 meters from the plume centerline did not exhibit the same sensitivity to grid spacingas did thermocouples and thermal detectors located in the plume centerline.

For the test configuration where the ceiling height was 3.0 meters, FDS predictions of gas anddetector temperature were higher than was measured. See Figure 7. Higher predicted detectortemperatures would correspond to prediction of detector activation earlier than would beobserved.

At a ceiling height of 4.6 meters, FDS predictions were generally within the range of uncertaintyoutside of the plume region. See Figure 8. At a radial distance of2.2 meters from the plumecenterline, FDS underpredicted the temperature of disks with response time indices of 164 and287 mI/2_sI/2. It should be noted that beginning at a time of218 seconds, the measured plumetemperatures in one of the experiments (#02169801) began to decrease, eventually differing by-100°C between the two replicate tests. Additionally, measured plume temperatures differedbetween replicate tests by as much as 75°C during the first 60 seconds. Therefore, theexperimental data from these tests should be viewed skeptically.

For the tests with 6.1 and 7.6 meter ceiling heights, FDS predictions were within the range ofexperimental uncertainty outside of the plume area, although predictions began to fall below theexperimental data for devices with response time indexes of 164 and 287 m 1/2 -s 1/2 and timesgreater than 300 seconds. See Figure 9 and Figure 10.

At a ceiling height of 10.7 meters, predictions were generally within the range of data, althoughthere were some deviations above and below the range of data. See Figure 11. As the ceilingheight increased to 12.2 meters, predictions were within the range of data or above it. See Figure12

Comparisons of model predictions and experimental data can be found in Appendix B.

9

11111 " I

ANALYSIS

Overall, predictions outside of the plume region were closer to measured temperatures thanwithin the plume. Part of the reason for this may have been that convergence was not achievedwithin the plume at the grid spacings (l00 mm and 66 mm) used in this study. Given thephysical size of the space that was being modeled and the time that it would take to runsimulations at finer grid resolutions, further attempts to determine the grid spacing at whichconvergence would occur were not conducted.

Theoretically, as the grid spacing approaches zero, the results obtained from a numerical solutionof a series of partial differential equations will approach the true solution. However, as the gridspacing becomes smaller, the amount of time required for the simulation will increase. Thenumber of grid cells in a simulation will vary with the grid spacing to the third power if the gridspacing in each of the three Cartesian coordinates is uniform.

Therefore, it becomes necessary to balance the desired accuracy with the amount of timeavailable to conduct simulations. In the present study, it was clear that predictions had notconverged in the plume region with the grid spacings used. Outside of the plume region,predictions were found to be less sensitive to changes in grid spacing and convergence in thepredictions was achieved.

Other work has also investigated the capability of FDS to predict plume temperatures. 10

Predictions of plume temperatures were compared to measurements from experiments that used a0.9 meter diameter gas fired burner. The referenced investigation also found sensitivity to gridspacing, with the best results occurring at a grid spacing of 50 mm. Additional simulations withsmaller grid spacings were not conducted to see if grid convergence had occurred. In lieu ofconducting additional simulations with further refined grid spacings, the fact that convergencedid not occur in the plume region is noted as a limitation of the present study.

To evaluate the results of the analysis for all scenarios, graphs of predicted temperatures vs.measured temperatures were prepared. In preparing these graphs, predicted and measuredtemperatures were selected at 100 second intervals. The average of the temperaturemeasurements from replicate experiments at each time interval was plotted, and the calculateduncertainty was displayed using error bars.

Figure 5 contains a plot of data from all ceiling heights, all radial distances, and all types oftemperature measurements. The line drawn in Figure 5 shows perfect agreement. Points plottedabove the line are cases where FDS predicted higher temperatures than were measured. Pointsplotted below the line represent cases where FDS predicted lower temperatures than weremeasured.

As can be seen in Figure 5, many ofthe temperature predictions are greater than the measuredtemperatures. However, most of the points where the greatest overpredictions occur are in theplume centerline. Predictions in this area were more sensitive to grid spacing than in other areas,and grid convergence may not have occurred. Other than in Figure 5 and the graphs inAppendix B, measurements and predictions in the plume centerline are not analyzed further.Since grid size convergence was likely not achieved in the plume centerline, the findings in this

10

study should not be applied to predictions of temperature or detector response for locations in theplume region.

Figure 6 shows a plot of data from all ceiling heights and all types of temperature measurementsthat were taken outside of the plume centerline. This includes all radial distances. The linesdrawn in Figure 6 have slopes of 1.9 and 111.9. This shows that all predictions outside oftheplume centerline were within a factor of 1.9 of the measured temperatures once uncertainty wasconsidered.

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Figure 5 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures - All Data

11

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Figure 6 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures Outside the Plume Region

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Figure 7 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures for H = 3.0 m

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It is possible to also look at the influence of ceiling height, radial distance and response timeindex on the accuracy of predictions. As can be seen in Figure 7 through Figure 12, predictionsmore closely match measured temperatures as the ceiling height increase.

Figure 13 through Figure 16 show comparisons of predicted and measured thennocouple andheat detector temperatures differentiated by the type of sensing device. As can be seen in thesefigures, the accuracy of predictions is not strongly influenced by the response time index of thethermal device. However, FDS shows less of a tendency to overpredict temperatures as theresponse time index increases.

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Figure 14 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures forRTI = 32 m1/2_s1/2

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Figure 16 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures forRTI = 287 m1/2_s1/2

17

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Figure 17 through Figure 19 shows the influence of radial distance on the accuracy of predictionsof temperature. The distance from the plume centerline did not influence the accuracy of FDSpredictions.

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350

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Figure 17 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures at R=2.2 m

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Figure 18 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures at R=6.5 m

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Figure 19 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures at R=l 0.8 m

19

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DISCUSSION

Outside of the plume region, FDS provides predictions of gas temperature and thermal detectorresponse within a factor of 1.9 of measurements for fires located under an unobstructed ceilingwith ceiling heights ranging from 3.0 to 12.2 meters.

When modeling sprinkler or detector response, the location of the fire is often chosen such that itwould yield the slowest possible heat detector or sprinkler response. The fire is typically notplaced immediately below the location of a sprinkler or heat detector. Instead, a location thatwould yield a worst-case activation time is chosen. If the sprinklers or detectors are spaced in asquare pattern, the fire would be located a distance of 0.7 multiplied by the sprinkler or detectorspacing (measured horizontally). The distance of 2.2 meters from the plume centerline wouldcorrespond to a sprinkler or detector spacing of 3.1 meters, which is at the lower end of typicalspacings that are used in practice. Therefore, the results from this investigation should beapplicable to most cases of interest despite the inability to draw conclusions regarding detectorslocated in the plume centerline.

It is noteworthy that a verification and validation study performed ofFDS by NISTll found thatpredictions of ceiling jet temperature rise were accurate to within a factor of 1.16, andpredictions of plume temperatures were accurate to within a factor of 1.14. This analysis did notinvestigate detector response. However, in the NIST analysis, there were data points that werenot bounded by these values.

Also, the NIST study recommended a multiplicative factor of 1.2 for predictions of total heatflux. Again, there were data points that were not bounded by this value. A value ofapproximately 1.7 would be needed to capture all of the data. See figure 6-11 of reference 11.

All of these multiplicative factors are less than the value of 1.9 is that suggested here. Indeveloping this value, a multiplicative factor was found that bounded at least some portion of theuncertainty range for all of the data used. A smaller multiplicative factor could have beensuggested if some outlying data was excluded.

Although the results from this investigation are applicable to the activation of sprinklers, theability of FDS to model the effect of sprinkler discharge on fire temperatures or fire size was notevaluated. Also, the effect of conduction of heat from sprinklers to sprinkler piping was notconsidered, since the thermal devices used in the testing would have negligible heat loss to theirwiring. FDS does not permit the inclusion of a "C" factor for heat detectors to account for heatloss to the detector mount, and the thermal devices used in the testing were modeled as heatdetectors in FDS. A "C" factor can be specified for sprinklers in FDS to estimate heat loss to thesprinkler piping.

CONCLUSION

Outside of the plume region, predicted ceiling jet temperatures and thermal detector temperatureswere within a factor of 1.9 of measured temperatures. From a modeling standpoint, "thermaldetectors" could represent sprinklers or heat detectors. Therefore, when modeling the activationof sprinklers or heat detectors using FDS, the expected activation time to a given fire should bebounded by predictions using sprinklers or heat detectors that have activation temperatures that

20

are 1.9 times greater and 1/I.9th of the activation temperature of the sprinkler or detector beingmodeled (for temperatures in °C.)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors express their appreciation to Steve Kerber ofNIST for assistance provided in FDSmodeling.

I Engineering Guide - Evaluation of the Computer Fire Model DETACT-QS, Society of Fire Protection Engineers,Bethesda, MD, 2002.2 Evans, D. & Stroup, D. "Methods to Calculate the Response Time of Heat and Smoke Detectors Installed BelowLarge Unobstructed Ceilings," NBSIR 85-3167, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD 1985.3 Alpert, R. "Calculation of Response Time of Ceiling-Mounted Fire Detectors, Fire Technologv 8:3 (1972) pp.181-195.

4 McGrattan, K. & Forney, G. "Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 4) User's Guide'" NIST Special Publication1019, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 2005.5 "Fire Environment Tests Under Flat Ceilings," Test Report RI8476-96NK37932, Underwriters Laboratories,Northbrook, IL, October 1998.6 DiNenno, P., Ed. Appendix C, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, National Fire Protectionassociation, Quincy, MA, 2002.7 UL 1767, "Standard for Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers," Underwriters laboratories, Northbrook, IL,1995.

8 Omega Engineering Inc., The Temperature Handbook, Vol. MM, pages Z-39-40, Stamford, CT., 2000.9 Taylor, 8., Kuyatt, c., "Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty ofNIST Measurement Results,"NIST Technical Note 1297, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1994.10 Dreisbach, J. & McGrattan, K. "Verification and Validation of Selected Fire Models for Nuclear Power PlantApplications - Volume 6: Fire Dynamics Simulator," NUREG-1824 (Draft for Comment), Nuclear RegulatoryCommission & Electric Power Research Institute, Washington, DC, 2006.11 McGrattan, K. "Verification and Validation of Selected Fire Models for Nuclear Power Plan Applications Volume 7: Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), NUREG-1824, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington,DC, 2007.

21

;11'"

Appendix A - FDS Input Data Files

&HEAD CHID='UL10-100mm' ,TITLE='10 ft ceiling with 100 mm gridspacing' /

&GRID IBAR=100,JBAR=100,KBAR=30 /&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25 , YBAR=20.25, ZBAR=3.0/ plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=15/&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=1.5, ZBAR=3.0/ ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 /

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE ,, DTCORE=15/

&SURF ID = 'CEILING TILE'RGB

=.95,.95,.95FYI

= 'Data as provided by UL'KS

= 0.0611DENSITY

= 313C_P

= 0.753DELTA

= 0.0158BACKING

= 'EXPOSED'/

&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_02=11.Nu_C02=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 /

SPECIFY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF MESHES

ALLOW 'FLOOR' OF PLUME MESH TO REMAIN INERT BY DEFAULT

&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'/LEFT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'/RIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 3.00, 3.00,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'/CEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00, SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'/LEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

22

&VENT xB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 1.5,SURF_ID='OPEN'jFLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.0, 3.0, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF CEILING JET MESH

&OBST XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0,0.6, RGB=O,O,lj burner 1 m x1 m (39.37 inches by 39.37 inches)

&VENT XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0.6,0.6,VENT_COLOR='RED',SURF_ID='BURN'j fire

&SURF ID='BURN' ,HRRPUA=1055, RAMP_Q='FIRE'j

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0178j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.04j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.0711j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15, F=0.1111j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.16j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.2177j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.2844j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.3599j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.4436j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.4661j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=O.4891j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.5126j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.5368j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65, F=0.5614j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=O.5867j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=O.6124j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.6388j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=O.6657j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=O.6931j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.7211j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.7497j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.7788j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.8085j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115, F=O.8387j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.8695j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=0.9008j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.9327j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=O.9651j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.9981j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145, F=lj&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=lj

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME321/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME1641 j

23

&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.9, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='7FT' j&HEAT Xyz= 15.25, 17.41, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.95, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='7FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.95, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='21FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='21FT164' j&HEAT Xyz= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 2.9, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='35FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 2.9, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 2.9, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' j

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'j&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'j

24

&HEAD CHID='ULIO-66mm' ,TITLE='lO ft ceiling with 66 mm gridspacing' /

&GRID IBAR=150,JBAR=150,KBAR=48 /&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25, YBAR=20.25, ZBAR=3.0/ plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=150, JBAR=150, KBAR=24/&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=1.5, ZBAR=3.0/ Ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 j

&MISC REACTION='HEPTANE', DTCORE=15/

&SURF 10 = 'CEILING TILE'RGB

= .95,.95,.95FYI


= 0.0611DENSITY

= 313c_p

= 0.753DELTA

= 0.0158BACKING

= 'EXPOSED'/

&REAC ID='HEPTANE'

FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16'MW_FUEL=100.Nu_02=11.Nu_co2=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 j

*** SPECIFY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF MESHES


&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'/RIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 3.00,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 3.00, 3.00,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'/CEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 3.00, SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

25

ij, I

&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 1.5, 3.0,SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 1.5, 1.5,SURF_ID='OPEN'jFLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.0, 3.0, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF CEILING JET MESH




&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0178j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.04j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.0711j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15, F=0.1111j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.16j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.2177j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.2844j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.3599j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.4436j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.4661j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.4891j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.5126j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.5368j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65, F=0.5614j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.5867j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=0.6124j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.6388j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=0.6657j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.6931j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.7211j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.7497j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.7788j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.8085j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115, F=0.8387j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.8695j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=0.9008j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.9327j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=0.9651j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.9981j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145, F=lj&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=lj

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 2.9, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' j

26

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.9, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='7FT' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.95, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='7FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 2.95, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='21FT' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='21FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 2.9, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT287' j


&SLCF PBx=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'j&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='VELOCITY'j

27

,!lljj ~" I

&HEAD CHID='UL15-100mm' ,TITLE='15 ft ceiling with 100 mm gridspacing' j

&GRID IBAR=100,JBAR=100,KBAR=48 j&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25 , YBAR=20.25, ZBAR=4.6j plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=24j&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25 , YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=2.3, ZBAR=4.6j ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 j

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE' , DTCORE=15j

&SURF IDRGBFYIKSDENSITYc_pDELTABACKING

= 'CEILING TILE'= .95,.95,.95= 'Data as provided by UL'= 0.0611

= 313= 0.753

= 0.0158= 'EXPOSED'j

&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_o2=11.Nu_co2=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 j



&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 4.6, SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFTSIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 4.6, 4.6, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 4.6, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 2.3, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 2.3, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 2.3, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

28

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 2.3, 4.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 2.3, 2.3,SURF_ID='OPEN'/FLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 4.6, 4.6, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'/CEILING OF CEILING JET MESH

&OBST XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0,0.6, RGB=O,O,l/ burner 1 m x1 m (39.37 inches by 39.37 inches)

&VENT XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0.6,0.6,VENT_COLOR='RED',SURF_ID='BURN'/ fire

&SURF ID='BURN' ,HRRPUA=2100, RAMP_Q='FIRE'/

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0089/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0201/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.0357/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15, F=0.0558/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0804/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.1094/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.1429/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.1808/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.2229/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.2341/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.2457/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.2575/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=O.2697/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65, F=O.2821/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=O.2947/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=O.3077/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=O.3209/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=O.3344/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=O.3482/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=O.3623/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.3766/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=O.3913/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=O.4062/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115, F=0.4213/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=O.4368/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=O.4525/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=O.4686/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=O.4849/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=O.5014/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145, F=O.5183/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=O.5354/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=O.5528/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.5705/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165, F=O.5885/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=O.6067/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175, F=0.6253/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=O.6441/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185, F=O.6631/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=O.6825/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195, F=O.7021/

29

" ,

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=0.7221/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=0.7423/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=0.7627/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=0.7835/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=0.8045/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=0.8258/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=0.8474/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=0.8693/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=0.8914/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245, F=0.9139/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=0.9366/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=0.9595/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=0.9828/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=265, F=1/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=1/

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 4.5, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 4.5, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 4.5, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 4.5, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' /

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 4.5, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='7FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 4.5, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 4.5, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='7FT164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 4.5, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT287' /


&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 4.5, QUANTITY= 'TEMPERATURE ,,LABEL='35FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 4.5, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 4.5, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 4.5, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' /

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE'j&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'/

30



&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=32/&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=3.05, ZBAR=6.1/ Ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 /

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE ,, DTCORE=15/


= .95, .95, .95FYI


= 0.0611DENSITY

= 313c_p

= 0.753DELTA

= 0.0158BACKING

= 'EXPOSED'/

&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16'MW_FUEL=100.Nu_o2=11.Nu_co2=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 /



&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1, SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFTSIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 6.1, 6.1, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'/LEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

31

'II" ~' I

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 3.05,SURF_ID='OPEN'/FLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 6.1, 6.1, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'/CEILING OF CEILING JET MESH




&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0025/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0056/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=O.Ol/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15, F=0.0156/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0225/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.0306/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.04/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.0506/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.0624/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.0656/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.0688/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.0721/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.0755/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65, F=0.079/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.0825/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=0.0862/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.0899/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=0.0936/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.0975/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.1014/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.1055/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.1096/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.1137/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115, F=0.118/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.1223/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=0.1267/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.1312/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=0.1358/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.1404/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145, F=0.1451/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=0.1499/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=0.1548/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.1597/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165, F=0.1648/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=0.1699/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175, F=0.1751/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=0.1803/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185, F=0.1857/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=0.1911/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195, F=0.1966/

32

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=O.2022/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=O.2078/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=O.2136j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=O.2194j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=O.2253j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=O.2312j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=O.2373j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=O.2434j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=O.2496j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245, F=O.2559j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=O.2622j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=O.2687j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=O.2752j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=265, F=O.2818j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=270, F=O.2884j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=275, F=O.2952j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=280, F=O.302j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=285, F=O.3089j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=290, F=O.3159j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=295, F=O.323j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=300, F=O.3301j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=305, F=O.3373j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=310, F=O.3446j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=315, F=O.352j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=320, F=O.3594j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=325, F=O.367j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=330, F=O.3746j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=335, F=O.3822j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=340, F=O.39j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=345, F=O.3978j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=350, F=O.4058j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=355, F=O.4138j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=360, F=O.4218j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=365, F=O.43j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=370, F=O.4382j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=375, F=O.4465j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=380, F=O.4549j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=385, F=O.4634j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=390, F=O.4719j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=395, F=O.4805j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=400, F=O.4892j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=405, F=O.498j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=410, F=O.5068j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=415, F=O.5158j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=420, F=O.5248j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=425, F=O.5339j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=430, F=O.543j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=435, F=O.5523j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=440, F=O.5616j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=445, F=O.571j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=450, F=O.5805j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=455, F=O.59j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=460, F=O.5997j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=465, F=O.6094j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=470, F=O.6192j

33

IIW, i i I·j, ~" I

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=475, F=O.629/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=480, F=O.639/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=485, F=O.649/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=490, F=O.6591/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=495, F=O.6693/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=500, F=O.6795/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=505, F=O.6899/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=510, F=O.7003/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=515, F=O.7108/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=520, F=O.7213/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=525, F=O.732/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=530, F=O.7427/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=535, F=O.7535/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=540, F=O.7644/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=545, F=O.7754/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=550, F=O.7864/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=555, F=O.7975/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=560, F=O.8087/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=565, F=O.82/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=570, F=O.8313/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=575, F=O.8428/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=580, F=O.8543/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=585, F=O.8658/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=590, F=O.8775/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=595, F=O.8892/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=O.9011/

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' /

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', LABEL='7FT'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='7FT164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT287' /

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE', LABEL='21FT'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='21FT164, /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT287' /

34

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', LABEL='35FT'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' /

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'/&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'/

35


&GRID IBAR=150,JBAR=150,KBAR=90 j&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25 , YBAR=20.25, ZBAR=6.1j plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=150, JBAR=150, KBAR=45j&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=3.05, ZBAR=6.1j ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 j

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE ,, DTCORE=15j

&SURF IDRGBFYIKSDENSITYC_PDELTABACKING


= 313= 0.753


&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_02=11.Nu_co2=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 j



&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1, SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFTSIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 6.1, 6.1, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 6.1, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

36

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 3.05, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.05, 3.05,SURF_ID='OPEN'jFLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 6.1, 6.1, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF CEILING JET MESH




&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0025j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0056j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=O.Olj&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15, F=0.0156j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0225j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.0306j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.04j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.0506j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.0624j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.0656j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.0688j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.0721j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.0755j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65, F=0.079j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.0825j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=O.0862j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.0899j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=0.0936j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.0975j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.1014j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.1055j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.1096j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.1137j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115, F=0.118j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.1223j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=0.1267j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.1312j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=0.1358j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.1404j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145, F=0.1451j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=0.1499j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=0.1548j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.1597j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165, F=0.1648j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=0.1699j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175, F=0.1751j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=0.1803j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185, F=0.1857j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=0.1911j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195, F=0.1966j

37

,lilli, ~, ,

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=O.2022j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=O.2078j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=O.2136j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=O.2194j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=O.2253j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=O.2312j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=O.2373j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=O.2434j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=O.2496j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245, F=O.2559j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=O.2622j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=O.2687j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=O.2752j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=265, F=O.2818j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=270, F=O.2884j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=275, F=O.2952j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=280, F=O.302j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=285, F=O.3089j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=290, F=O.3159j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=295, F=O.323j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=300, F=O.3301j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=305, F=O.3373j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=310, F=O.3446j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=315, F=O.352j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=320, F=O.3594j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=325, F=O.367j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=330, F=O.3746j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=335, F=O.3822j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=340, F=O.39j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=345, F=O.3978j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=350, F=O.4058j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=355, F=O.4138j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=360, F=O.4218j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=365, F=O.43j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=370, F=O.4382j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=375, F=O.4465j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=380, F=O.4549j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=385, F=O.4634j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=390, F=O.4719j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=395, F=O.4805j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=400, F=O.4892j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=405, F=O.498j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=410, F=O.5068j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=415, F=O.5158j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=420, F=O.5248j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=425, F=O.5339j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=430, F=O.543j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=435, F=O.5523j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=440, F=O.5616j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=445, F=O.571j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=450, F=O.5805j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=455, F=O.59j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=460, F=O.5997j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=465, F=O.6094j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=470, F=O.6192j

38

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=475, F=O.629/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=480, F=O.639/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=485, F=O.649j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=490, F=O.6591j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=495, F=O.6693j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=500, F=O.6795j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=505, F=O.6899j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=510, F=O.7003j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=515, F=O.7108/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=520, F=O.7213j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=525, F=O.732j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=530, F=O.7427j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=535, F=O.7535j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=540, F=O.7644j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=545, F=O.7754j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=550, F=O.7864j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=555, F=O.7975j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=560, F=O.8087j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=565, F=O.82j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=570, F=O.8313j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=575, F=O.8428j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=580, F=O.8543j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=585, F=O.8658j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=590, F=O.8775j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=595, F=O.8892j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=O.9011j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, QUANTITY= 'TEMPERATURE ,,LABEL='PLUME' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE', LABEL='7FT'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='7FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 17.41, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='7FT287' j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE', LABEL='21FT'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='21FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 21.71, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='21FT287' j

39

, ·11.1, II, I

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, QUANTITY= 'TEMPERATURE ,, LABEL='35FT'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=164 ,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' j

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'j&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'j

40



&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=40/&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=3.8, ZBAR=7.6/ Ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=600 /

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE' , DTCORE=15/


= .95, .95, .95FYI


= 0.0611DENSITY

= 313C_P

= 0.753DELTA

= 0.0158BACKING

= 'EXPOSED'/

&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_02=11.NU_C02=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 /



&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 7.6, SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFTSIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 7.6, 7.6, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'/CEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 7.6, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 3.8, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'/BOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.8, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'/LEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.8, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

41

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 3.8, 7.6,SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 3.8, 3.8,SURF_ID='OPEN'jFLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 7.6, 7.6, SURF_ID='CEILINGTILE'jCEILING OF CEILING JET MESH

&OBST XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0,0.6, RGB=0,0,1j burner 1 m x1 m (39.37 inches by 39.37 inches)



&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0025j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0056j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.01j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15 , F=0.0156j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0225j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.0306j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.04j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.0506j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.0624j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45 , F=0.0656j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.0688j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.0721j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.0755j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65 , F=0.079j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.0825j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=0.0862j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.0899j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85 , F=0.0936j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.0975j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95 , F=0.1014j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.1055j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.1096j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.1137j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115 , F=0.118j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.1223j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125 , F=0.1267j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.1312j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135 , F=0.1358j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.1404j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145 , F=0.1451j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=0.1499j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=0.1548j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.1597j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165 , F=0.1648j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=0.1699j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175 , F=0.1751j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=0.1803j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185 , F=0.1857j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=0.1911j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195 , F=0.1966j

42

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=O.2022/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=O.2078/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=O.2136/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=O.2194/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=O.2253/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=O.2312/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=O.2373/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=O.2434/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=O.2496/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245, F=O.2559/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=O.2622/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=O.2687/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=O.2752/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=265, F=O.2818/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=270, F=O.2884/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=275, F=O.2952/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=280, F=O.302/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=285, F=O.3089/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=290, F=O.3159/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=295, F=O.323/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=300, F=O.3301/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=305, F=O.3373/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=310, F=O.3446/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=315, F=O.352/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=320, F=O.3594/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=325, F=O.367/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=330, F=O.3746/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=335, F=O.3822/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=340, F=O.39/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=345, F=O.3978/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=350, F=O.4058/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=355, F=O.4138/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=360, F=O.4218/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=365, F=O.43/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=370, F=O.4382/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=375, F=O.4465/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=380, F=O.4549/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=385, F=O.4634/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=390, F=O.4719/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=395, F=O.4805/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=400, F=O.4892/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=405, F=O.498/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=410, F=O.5068/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=415, F=O.5158/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=420, F=O.5248/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=425, F=O.5339/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=430, F=O.543/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=435, F=O.5523/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=440, F=O.5616/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=445, F=O.571/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=450, F=O.5805/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=455, F=O.59/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=460, F=O.5997/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=465, F=O.6094/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=470, F=O.6192/

43

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=475 , F=O.629/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=480, F=O.639/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=485 , F=O.649/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=490, F=O.6591/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=495 , F=O.6693/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=500, F=O.6795/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=505, F=O.6899/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=510, F=O.7003/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=515, F=O.7108/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=520, F=O.7213/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=525, F=O.732/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=530, F=O.7427/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=535, F=O.7535/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=540, F=O.7644/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=545, F=O.7754/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=550, F=O.7864/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=555, F=O.7975/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=560, F=O.8087/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=565, F=O.82/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=570, F=O.8313/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=575, F=O.8428/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=580, F=O.8543/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=585, F=O.8658/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=590, F=O.8775/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=595, F=O.8892/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=600, F=O.9011/

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 7.5, QUANTITy='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 7.5, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 7.5, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 7.5, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' /



44

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 7.5, QUANTITY= 'TEMPERATURE ,,LABEL='35FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 7.5, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 7.5, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 7.5, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' /

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'/&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='VELOCITY'/

45

'11111 II Ir I


&GRID IBAR=100,JBAR=100,KBAR=108 j&PDIM XBARO=10.25, XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25 , YBAR=20.25,ZBAR=10.7 j plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=54j&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25 , YBARO=20.25 , YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=5.35, ZBAR=10.7j ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=300 j

&MISC REACTION=' HEPTANE ,, DTCORE=15j

&SURF IDRGBFYIKSDENSITYC_pDELTABACKING


= 313= 0.753


&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_o2=11.NU_C02=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 j

*** SPECIFY BOUNDARY CONDITIONS OF MESHES


&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 10.7, 10.7,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'jCEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 10.7, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 5.35, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 5.35, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 5.35, 10.7,5URF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

46

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 5.35, 10.7,SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 5.35, 5.35,SURF_ID='OPEN'/FLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 10.7, 10.7,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'/CEILING OF CEILING JET MESH




&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0019/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0042/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.0075/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15 , F=0.0117/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0169/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.023/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.03/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.038/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.0468/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45 , F=0.0492/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.0516/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.0541/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.0566/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65 , F=0.0592/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.0619/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=0.0646/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.0674/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85 , F=0.0702/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.0731/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.0761/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.0791/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.0822/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.0853/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115 , F=0.0885/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.0917/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125 , F=0.095/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.0984/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=0.1018/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.1053/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145 , F=0.1088/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=0.1124/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=0.1161/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.1198/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165, F=0.1236/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=0.1274/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175, F=0.1313/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=0.1353/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185 , F=0.1393/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=0.1433/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195 , F=0.1474/

47

1<11' I "11111; I j, ii, I

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=0.1516/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=0.1559/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=0.1602/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=0.1645/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=0.1689/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=0.1734/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=0.178/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=0.1825/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=0.1872/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245, F=0.1919/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=0.1967/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=0.2015/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=0.2064/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=265, F=0.2113/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=270, F=0.2163/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=275, F=0.2214/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=280, F=0.2265/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=285, F=0.2317/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=290, F=0.2369/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=295, F=0.2422/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=300, F=0.2476/

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 10.6, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='PLUME' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 10.6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 10.6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 10.6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' /



&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 10.6, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE',LABEL='35FT' /&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 10.6, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'/&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 10.6, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' /

48

&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 10.6, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' /

&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'/&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'/

49

; .'I'~' III


&GRID IBAR=100,JBAR=100,KBAR=120 j&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=10.25 , YBAR=20.25,ZBAR=12.2 j plume mesh

&GRID IBAR=100, JBAR=100, KBAR=60j&PDIM XBARO=10.25 , XBAR=20.25, YBARO=20.25, YBAR=30.25,ZBARO=6.1, ZBAR=12.2j ceiling jet mesh

&TIME TWFIN=300 j

&MISC REACTION='HEPTANE', DTCORE=15j

&SURF IDRGBFYIKSDENSITYC_PDELTABACKING


= 313= 0.753


&REAC ID='HEPTANE'FYI='Heptane, C_7 H_16 ,MW_FUEL=100.Nu_o2=11.Nu_C02=7.NU_H20=8.CO_YIELD=0.006SOOT_YIELD=0.015 j



&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT xB=20.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 0, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 10.25, 0, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 10.25, 20.25, 12.2, 12.2,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'jCEILING OF PLUME MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 0, 12.2, SURF_ID='OPEN'jTOP(YBAR) OF PLUME MESH

&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 6.1, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jBOTTOM (YBARO) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 6.1, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jLEFT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=20.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 6.1, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'jRIGHT SIDE OF CEILING JET MESH

50

&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 30.25, 30.25, 6.1, 12.2,SURF_ID='OPEN'/TOP (YBAR) OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT xB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 6.1, 6.1,SURF_ID='OPEN'/FLOOR OF CEILING JET MESH&VENT XB=10.25, 20.25, 20.25, 30.25, 12.2, 12.2,SURF_ID='CEILING TILE'/CEILING OF CEILING JET MESH

&OBST XB= 14.75,15.75,14.75,15.75,0,0.6, RGB=0,0,1/ burner 1 m x1 m (39.37 inches by 39.37 inches)



&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=O, F=0.0019/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=5, F=0.0042/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=10, F=0.0075/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=15 , F=0.0117/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=20, F=0.0169/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=25, F=0.023/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=30, F=0.03/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=35, F=0.038/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=40, F=0.0468/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=45, F=0.0492/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=50, F=0.0516/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=55, F=0.0541/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=60, F=0.0566/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=65 , F=0.0592/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=70, F=0.0619/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=75, F=0.0646/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=80, F=0.0674/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=85, F=0.0702/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=90, F=0.0731/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=95, F=0.0761/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=100, F=0.0791/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=105, F=0.0822/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=110, F=0.0853/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=115 , F=0.0885/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=120, F=0.0917/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=125, F=0.095/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=130, F=0.0984/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=135, F=0.1018/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=140, F=0.1053/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=145 , F=0.1088/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=150, F=0.1124/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=155, F=0.1161/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=160, F=0.1198/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=165 , F=0.1236/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=170, F=0.1274/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=175, F=0.1313/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=180, F=0.1353/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=185 , F=0.1393/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=190, F=0.1433/&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=195 , F=0.1474/

51

, ·'Illil' II, ,

&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=200, F=0.1516j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=205, F=0.1559j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=210, F=0.1602j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=215, F=0.1645j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=220, F=0.1689j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=225, F=0.1734j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=230, F=0.178j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=235, F=0.1825j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=240, F=0.1872j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=245 , F=0.1919j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=250, F=0.1967j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=255, F=0.2015j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=260, F=0.2064j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=26S, F=O.2113j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=270, F=0.2163j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=275, F=0.2214j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=280, F=0.2265j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=285, F=0.2317j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=290, F=0.2369j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=295, F=0.2422j&RAMP ID='FIRE', T=300, F=0.2476j

&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 12.1, QUANTITY= 'TEMPERATURE ,,LABEL='PLUME' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 12.1, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 12.1, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='PLUME164' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 15.25, 12.1, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='PLUME287' j



&THCP XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 12.1, QUANTITY= ,TEMPERATURE ,,LABEL='35FT' j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 12.1, RTI=32,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT32'j&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 12.1, RTI=164,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000, LABEL='35FT164' j

52

&HEAT XYZ= 15.25, 26.03, 12.1, RTI=287,ACTIVATION_TEMPERATURE=1000.0, LABEL='35FT287' j

&SLCF PBx=15.25, QUANTITY='TEMPERATURE'j&SLCF PBX=15.25, QUANTITy='VELOCITY'j

53

",II I ijl ~iI I I I i I

Appendix B - Comparisons of FDS Predictions to Experimental Data

---,1200

400

1000

800

l!!::;,

~ 600CII

Q.E~

o

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 ·1Time (seconds)

~--------------~Figure B.1 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 3.0 m Ceiling Height,

Plume Centerline

I

II

i

:1

-Low II

!--FDS -100mm

1- - .FDS-66mm II---II

660600540480180120

200

1000

800

G ~l!!::;,

- 600III •..CIIQ.ECIII- 400

L 0 60

240 300 360 420

Time (seconds)-------------------------------~

Figure B.2 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 m1/2-s1/2, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

54

High--Low--FDS -100mm

'FDS-66mm

oW •••••• 11>' r#

~-,------ -- -

----------.-- ._~~..

- ----------------

120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

1000

900 "800700 ~-----G

~600

l!!::l•.. 500III •..Gla.E

400Gl I-

300

2001000

0

60

Figure B.3 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mIl2_sI12,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

1000

900800700IT

600~

l!!::l•.. 500III •..Gla.E

400Gl I-

300

200

100

oo 60

- .•-----;- .. --;----"""- --~---~-~

~-- HighI--LowI

i--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS- 66mm

120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.4 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 m112-s 112, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

55

1·11 I 'II~l II, I

200

175

150

G' 125~!.a 100EGlQ.

E 75GlI-

50

25

,----- High i

I-Low I

--FDS -100mm

I- • 'FDS - 66mm I

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)II

I

I

-------~Figure B.5 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 3.0 m Ceiling Height,

Radial Distance = 2.2 m

250

225

200

175--()o~ 150!:J1ii 125...Gl

~ 100GlI-

75

50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

. I

~~~- High ~

--Low-- FDS - 100mm

- - 'FDS -66mm---.:

Figure B.6 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 ml/2_s1l2, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

56

250

225

200

175

u~ 150l!!::l10 125•..Q)Q.E 100Q)I-

75

50

25

High--Low-- FDS- 100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.7 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 112-s 112, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

--FDS -100mm

High--Low- - 'FDS - 66mm

i

--~----- ~- I

-

-~ .. _-_-~--:-~-1.• ~ ~ I.. ~--~

~ ~ j

-I

-~-~~J~-

--I,

iII

---1III

50

75

250

175

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

25

200

225

u~ 150l!!::l10 125•..Q)Q.E 100 4_Q)I-

Figure B.8 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_sI12,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

57

I .jl~I I ", I

150

125

0' 100o-CI)a..:::l-~ 75CI)

D-ECI)I- 50

25

o

o

OJ ~~:OO·OHigh I

~ I ~:-1oomml- - 'FQS_-66mm

···--160 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600

Time (seconds)

Figure B.9 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 3.0 m Ceiling Height,Radial Distance = 6.5 m

150

125

__ 100(.)~e::::J

~ 75QlDEQl

I- 50

25

',,'-.",

~.~:~~~i--FDS-100mmi

l.:. .'!"ps.....-.66mm i

o I I i

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 .

Time (seconds)

'-- 0

Figure B.lO - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

58

150

125

__ 100U!?.....

~~~ 75CIl

Q,E~

25


- 'FDS -66mm

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.11 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 112-s 1/2, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

150

125

__ 100U!?.....

~~- 75~CIl

Q,ECIl

I- 50

25

oo

------------.-

m ·1

I

I

--J60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

...... High--Low-- FDS - 100mm

! - - FDS - 66mm

Figure B.12 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_s1/2,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

59

',II,; i III" I

150

125

100G'~l!!~•..EGlQ,EGl

~ 50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

,------------I! HHH High'--Low,

!--FDS -100mm

• - 'FDS-66mm


90

80

70

__ 60U~l!! 50~•..E8. 40EGl

~ 30

20

10

HHHHigh--Low--FDS -100mm

•• 'FDS-66mm

'~~ 60 1~0 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660Time (seconds)

___ ~_. ._._. ~ . .__ J

Figure B.14 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 m1l2_s1l2, 3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

60

150

125

U 100t....

e!::::l

~ 75GlQ,EGl

I- 50

25

--LowHigh

--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.15 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =164 ml/2_sl/2,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

150

125

_ 100Ut....

e!

.a 75e!GlQ,EGl

I- 50

25

High--Low-- FDS - 100mm

- 'FDS -66mm

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.16 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 mIl2_sI12,3.0 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

61

I,!l;il 'I Iii

1200

800 ~-_._- ---.

200

~---.--- High

--Low--FDS -100mm

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

oo

400

1000

l!!::J

~ 600 +--GlQ,EGlI-

Figure 8.17 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 4.6 m Ceiling Height,Plume Centerline

.---- High--Low-- FDS -100mm

660600540480240 300 360 420

Time (seconds)

1000

900800700G

~600

l!!::J.•.. 500l'll L-GlQ,E

400Gl I-

300

200100

.•..-·v

o~,60

120180

i

Figure B.18 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

62

900

800

700

600

e! 500::::l•..E[ 400EQ)t-

300

200

100

--- ..----------------------

n _

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

.. High

--Low-- FDS - 100mm

Figure B.19 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 1/2 -s1/2, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

900

800 ~------

700

600U~e! 500::::l•..III

Gi 400Q.EQ)

t- 300

200

100

o

o

----

---_._-----~. - -----

---------- .. -- -----

----- -------

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

High

!--Lowl__.FDS - 100mm

Figure B.20 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mI/2_sl/2,4.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

63

i .11 ~j

250

225

200

175

o~ 150!~e 125Q)Q,E 100Q)I-

75

50

25

I

.H- •• - •• -Hi-9h---11

--Low II--FDS -100mm III,

I

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)


--~_ -- -----,

200

175

150

0125~!~e 100Q)Q,

~ 75I-

50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

HHH High--Low--FDS -100mm 'I

Figure B.22 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 m1l2_s1l2,4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

64

180

160

140

_ 120U~l!! 100~•..l!!Ql 800-EQl

I- 60

40

20

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

I High1I--Low I

l==-~!:)~= .1.QQrT1.mJ

---

Figure 8.23 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 ml12_sI/2,4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

160

140

120

U 100~l!!~E 80Ql0-E

{!!. 60

40

20

High--Low--FDS -100mm 'I

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.24 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_sI12,4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

65

';I 'j Ii; .j I~j I ! I

oo

125

100

25

u~!j'lii 75...QlQ,EQlI-

50

I

i

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 I

Time (seconds)L__•._.~ u ~ ~~ __ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~ __ ~~ _


150

125

~ 100CJ~!.a 75l'll...QlQ,E

~ 50

25

--l

I High .... !IL

'--Low i'

i _ FDS - 100mm.J

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.26 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mI/2_sI/2,4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

66

150

125 ~----

100

u~l!!::;,

~ 75GlCo

EGlI-

50

25

-- High

--Low-- FDS - 100mm

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.27 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 1/2 -s 112, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

150

125 ~----

.-. 100U~Q)•..

.a 75III•..GlCo

EGl

I- 50 ~

25

, ..High

--Low-- FDS - 100mm

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.28 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mI/2_sI12, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

67

i "11111 II I.,

150

100 ~-----~-~~--------~GL.~~~ 75CI)

Q.ECI)~

50

25

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.29 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 4.6 m Ceiling Height,Radial Distance = 10.8 m

150

125

100G0_~.a 75l!!CI)

Q.ECI)

~ 50

25

--~-

-~-1-:- ~-

...... High--Low--FDS-100mm I

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.30 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mI/2_s1l2, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

68

150

I---------~-!

125

100 ~------- m __

High

--Low-- FDS - 100mm

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

oo

50~-

25

!:J

1V 75--•..QIQ. ----EQII-

Figure B.31 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 112 -s 112, 4.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

150

125

100 ---------

!.a 75EQIQ.EQI

I- 50

25


o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)


69

i ,'Hill Iii

1- 1000---~--"--"--"--" ""-----

900

800700U

600~

l!!::::l

•.. 500III •..Q)Q,E400

Q) I-300

200

100

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

...... High

~-Low

--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

Figure 8.33 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 6.1 m Ceiling Height,Plume Centerline

900

800

700

600

l!! 500::::l•..I!8. 400EQ)

I- 300

200

100

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.34 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2,6.1 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

70

800·

700

600

U 500e.......

e:!

::J

E 400Q)Q.E

~ 300

200

100

I

i--..--J

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

High

--Low--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS-66mm

Figure B.35 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mI/2_sI/2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

700

- -----------

,------,-•.

120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

60

200

oo

800

600

100

U 500e.......

e:!

::J

'lii 400•..Q)Q.E~ 300

Figure B.36 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 ml/2_s1/2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

71

1·11.li II I'li ", I

500

450

1----' High I--Low II '

i,--FDS -100mmJL-=- - 'FDS - 66mm

I

~_~J~

50

150

100

350

u~ 300

l!!:J'lii 250•..CII

Q.E 200CIII-

400

o ' i

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660 ITime (seconds) _-------- -----_.-------Figure B.37 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 6.1 m Ceiling Height,


450

400•,

350

_ 300(.)~l!! 250:J•..~~ 200ECII

I- 150

100

50

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

II

I

I~~~~'li1- FDS -100mm Ii

: - - 'FDS - 66mm II

Figure B.38 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_s112, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

72

350

300

250

G~e 200j•..III•..Q)Q, 150EQ)~

100

50

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

... High--Low

'--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

Figure B.39 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 ml/2_sI/2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

300

250 --

200 --G~l!!

.a 150CIl•..CIl

Q,ECIl

~ 100

50

---------"'---~


- - 'FDS - 66mm

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420

Time (seconds)

480 540 600 660

Figure B.40 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mI/2_sI/2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

73

1.( I ~i II

,

II

~~H-i-gh-- 'II

i Ii',--Low IIII

! -- FOS -100mm II

i- - 'FOS-66mm I

25

50

150

175

uo--e 125:J..f!8. 100EQ)

I- 75

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

L ~ ~ ~ime (seconds) . . J

~5I 200I


r-----I

200

175

150 ~

U 125~e.a 100f!Q)Co

E 75Q)I-

50

25

----- ~-----I.I

I

II

I

1- - ~~High I

--LowI--FDS -100mm

1- - . FDS - 66mm I

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)


74

160

140

120

~() 100~e:J- 80~CIl

Q.

~ 60~

40

20

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

--- High

--Low

Figure B.43 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mIl2_sI/2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

200

175

150

U 125~e.a 100~CIl

Q.

E 75CIl~

50

25

oo

l--- -----

---- -----1-------,---- Ii

I

---I-------------1

I

I

I60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

__ H High--Low-- FDS - 100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

_J

Figure B.44 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_s112, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

75

i ,,11 ~I I I I ,II

I----~ -----I 150

125

.- 100()~e:J'lii 75•..Q)Q,EQ)

I- 50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

. -----1---- High i

-Low II

--FDS -100mm

I· • 'FDS - 66mm i

-~------jFigure B.45 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 6.1 m Ceiling Height,


~~o-

125

100U~e.E 75I!Q)Q,EQ)

I- 50

25

r----- ..-'~~----.----- High--Low--FDS -100mm

•• 'FDS-66mm

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.46 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2, 6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

76

150

125

25

50 ~---

_ 100U~l!!::;,

~ 75-ell .-Q,E~

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

. High

--Low--FDS -100mm

- - 'FDS - 66mm

Figure B.47 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =164 m1/2_s1/2,6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

150

125

100U~l!!

.a 7511l"-ellQ,Eell

I- 50

25


'FDS -66mmL-- _

o

o 100 200 300 400

Time (seconds)

500 600

Figure B.48 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 ml/2_s1l2,6.1 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

77

·'1· I'H~j I i II

800

700

600

U 500L.!

::::s

~ 400QIQ.E

{!!. 300

200

100

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

I=....~.High-Low

'-FDS -100mrYlJI

Figure B.49 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 7.6 m Ceiling Height,Plume Centerline

~------jFigure B.50 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =

32 ml/2_sI/2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

700

600

500

uo

- 400!::::s•..I!!

~ 300EQII-

200

100

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

..... High .._~!

I~:-100mm il

I

I

I

I

78

600

500

400-()~l!!;:,

10 300•..Gl0..EGl

I- 200

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

----- High I

-Low J

i - FDS - 1Oilonm

Figure B.51 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 m 1/2-s 1/2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline


120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

500

450400350G

~ 300e!;:,10 250•..Gl0..E 200GlI-

150

100500

0

60

Figure B.52 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 m1/2 -s 1/2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

79

I ··'ll'il II;

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

50

25

oo

100

75

2W

225

~~~~ 1~~~~ 1W~E 1~~~

I ::c -325

: 300J -I ------ ..---

275

iL ~~. ~. ..__..__._.. .. _


250

225

200

175

u~ 150!::;,

~ 125~~E 100~~

75

50

25

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

------ High--Low--FDS -100mm

Figure B.54 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 ml/2_sl/2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

80

250

200

u~ 150

e!:J-~GlCo

E 100GlI-

50

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

I ... HighI-LowI

I--FDS -100mm1_ ..__

Figure B.SS - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mIl2_sIl2,7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

60 .--------

200

180

160

140

u~ 120e!:J~ 100...GlCo

E 80GlI-

40

20

o

o

I~

I

I

.U1

-Il--~-~-----==]

I

III

II

I

I60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

-- -------------

I Highi--Low!--FDS -100mmL _

Figure B.S6 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_sIl2,7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

81

I _II ~I II ~, I

I-----~---------I 150

125

100G~e3 75III•..Q)

Q,EQ)

I- 50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

:------- ..----,i----- High Ii

I-LOW i-==- FDS :.1 OOm~

Figure 8.57 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 7.6 m Ceiling Height,Radial Distance = 6.5 m

--Low ii

=~~;_~QllJ

--=----

-------------- -- ---1I

!

Iii

150

25

125

100G~e3 75eQ)Q,EQ)

I- 50

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.58 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 ml/2_sl/2,7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

82

150

125

100U~l!!

.a 75~Q)Q.EQ)

I- 50

25

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

High--Low--FDS-

Figure B.59 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =164 mIl2_s1/2,7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

150

125

__ 100U~l!!

.a 75~Q)Q.EQ)

I- 50

25

--Low-- High

--FDS -100mm

o

o 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.60 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 m112-s1/2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

83

11'11 ~l I I I ·Ii

--li

150

125

100U~e!

.a 75~GlDEGl

I- 50

25

I····· H;9h.--Low i

I--FDS -100mm i

I

I

oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure B.61- Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 7.6 m Ceiling Height,Radial Distance = 10.8 m

150

125

U 100~e!:;,M 75..GlD-EGlI- 50

25

E-----Hi9h ~!!

-Lowl FDS:JOOmm

60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

oo

I

I

I

I

'----~~ __ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ..J

Figure B.62 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mI!2_s1l2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

84

150 ---.----.-------.

125 ~--

__ 100(,)~l!!~1ii 75•..CIl

c.ECIl

I- 50

25


oo 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 480 540 600 660

Time (seconds)

Figure 8.63 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mll2 _SIl2, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

nnn High II"

-Low I

--FDS -1oo~l1'1jlI

700600500300 400

Time (seconds)

200100o

o

75 ~ n_.

25

150,... -125 -I -- - -- .. - --

I

I

---IU 100~l!!~co•..CIl

c.ECIl

I- 50

Figure 8.64 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 m 1/2-s 112, 7.6 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

85

14' ~I Iii

350300250

--l----- -

1751 II .150

125

G . '"~J~ 100 - -- , " ~ "."Hi9h, I",j 1--------LLOOww

~ i--FDS-100mmlQl ~-.-Q. 75 -------EQlI-

50

ol 0 50 100 150 200_. Time (seconds) I

Figure B.65 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 10.7 m CeilingHeight, Plume Centerline

10050

oo

25

100

125

e.a 75l'!!QlQ.EQl

I- 50

~""Hi9h 'II;----Low I,

~FDS-100mmi[

I

I

I

150 200 250 300 350 I

L .. Time (~COnds) 1

Figure B.66 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

86

100

908070G

60~

e::J- 50III ...Q)Q.E

40Q) I-

30

2010~' -.

o

o 50 100 150 200 250

Time (seconds)

300 350

High--Low-- FD_S=-~OOmmJ

Figure 8.67 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mI/2_sI12, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

90

80+--

70

U 60o-CI)

~ 50•..co•..

~ 40ECI)

I- 30

20

10

--------

- High--Low

;--FDS -100mm'L . ~

Time (seconds)

o

o 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

Figure 8.68 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_sI12, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

87

I ,"H~I I I, I ii III I ;

120

100

80

Ge.....!

. :JI _

III•..GICo

EGI

I- 40

20

oo 60 120 180 240

Time (seconds)300 360 1

Figure B.69 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 10.7 m CeilingHeight, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

90

80

70

_ 60oo-~ 50:J1a•..

~ 40EGI

I- 30

20

10

oo 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240

I

---1J

300

,

I!

! - H-j9-h---I'

I-Low Il:::=J--FDS -100mm

Figure B.70 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mt/2_s1l2,10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

88

80

70

60

U 50~l!!:J

~ 40Q)Q.Et! 30

20

10


-- - - -----------------

o

o 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240 300

Figure B.71 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =164 mIl2_sI12, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

70

60

50

u~ 40l!!:J-~CII

Q. 30ECIII-

20

10

o

o 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240

---II

300

!HH High ,, Ii--Low I

1-- FDS- 100mrnJ

Figure B.72 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 ml/2_s1l2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

89

j '~ll~I II, I·,' Iii .' I

80

70

60

G 50~!::J

~ 40CD

Co

E~ 30

20

120 180 240

Time (seconds)

300 360

::::~_..::::_..~_._~_~_~_-~m~


70

60

50

0'o-! 40:lca~~ 30EQ)~

20

10

60 120 180 240 300

r .. · .. · High-i--Low II

i--FDS -100mm II

L.. ._ Time.(.s .. e_c_O_"_d_S> _

Figure B.74 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 ml/2_s1l2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

90

60

50

U 40o-CP•..~iij 30•..CP

Co

ECP

I- 20

HH High

--Low--FDS -100mm

10 ~--------

oo 60 120 180 240 300

Time (seconds)

Figure B.75 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =164 mIl2_sI12, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

50

45

40

35

uo- 30CP•..~iij 25...CP

Co

E 20CPI-

15 ~-------

10

5 "---

oo 60 120 180

..,'.-

240

_____ -J_

- ------------

300


Time (seconds)

Figure B.76 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 ml/2_sll2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 6.5 m

91

I ·j'llil j I

70

60

50

0'o-~ 40:;,-III~Q)C. 30EQ)I-

20

10

__ I

.. - i

:----- High

i--Low II--FDS -100mm

120 180 240

Time (seconds)

300 360

____ I


60

50

0' 40~~:;,1a 30~Q)c.EQ)

I- 20

10

I

I

J

t---~------ High--Low

,--FDS -100mm 'i

oo 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240 300


92

45

40------1

I------ --- -----I35

0' 30o-Q)

5 25.•..nl

; 20Q.EQ) 15---~--I-

10 ~-------~

5~------ ~

oo 60 120 180 240

Time (seconds)

300

High

--Lowi--FDS -100mmL_

Figure B.79 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mIl2_sIl2,10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

60

50

U 40o-II)...::::l

1U 30...II)Q.EII)

I- 20

,:[-

--------I

1

1

i

......

o 60 120 180 240 300

Time (seconds)

Figure B.80 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 mIl2_sI/2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

93

I ~Hj;j ill I

360300240180

Time (seconds)

12060

25

125

150

100

U ~e

.~---- High -I

::l-

751--\ -Low~

I A&~Gl

--FDS -100mmlQ, EGlI- 50

Figure B.81- Comparison of Predicted and Measured Temperatures, 10.7 m CeilingHeight, Plume Centerline

360300120 180 240

Time (seconds)

60

100

UH'h ------j i

~

i· .... · 19 il

e--I-LOW II

::l - 75 -,~-l'll

-- ,OS - 100mm I

•..

GlQ,EGl

!

I-50

---------------------------Figure B.82 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =

32 ml/2_sl/2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

94

150

125

......100UL~:J- 75~QlQ,EQlI- 50

25

--- High--Low--FDS-

oo 60 120 180 240

Time (seconds)

300 360

Figure B.83 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mIl2_sI12, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

150

125 ~_n

100

U L~:J- 75ro •..QlQ,EQlI- 50

25

---High II--LowI

~--=£DS- 10~1l1I11j

oo 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240 300 360

Figure B.84 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =287 ml/2_s112, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Plume Centerline

95

II"

20

...... High ----l--Low !I

-- FDS .:1()Omm j

----l_J

300240

10

o

, 0 60 120 180

i Time (seconds)I ~ ~ . ~


I

,-L~ - II, II

1--FDS - 100mm II

300240120 180

Time (seconds)

90

8070•••...60

(.J~! 50~-e8. 40ECIlI- 30

20100

0

60

II

___ I

Figure B.86 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mIl2_sIl2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 2.2 m

96

125

100 ----

-U~

75 ~2! ::::l

•..~QlQ.E

50 ~ ---------III I-

25

oo 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240 300

...... High

--Low--FDS -100mm


70

60 ~----

50

uo

-; 40•..::::l•..l.!!IIICo 30EIIII-

20

10


o

o 60 120 180

Time (seconds)

240 300


97

II·, I II

~9-h:_100mm

1---IL'ow

1--FD§.-100mm

300240

70

6050

G0-- 40l!!::J•..III•..GlQ. 30EGl~

20

100

0

60

120 180I

Time (seconds) i

--- ~~----~~-~~--~


70 --I60

50

uo-e 40::::l••ra•..CI)

c. 30ECI)I-

20

i

FHiQh-11

I ~~~ -100mm III

10

300240180

Time (seconds)

12060

oo

I

I

__ ~~ ~ ._ I


98

60

50

.. High

--Low--FDS -100mm

300240

-~..__ ._--------_._-

18012060

o

o

10

e::::J

16 30•..GlQ.EGl

I- 20

_ 40 ~----()o-

Time (seconds)


70

60

50

e 40::::J-C1l...GlQ. 30EGlI-

20

I~-:-:-I-lighliI--Low III I,

l--FDS -1oom.r!lJ1

I

!

10

oo 60 120 180 240 300

Time (seconds)


99

I hi" i

...... High--Low--FDS -100mm

24<l 300 _.

-- --- --~---I

II

I

i

I

I

120 180

Time (seconds)

10

50

60

40

G't...!:J

~ 30QlC.EQl

I- 20

I ~ __ M


r~~·"·::~I! I

i--FDS -100mm II------- I

I

30024018012060

50

60

10

040t...Ql~:l1li 30~Q)c..EQ)

I- 20

I

i

i Time (seconds)~-_._~~~~~~~_. -~~~~--~~~~~--~~~~--- --~

Figure B.94 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =32 mI/2_sl/2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

100

- High -l

--Low I--FDS-100mm!_________ . JI

I

I

300

,I

i

-----1I

240

I

~--~--=1---------- - -- ---------i

I

I-----1

120 180

Time (seconds)

60

35

o

o

5

10 -

45

40

~ 25:;,-ctl...

8- 20ECIl

I- 15

0' 30o-

Figure B.95 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTI =164 mI/2_sI/2, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

40

35

30 ~-------P 25-

CIl...:;,- 20~8-

E 15CIlI-

10

5

o

o 60 120 180 240 300

---- High--Low-- FDS- 100mm

Time (seconds)-------------- ------ -------------------

Figure B.96 - Comparison of Predicted and Measured Heat Detector Temperatures, RTf =287 ml/2_s112, 10.7 m Ceiling Height, Radial Distance = 10.8 m

101

Iii I "II'" I

Analysis of FDS Thermal Detector Response Prediction ... · Issued January 2009 Analysis of FDS...

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