Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and … of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in...

Journal of Earth Science and Engineering 4 (2014) 597-604 doi: 10.17265/2159-581X/2014.10.002

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater

Quality in Southwest Punjab, India

Rajinder Pal Singh Chopra1 and Gopal Krishan2, 3

1. Hydro-geological and Hydro-chemical Division, Punjab Water Resources and Environment Directorate, Chandigarh 160017,

India

2. Hydrological Investigations Division, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India

3. IGB-Groundwater Resilience Project, British Geological Survey, NERC, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK

Received: August 10, 2014 / Accepted: September 20, 2014 / Published: October 25, 2014. Abstract: A study was conducted in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India to characterize aquifer strata by preparing a fence diagram depicting sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater quality. The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m thickness is encountered in central and south-sentral part of the study area comprising of Bathinda, Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and semi pervious strata. The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit for irrigation purpose.

Key words: Groundwater, aquifer characteristics, quality, depth, southwest Punjab.

1. Introduction

Groundwater resources in semi-arid areas are highly

susceptible to salinity problems as a result of

unplanned and non-scientific development of ground

water resources which has led to an increasing stress

on the available resources in the form of long-term

decline of ground water levels, de-saturation of

aquifer zones, increased energy consumption for

lifting water from progressively deeper levels and

quality deterioration due to salinity. The canal

command areas suffer from problems of water logging

and soil salinity due to the gradual rise in ground

water levels [1].

In Punjab, during the past 3-4 decades, excessive

Corresponding author: Gopal Krishan, doctor, research fields: isotope hydrology, hydro-geochemistry, remote sensing and GIS. E-mail: [email protected].

extraction of groundwater to cater the needs of ever

increasing human and livestock population has

resulted in decline of water table in more than 80% of

the state and subsequently deterioration in the

groundwater quality [2-12]. On the other hand,

substantial rise in groundwater cause waterlogging

and salinity/alkalinity problems in south-western part

of the state where ground water extraction is limited

due to brackish/saline/alkaline quality [1, 2, 13].

Various authors have proved that the groundwater

quality is controlled by various factors such as soil

characteristics, climate, topography, interaction with

aquifer minerals, or internal mixing among different

groundwater along flow paths in the subsurface

[14-18].

In the present study, a fence diagram depicting

sub-surface strata and distribution of groundwater

D DAVID PUBLISHING

Analysis of Aquifer Characteristics and Groundwater Quality in Southwest Punjab, India

598

quality in eight districts, viz., Faridkot, Moga,

Ferozepur, Muktsar, Bathinda, Mansa, Barnala and

Sangrur in south-western part of the Punjab, India was

preparing to characterize aquifer strata and

distribution of groundwater quality.

2. Study Area

State of Punjab has been classified into five

agro-climatic zones on the basis of homogeneity,

rainfall pattern and distribution, temperature, soil

texture and cropping pattern (Fig. 1). Out of the five

agro-climatic zones Barnala, Sangrur and a part of

Faridkot, Moga, Ferozepur district come under the

Central Plain zone which is characterized by semi-arid

(sub-moist) and less hot zone. Annual average

temperature ranges from 23 C to 24 C and mean

annual rainfall varies from 600 mm to 900 mm.

Bathinda, Mansa and a part of Faridkot, Ferozepur and

Muktsar districts fall under Western Plain zone, which

is characterized by semi-arid (dry to sub-moist) zone.

Annual average temperature ranges from 24 C to 25

C and mean annual rainfall varies from 400 mm to

600 mm. A part of Ferozepur and Muktsar districts

also falls under Western zone, which is characterized

by arid (dry) and hot zone. Average annual

temperature ranges from 25 C to 26 C and mean

annual rainfall varies from 200 mm to 400 mm.

Depth to water level in the area ranges from 1.5 m

to 31 m below ground level (mbgl). Water table is at

shallow depth at several areas of Muktsar, Ferozepur,

Bathinda and Mansa districts where it ranges from 1.5

mbgl to 7.5 mbgl causing waterlogging at many places.

The bores drilled in the area upto 60 m depth reveal

the presence of predominance of fine sand

occasionally associated with “kankar” and comprise of

two main aquifer zones each ranging in thickness from

4 m to 25 m separated by clay layers of 3 m to 5 m

thickness. Water table has been rising in the area

comprising blocks of Muktsar, Lambi, Kot Bhai,

Khuiyan sarwar, Abohar and Fazilka creating water

logging at many places.

3. Methodology

For preparing the fence diagram, lithological

samples were taken during the drilling of bores at

every one meter depth and visually examined.

Samples of sand were subjected to mechanical

analysis for their grain size. Fence diagram was

prepared depicting sub-surface lithological set up and

ground water quality at respective depth.

The representative groundwater samples were

collected from 17 m sites upto a depth of 60 m (Table 1)

during development of each observation well and

subjected to chemical analysis for its quality for

irrigation use. EC (electrical conductivity) of each

sample has been determined in the laboratory by

conductivity meter through direct reading. Prior to

determining EC (in micro mhos/cm at 25 C), the

instrument was calibrated through standard solution.

RSC (residual sodium carbonate) was determined by

the following formula:

RSC = (CO32- + HCO3

-) (Ca2+ + Mg2+).

The above ions were determined volumetrically in

the laboratory using titration method. Ground water

quality was categorised as fit, marginal and unfit on

the basis of criteria of EC and RSC values as

mentioned below [19]:

(1) EC values (µmhos/cm at 25 C):

(a) upto 2,000 fresh/fit;

(b) 2,000-4,000 marginal;

(c) above 4,000 unfit.

(2) RSC values (meq/L):

(a) upto 2.5 fresh/fit;

(b) 2.5 to 5.0 marginal;

(c) above 5.0 unfit.

4. Results and Discussion

4.1 Aquifer Characteristics

The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m

reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious

strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m

which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into


599

Fig. 1 Agro-climatic zones of Punjab.

the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging

even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth

of 5 m (Fig. 2). Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m

thickness is encountered in central and south-central

part of the study area comprising of Bathinda,

Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places

are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious

or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand

occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness

ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western

and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four

layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m


600

Table 1 Groundwater quality in south-western part of Punjab upto 60 m depth.

Sample No.

Site District Water level (mbgl)

Aquifer depth range (m)

Depth tapped (m)

EC (µmhos/cm) at 25 C

RSC (meq/L)

Quality

1 Khokri Kalan Moga 26.5 49-58 51.0-54.0 985 3.16 Marginal

2 Daulatpur Niwan Moga 25.0 52-60 54.0-57.0 2,065 6.40 Unfit

3 Kauni Faridkot 4.8 43-60 53.5-56.5 1,489 5.44 Unfit

4 Jalalabad Ferozepur 14.8 56-60 51.6-54.6 1,765 6.08 Unfit

5 Asafwala Ferozepur 6.6 50-60 50.5-56.5 1,410 6.32 Unfit

6 Sherewala Ferozepur 9.9 27-52 45.6-49.6 9,200 −ve Unfit

7 Chak Tamkot Muktsar 1.5 47-60 50.5-54.5 22,100 −ve Unfit

8 Chotian Muktsar 6.9 27-55 50.5-53.5 4,010 −ve Unfit

9 Killianwali Muktsar 6.6 3-42 36.6-39.6 17,090 −ve Unfit

10 Mahima Bhagwana Bathinda 10.0 7-49 44.5-47.5 8,740 −ve Unfit

11 Kalyan Sukha Bathinda 17.7 2-60 53.5-56.5 1,565 2.28 Fit

12 Dulewal Bathinda 23.9 30-60 54.0-57.0 1,245 7.80 Unfit

13 Kot Baghtu Bathinda 5.5 27-60 53.5-56.5 6,350 −ve Unfit

14 Behniwala Mansa 7.6 47-55 49.0-52.0 13,430 −ve Unfit

15 Hariau Sangrur 13.2 24-52 47.5-50.5 3,370 3.52 Marginal

16 Rupaheri Sangrur 23.1 42-60 53.5-56.5 1,460 5.92 Unfit

17 Kurar Barnala 31 46-59 54.0-57.0 1,030 3.28 Marginal

−ve: When electrical conductivity is very high then RSC comes negative.

to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and

semi-pervious strata.

4.2 Water Quality

The suitability of ground water for irrigation has

been assessed in terms of salinity and alkalinity

content and accordingly classified as “fit”, “marginal”

and “unfit”. The district wise results are summarised

in Table 1. The perusals of the results reveal that

groundwater is almost entirely unfit in Muktsar and

Mansa districts due to high salinity. Salinity has

negligible effect while alkalinity is more pronounced

in groundwater in Moga, Barnala and Sangrur districts

rendering the groundwater marginally fit or unfit.

Groundwater is also mostly unfit in Bathinda and

Faridkot districts when combined effect of salinity and

alkalinity is taken into consideration. In seven places

alkalinity/sodicity (high electrical conductivity) is

very high and RSC is marked negative, hence the

water is unfit.

Out of 17 sites in all the eight districts in study area,

groundwater quality is fit at one site in Bathinda

district, marginal at three sites in Moga, Sangrur and

Barnala districts while in the remaining 13 sites in the

districts of Faridkot, Ferozepur, Muktsar and Mansa,

groundwater quality is unfit for irrigation purpose and

in terms of percentage only 6% of the study area in

eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76% is unfit

for irrigation purpose. Aquifer data related to water

table, depth range, depth tapped and water quality at

all the 17 sites in these districts are given in Table 1.

The only fit site in terms of groundwater quality at

Kalyan Sukha in Nathana block of Bathinda district is

tapping the aquifer zone from 53.5 m to 56.5 m and

has the pervious strata throughout from the depth of 2 m

onwards up to the drilled depth of 60 m.

For validating the results, in another study carried

out by Krishan et al. [1], 22 random groundwater

samples were collected from selected tube wells/hand

pumps to represent different geological formations as

well as land use pattern and different depths of the

aquifer in the entire seven blocks of the Bathinda

district using standard protocol. The samples were

analysed for major anions F-, Cl-, NO3- and cations

Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ using Dionex Ion Chromatograph

ICS-5000 and stable isotope (18O) was measured using


601

Fig. 2 Fence diagram of south-western Punjab.

DI-IRMS at Nuclear Hydrology Laboratory, National

Institute of Hydrology, Rookree.

It was observed that the total hardness varied from

151 mg·L-1 to 1,468 mg·L-1 and the water belongs to

the category of very hard water (Table 2).

4.2.1 Percent Sodium

The Na (%) in groundwater indicated that three

samples were excellent, seven samples were good,

seven samples belonged to permissible criterion

leaving four samples of groundwater in doubtful

category (Table 3) and only sample taken from

Ramgarh in unsuitable category. Thus, water from 17

groundwater samples (three in excellent; seven each in

good and permissible categories) can be used for

irrigation leaving only five sampling locations (four in

doubtful and one in unfit categories) unsuitable for

irrigation. Adsorption of sodium on clay by its exchange

with Mg2+ and Ca2+ takes place when sodium is high.

High sodium content in soils destroys the soil structure,

soils become compact and the results in poor

permeability and drainage of soil, leading to restricted

air and water circulation in it [20-24]. The areas with

high value (doubtful) of Na (%) in groundwater are

Burjmahema, Jhumba, Ablu and Jalal.

4.2.2 SAR (sodium absorption ratio)

SAR is used to measure alkali/sodium hazard to

crops. The excessive sodium content relative to the

calcium and magnesium reduces the soil permeability


602

Table 2 Water quality parameters.

Sampling location Ion concentration (ppm)

Na+ K+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F- Cl- NO3- SO4

2- Hardness

Mehma Surja 22.80 8.80 24.40 62.50 0.00 86.00 3.10 27.10 257.0

Burjmahema 199.0 21.60 39.30 41.00 1.50 210.0 30.10 289.0 264.0

Balluana 178.0 75.80 241.0 152.0 2.60 300.0 217.0 359.0 1,371.0

Phul 124.0 20.20 57.00 41.90 1.10 134.0 17.00 106.0 339.0

Mehta 168.0 30.00 218.0 229.0 4.40 337.0 69.50 529.0 1,468.0

Phul-300 127.0 20.10 98.40 120.0 0.60 152.0 55.10 164.0 705.0

Bhairupa 88.50 15.90 45.20 52.0 0.90 87.50 11.20 161.0 316.0

Bhatinda 154.0 42.00 79.60 116.0 1.10 205.0 166.0 228.0 618.0

Rama 10.20 105.0 135.0 116.0 2.20 22.40 62.00 51.40 842.0

Rampura 123.0 27.50 77.20 70.90 1.80 149.0 0.00 123.0 495.0

Jhumba 142.0 16.40 21.30 25.30 3.60 37.30 16.90 153.0 151.0

Khemuana 85.30 19.40 90.40 77.40 1.80 51.00 12.00 146.0 565.0

Ablu 127.0 105.0 89.30 52.00 0.80 167.0 113.0 229.0 497.0

Bagha 129.0 34.20 97.10 107.0 0.60 176.0 32.00 321.0 665.0

Jalal 20.00 199.0 37.10 41.50 2.00 7.30 7.20 47.80 257.0

Banawala 61.00 52.40 60.80 68.00 0.80 66.40 17.40 85.70 420.0

Bhikianwalai 23.60 8.20 43.90 37.00 0.70 62.30 46.60 69.40 272.0

Burj gill 129.0 9.80 0.00 18.00 3.30 33.60 10.80 70.60 0.00

Ramgarh 509.0 61.30 62.50 58.60 2.10 502.0 79.90 784.0 403.0

Maur 146.0 17.60 0.00 33.60 3.80 29.60 21.20 124.0 0.00

Sheikhpura 74.80 23.90 77.30 101.0 1.70 59.20 2.70 119.0 571.0

Bhagi banda 4.70 9.90 33.80 87.40 0.80 22.90 5.40 45.10 358.0

Minimum 4.70 8.20 21.30 17.50 0.60 7.30 2.70 27.10 151.0

Maximum 509.0 199.0 241.0 229.0 4.40 502.0 217.0 784.0 1,468.0

Mean 120.0 42.00 81.40 77.60 1.80 132.0 47.40 192.0 542.0

Range 504.4 191.1 219.6 212.0 3.80 494.3 213.8 257.0 391.0

Standard deviation 104.1 45.3 58.3 49.1 1.1 122.7 56.5 180.0 349.0

Source: Krishan et al., 2013 [1].

Table 3 Classification of groundwater on sodium percentage

Na (%) Water class No. of samples Samples (%)

<20 Excellent 3 13.64

20-40 Good 7 31.82

40-60 Permissible 7 31.82

60-80 Doubtful 4 18.18

>80 Unsuitable 1 4.55


Table 4 Classification of groundwater based on SAR values

SAR Water class No. of samples Samples (%)

<10 Excellent 15 68.18

10-18 Good 4 18.18

18-26 Doubtful 3 13.64

>26 Unsuitable - -



603

and thus inhibits the supply of water needed for the

crops. It is an important parameter to determine the

suitability of groundwater for irrigation. The excess

sodium or limited calcium and magnesium are

evaluated by SAR [25].

SAR = Na+/√(Ca2++Mg2+)/2

The SAR values for the samples are shown in Table

4. The SAR value’s indicated that only three samples

of groundwater taken from Burj Mahema, Jhumba and

Ramgarh belong to doubtful (SAR = 18-26 m)

category.

5. Conclusions

The sub-surface lithology drilled upto a depth of 60 m

reveal the presence of top most layer of impervious

strata comprising of clay upto the depth of 2 m to 5 m

which impedes the percolation of surface runoff into

the soil leading to surface flooding and water logging

even in areas having saturated zone beyond the depth

of 5 m. Thick pervious strata of 45 m to 50 m

thickness is encountered in central and south-central

part of the study area comprising of Bathinda,

Muktsar and Mansa districts which at certain places

are separated by one or two thin layers of impervious

or semi-pervious strata comprising of clay and sand

occasionally associated with “kankar” of thickness

ranging between 2 m to 5 m. The northern, western

and eastern parts, however, exhibit three to four

layered pervious zones ranging in thickness from 5 m

to 25 m separated by thin layers of impervious and

semi-pervious strata.

The groundwater quality in about 6% of the study

area in eight districts is fit, 18% is marginal and 76%

is unfit for irrigation purpose which is a serious

concern. Therefore, following management practices

are suggested: (1) An integrated and holistic approach

are required for conserving water and preventing soil

salinization and water logging; (2) implementation of

more efficient irrigation systems and practices should

be undertaken; (3) For lowering of water table,

conjunctive use of saline groundwater and surface

water should also be undertaken [26].

For validating the results obtained by EC and

residual sodium carbonate percentage with the total

hardness, percent sodium and SAR in a separate study

carried out by Krishan et al. [1] in Bathinda district.

Similarity in the results has been found and it has been

expected to get similar results from the water logged

and saline areas of other districts of the south-west

Punjab.

However, the results are based on the one time

sampling, a pilot level study is required in this area

similar to that done in Bist-Doab [27] area of Punjab.

Acknowledgement

Authors thank Mr. Ram Paul Aeri and Mr. Pramod

Kumar, Punjab Water Resources Environment

Directorate, Chandigarh for their help. The funding

received from Purpose Driven Studies at PWRED,

Chandigarh under HP-II is duly acknowledged. Dr.

Gopal Krishan thanks Director, National Institute of

Hydrology, Roorkee, Dr. Alan MacDonald, Dr. Dan

Lapworth and Dr. Helen Bonsor (BGS, UK) for their

support and encouragement.

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