Analyse des troubles de l’attachement des enfants placés en institution

7/30/2019 Analyse des troubles de lattachement des enfants placs en institution

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PSYM 2132 : Les Mthodes Multivaries en

Psychologie

Jan Johannes & Cedric Taverne

Analysis of attachment disorders of children ininstitutions

Lopez Rodriguez, David

NOMA: 0371-12-00

Universit Catholique de Louvain-la-Neuve

Facult de Psychologie et des Sciences de lEducation

Anne acadmique 2012-2013


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1. IntroduconThe aim of this project is the analysis of a database focus on the eld of Health psychology and

psychopathology of children and adolescents. These studies evaluate the eect of the

aachment versus the interacve skills of abandoned childrens from Congo, living in

residenal instuons. We will aempt to invesgate on (1) behavior of the childrens; (2)

paerns of behavior in the childrens; (3) encourage; and (4) the needs of the childrens.In this study we used a baery that is intended to cover various aspects about which we can

infer answers to these quesons. First, we analyze and present the scales used, validang and

evaluang its internal consistency (by CPA and MCP). Then, we explore the research

hypothesis. We perform and MCA analysis and a Clustering (HCPC) that allow us to obtain the

relaonship and distance between variables. These procedures allow us to disnguish the

dierent exisng groups. Clustering allows us to idenfy natural groups who provide valuable

informaon about our sample. Finally, discussions and conclusions are presented.

2. ContextAachment is one of the most important variables for the successful development of a person

during their childhood, psycho, physically, and socially. The presence of parental gures is

crucial to achieve these objecves (Bowlby, 1978).. An early separaon, an educaonal style

inappropriate or growing up in a residenal instuon can undermine build good relaonships

with others (Sroufe, 2009).Our sample was performed on Kinshasa, a city that belongs to the Democrac Republic ofCongo. Kinshasa has human rights to protect children, but besides that there live is dicult and

many parents are forced to abandon their children, being exposed to abuse, sexual, physical

and psychological (Mafu, 2006). The emergences of NGOs to work with children has provided

the opportunity to give them a chance by moving to a residenal instuon. The relaons that

children maintain with the instuon are the main concern of this research, e.g. aecon to

their caregivers, seeking comfort, aenon and social problems. Some studies (Izendom,

Bakerman-Kranemburg et al., 2010) showed that children living in instuons are more

vulnerable to psychopathology and violence in these instuons as the main cause of

disorganized aachment.

3. SampleData were collected from 84 children from Kinshasa, capital of the Democrac Republic of

Congo. We have selected two groups of parcipants, 42 children from residenal instuons

(experimental group) and 42 children living with their parents in family (control group). The age

of children comprises between 4 and 7 years.


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4. HypothesisEach of the hypotheses that we will propose has been done according to the dierent demands

of research and the types of analyzes required for vericaon.In the rst hypothesis we aim to evaluate how the family group diers from instuon group

and whether a parcular prole in relaon to dierent types of aachment. We want to know

if the group instuon presents a kind of disorganized aachment, ambivalent or avoidant. If

inhibited or uninhibited, holding low scores on intelligence and whether anthropometric

measurements are below average.H1: The group instuon is linked posively to dierent types of negave aachment

(disorganized, avoidant or ambivalent, inhibited and uninhibited) and negavely

related intelligence and height / weight.It is of great interest to see the prole of people who have a relaonship contrary to our

hypothesis. That is, children who are in the group instuon with a secure aachment type, an

intelligence above the average and standard anthropometric measures. In addion, children in

the family group with a lack of aachment prole, low intelligence and low height / weight

relaonship.Furthermore, in order to give more coherence to our previous hypothesis we infer the

existence of natural groups in our sample that are linked to the four categories of aachment

and family groups / instuon.

H2: The group family and instuon form disnct natural groups, in the same way that

the four types of aachment.

If there is a relaonship between the variables described in the H1 we will nd the presence ofthese natural groups and we will demonstrate a clear dierence in the type of development

that have followed these children throughout their childhood.

5. Instruments and descripve analysisIn this secon we discuss briey the descripve contributed to each of our scales and describe

how they work (Annex 1 for a data summary)5.1 Ravens Progressive Matrix Test (Fouchey, 2007).It is an intelligence test based on the g factor, factor that dominates all cognive skills. Thereare three versions but in this paper we have selected the most simple and short, the scale

colorful comprises by three subscales (A, B and AB), each of which ones have 12 items, giving a

total score of 36.In our sample we take as a benchmark a score of 18. This score gives a good cognive level for

these children and we will nd under which an unfavorable level with respect to the mean. The

percentage of children with a score below 18 on this scale is of 58.33% (19.04% belongs to the

family group) while the percentage of children is above 41.67% (10.71% belongs to the

instuon).


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5.2 Aachment Story Compleon Task (Bretherton et al., 1990).This scale evaluates the representaon of aachment of children through a series of seven

stories. Each story is based on one of four themes: (1) parental authority, (2) the security

funcon and reconfort of parents, (3) separaon and (4) return of temporary parental gures.

The aim is to acvate their internal models of aachment to categorizeIn our sample we see a clear dominance of the group 'Secure' with 50% of the sample, of which

16.67% is in the instuon group. In contrast, the group with the type of aachment

'Evitement' is only 4.76% of the sample, of which 2.38% belongs to the family. The group

'Ambivalent' represents 16.67% of the sample and the group 'Desorganis' 28.57%.5.3 Disturbances Aachment Interview (DAI) (Smyke and Zeanah, 1999).It is a interview semistructured with 12 items that explore the signs of aachment problems

regarding their caregivers.

There are eight subscales, the rst ve pernent to 'Inhibited Type' and the subscales V1, V6,

V7 and V8 linked to 'Uninhibited Type'. Note that the subscale V1 is taken into account for two

types of aachment.In our sample we found a 7.14% of children in group inhibits and 46.43% of children in the

uninhibited. We found that although both types are opposites, ve cases have a high score on

both. The percentage of children in group inhibited and uninhibited in the instuon group is

respecvely 2.38% and 33.33%, while in the family group is 4.76% and 13.09% respecvely.

While we nd more cases of children with disinhibited aachment to instuon, we found less

cases of children inhibited in the same group.

5.4 Anthropometric measures.This study evaluated the length / weight relaonship given as 75% cut. In our sample we found

an average of 76.50, the 45.23% of the children are below the 75% required. We found that of

these, predomnate the group instuon with 36.95%.

6. Validaon of testsThe objecve of this secon is to validate our measuring instruments. We will make an analysis

CPA for the quesonnaire ASCT and MCA analysis for DAI. Although we have informaon onthe scale and subscales Raven will not perform validaon.6.1 ACP of ASCT.To assess the internal consistency of this scale we performed a principal component analysis

(PCA) in order to reduce the dimensionality and see if the rst dimension can explain the

relaonship between the subcategories. So we've selected three connuous variables and an


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addional factor, code.aachment. The subcategories of code.aachment are Desorganis,

evitement, ambivalent and secure.

eigenvalue percentage of variance cumulative percentage of variance

comp 1 2.4560912 81.869708 81.86971

comp 2 0.2919343 9.731143 91.60085

comp 3 0.2519745 8.399149 100.00000

Table 1res$eig ACP of ASCT

Following the decision rules we see that the rst principal component explains 81.87% of the

variance and its own value is higher than 1. Therefore, it requires only one dimension to

explain a high percentage of the variance on this scale (Annex 2)6.2 MCA of DAITo validate this scale we will make an analysis of mulple components (MCA). In the validaon

is found the menoned subscales in the previous secon related to subtypes to which they

belong, inhibited or uninhibited.It is veried graphically (Annex 3) as there is a

dierenaon between inhibited and uninhibited

categories with respect to group nonDes and

NonIn.

This groups not maintaining aachment issues and

they are linked to low and averages rates in the 8

subscales (V1 to V8 Low and Medium). It is veried

also that there is a relaonship between high

scores inhibited and V1, V2 and V3 but not in V4

(note that we do not comment V5 because nobody

in our sample had high scores on this subscale).

The uninhibited group is linked to high scores V6,

V7 and V8 showing that our scale is consistent with

what it purports to measure. The dimension 1 represents 20.91% of the variance, whereas the

dimension 2 represents 14.98%.


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Table 2 Eigenvalue MCA of DAI (validaon)

7. ResultsIn this secon, we will perform three dierent analysis to check our hypothesis. First, we will

perform a mulple correspondence analysis to evaluate the relaonship between our

variables. Second, we will make a clustering analysis HPCP on MCA to discover the existence ofnatural groups. Third, with the aim to nd the natural groups of CPA and ASCP, we will perform

a clustering about the CPA on ASCP analysis.7.1 MCAWe performed a mulple correspondence analysis (Annex 4) and scales with the following

variables: age, sex, ASCT, DAI, anthropometric measures and Ravens test. Dim 1 represents

29.6% of variance and clearly dierenates the control group and experimental.In the control group or family, we used the following variables (1) ages 4, 5 and 7 years, (2)

secure aachment prole, (3) length / weight relaonship over 75%, (4) Raven scores above 18

and (5) not disinhibited aachment. In the experimental group, we used the following variables

(1) the group linked to a length / weight relaonship over 75, (2) prole of disorganized, (3)

ambivalent, (4) avoidance aachment and (5) Ravens low scores in uninhibited and inhibited

aachment.

The 15.43% of the variance (Dim2) and the 29.6% of the variance (Dim1) are shown in this

gures. In the Dim2 axis, we can observe only a great dierenaon with the prole of


dim 1 3.920048e-01 2.090692e+01 20.90692

dim 2 2.809202e-01 1.498241e+01 35.88933

dim 3 2.115218e-01 1.128116e+01 47.17049

dim 4 1.621279e-01 8.646820e+00 55.81731

dim 5 1.510593e-01 8.056497e+00 63.87381

dim 6 1.364691e-01 7.278352e+00 71.15216

dim 7 1.295674e-01 6.910261e+00 78.06242

dim 8 1.231039e-01 6.565540e+00 84.62796dim 9 9.311643e-02 4.966209e+00 89.59417

dim 10 6.857990e-02 3.657595e+00 93.25177


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avoidance and inhibited aachment, while the rest of variables form a cloud over the center of

gravity.

Table 3 Eigenvalue MCA (all variables)

In order to study the relaonship with the groups, we chose the DAI (V1 to V8) subscales as

supplementary. In the gure, the scores in Dim1 go from Low to Medium and High from le to

right,, except V4 scale which is explained by Dim2. Dim2 explains the 15.43% of the variance

and can be dierenated high scores on V1, V2, V3, V4 with respect to the rest of variables

around the center of gravity.7.2 ClusteringIn order to detect the number of natural groups in our dataset that allow us to accept or reject

the hypothesis, we made a clustering aer MCA. A priori, the number of cluster is unknown,

we chose the number of groups manually with the help of the dendrogram. We used the

98.54% of the variance with the rst 10 dimensions of MCA, obtaining more stable results that

those with less dimensions. Note that the number of dimensions should not be larger than 15,

always that the 80% of the variance is take into account.In the dendrogram, we see the hierarchical tree of

our sample, suggesng an opmal distribuon of

three classes. An aempt to test a number of

clusters higher was made, but these groups were too

small (with few individuals).In the analysis of dimensions, the Dim1 is signicant

in the clusters 1 and 2, while cluster 3 is signicant

for Dim2 (annex 5).In the cluster 1, the relaonships with low and

medium scores of the dierent subscales of DAI,

especially with V1, V2 and V5, V7 and V8 are found.

Again in cluster 1, a very high relaon with the group nonDesinhib, secure aachment, family

group and height / weight over 75%. Lastly also associated with high scores on Raven are

found.


dim 1 0.443931801 29.5954534 29.59545dim 2 0.231430741 15.4287160 45.02417

dim 3 0.180076732 12.0051155 57.02928

dim 4 0.149497712 9.9665141 66.99580

dim 5 0.129514093 8.6342729 75.63007

dim 6 0.117442590 7.8295060 83.45958

dim 7 0.091562875 6.1041917 89.56377

dim 8 0.077784932 5.1856621 94.74943

dim 9 0.030656064 2.0437376 96.79317

dim 10 0.026211366 1.7474244 98.54059


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Cluster 2 shows the relaonships with the average scores linked to V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 and

with the high of V7. Moreover, this cluster is linked with the group desinhib, desorganis and

ambivalent aachment style and instuon group. Also associated with lower scores in Raven.Cluster 3 shows a smaller number

of subjects, quite distant from thecenter of gravity. At rst glance,

Cluster 3 is linked with the

evitement aachment prole and

inhibit aachment and high scores

of V1, V2 and V3.All these results are linked to the

cluster in an measurement larger

than 45%. All relaonships are

shown in Annex 5.A summary of the results for each cluster are shown in Table 4. Table 4 indicates that exist

three natural groups in our dataset with well-dened characteriscs. The excepons that can

be found in each natural group require a dierent level of analysis.

Table 4 Information and profile of natural groups

7.2.1 Are there excepons relevant to our hypotheses?Given the clustering (Secon 7.2), the rst 42 children belong to the control group and the

following 42 to the experimental group. In our clustering, cluster 1 and 2 can be disnguished.

Cluster 1 is formed mainly by the family and the childrens, while cluster 2 is formed by

childrens living in residenal instuons.A prole for each group is aended to nd, as well as what happen with each subject that

belong to a family, maintain a near prole to the childrens of an instuon.

In cluster 1, 14 cases of children who are living in instuons but maintain a prole close to thefamily are found. In cluster 2, 10 cases of children living in families but maintain a prole next

to instuon are found.

- Table 5 for the sample of 24 subjects who have a dierent prole than expected..In Table 5, the descripons of each group are shown. First, the family group in cluster 2, is

related to a desorganis and ambivalent aachment prole, desinhib aachment and low

rates in Raven. The instuon group in cluster 1, everyone has a secure aachment prole,

anthropometric good levels, good cognive level and good aachment.

Cluster 1 Cluster 2 Cluster 3FamilleSecurenonDesinhibheight / weight>75%Low and medium rates in DAIhigh rates in Raven

InstuonDesorganis and AmbivalentDesinhibheight / weight


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7.3 Clustering of ASCT.A clustering performed with the ACP (Secon 6.1) will allow us to understand how the

subscales are distributed in our sample. We conducted this clustering on three dimensions

represenng the 100% of the variance.

The HCPC with consolidated clusters (Annex 6) suggests to select

three natural groups, obtaining the best opon for the desired

results. Based on these three natural groups, a clear

dierenaon on the Dim1, which explains 81.87% of the

variance, are found. Cluster 1 and 3 are signicant with Dim1,

while cluster 2 is not signicant with Dim2.

The Secure group is clearly dierenated in Cluster 3, while the

other two groups are linked with the other 3 subtypes from the

insecure group (ambivalence, evitaon et desorganis).

.

Discussion and ConclusionsIn this work we invesgate the dierences in proles of childrens living in residenal

instuons and with those whom live in families. We with a sample of both proles.Children living in families generally have a good internal model of aachment. These childrensshow that there are not problems when they are temporarily separated from their parents or

about when the parents will provide security and reconfort. This is essenal to build a

favorable aachment development. Also, these childrens maintain a level in weight, height

and intelligence according to the average.From the DAI, the aachments have a normal development. The results of its subscales show

that either does not exist or there is occasionally a problem of aachment but do not

represent part of their normal behavior. We found reluctance to face the strange (V7-M), the

lack of response to parental Reconfort (V3-M) and the absence of adult vericaon (V6-M).Children living in instuons are, however, more related to aachment issues. In this groupproles of ambivalent, evitance and desorganis aachment are found. We also found that


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children have low cognive and anthropometric index below average. On top of that, an

aachment, somemes inhibited and somemes uninhibited must be added. Specically, the

laer is regularly found in 28 cases. These cases shown to have problems with the strange

reluctance (V7-H) and to have occasional problems when having an adult of preference (V1-M),

regulate their emoons (V5-M), go with a stranger (V8-M),...

In Secon 7.2.1, we discussed children who maintained a prole dierent than expected,

showing that, despite living in an unfavorable situaon has been developing normally. In future

research is required to study under which condions these cases occurs, in order to promote

and develop these children to have a life as normal as possible. Similarly, knowing that

instuonalized sample comes from the same two instuons in Kinshasa. A study about

resilience would be of interest to know if they have gone ahead, because of their internal skills

or the immediate environment (caregivers preferences, external support,).


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Annex 1. Summary of Data

sexe Age Code.Groupe code.aach. Mentalisaon

F:38 4: 4 Famille :42 Secure :42 Min. :2.580

M:46 5:14 Instuon:42 Desorganis:24 1st Qu.:3.768

6:24 Ambivalent :14 Median :4.675

7:42 Evitement : 4 Mean :4.340

3rd Qu.:4.780

Max. :5.670

Parentalit collaboraon Raven36 pdstaille V1 V2 V3 V4 V5

Min. :3.060 Min. :2.000 R75: 0 V1-M:36 V2-M:12 V3-M:50 V4-M:39 V5-M:36

Median :4.930 Median :4.770 >75 :53 V1-H: 2 V2-H: 1 V3-H: 3 V4-H: 1

Mean :4.495 Mean :4.285

3rd Qu.:4.980 3rd Qu.:4.820

Max. :5.800 Max. :5.320

V6 V7 V8 INHIBE DESINHIBE

V6-L:16 V7-L: 9 V8-L:34 nonIN:78 nonDESIN:45

V6-M:67 V7-M:43 V8-M:47 IN : 6 DESIN :39

V6-H: 1 V7-H:32 V8-H: 3


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Annex 2. Graph Validaon of ASCT


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Annex 3. Graph Validaon of DAI (MCA)


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Annex 4. Graph MCA results (all variables)


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Annex 5. Clustering of MCA results (all variables)$quanti

$quanti$`1`

v.test Mean in category Overall mean sd in category Overall sd p.value

Dim.1 -8.455461 -0.5896034 1.825203e-17 0.2222869 0.6662821 2.779878e-17$quanti$`2`


Dim.1 7.580691 0.6401729 1.825203e-17 0.2775565 0.6662821 3.437187e-14

Dim.3 2.219969 0.1194005 4.054916e-17 0.5012816 0.4243545 2.642088e-02

Dim.2 3.150310 -0.1920853 5.233599e-17 0.2296264 0.4810725 1.630970e-03

$quanti$`3`


Dim.2 8.155756 1.9259753 5.233599e-17 0.13065082 0.4810725 3.470017e-16

Dim.1 2.213878 0.7240821 1.825203e-17 0.22150051 0.6662821 2.683715e-02

Dim.10 -2.310107 -0.1835916 -1.352155e-17 0.04043854 0.1618992 2.088225e-02

$category

$category$`1`

Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test

DESINHIBE=nonDESIN 97.777778 100.000000 53.57143 5.889833e-23 9.865232

code.attach.=Secure 100.000000 95.454545 50.00000 1.126921e-21 9.564549V1=V1-L 91.304348 95.454545 54.76190 1.509066e-16 8.255785

pdstaille=>75 83.018868 100.000000 63.09524 5.800325e-15 7.808216

V5=V5-L 85.416667 93.181818 57.14286 6.982782e-13 7.179772

Raven36=R>18 91.428571 72.727273 41.66667 8.134405e-10 6.142282

V7=V7-M 83.720930 81.818182 51.19048 4.215078e-09 5.875524

V8=V8-L 82.352941 63.636364 40.47619 9.546611e-06 4.427196

V2=V2-L 61.971831 100.000000 84.52381 3.845667e-05 4.116562

Code.Groupe=Famille 71.428571 68.181818 50.00000 9.320797e-04 3.310264

V4=V4-L 70.454545 70.454545 52.38095 9.981082e-04 3.291059

V6=V6-L 87.500000 31.818182 19.04762 3.108706e-03 2.956779

V3=V3-L 74.193548 52.272727 36.90476 4.110216e-03 2.869577

V7=V7-L 88.888889 18.181818 10.71429 4.236597e-02 2.029907

V3=V3-M 42.000000 47.727273 59.52381 3.589536e-02 -2.098111

V6=V6-M 44.776119 68.181818 79.76190 1.043072e-02 -2.561214

code.attach.=Ambivalent 14.285714 4.545455 16.66667 3.678841e-03 -2.904463

Code.Groupe=Institution 33.333333 31.818182 50.00000 9.320797e-04 -3.310264

V4=V4-M 30.769231 27.272727 46.42857 4.461916e-04 -3.511139

V8=V8-M 34.042553 36.363636 55.95238 2.878091e-04 -3.626033

V2=V2-M 0.000000 0.000000 14.28571 9.888858e-05 -3.893303

Raven36=R


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$category$`3`

Cla/Mod Mod/Cla Global p.value v.test

code.attach.=Evitement 100.00000 100 4.761905 1.036537e-06 4.884572

INHIBE=IN 66.66667 100 7.142857 1.554806e-05 4.320777

V3=V3-H 100.00000 75 3.571429 8.395953e-05 3.932807

V1=V1-H 100.00000 50 2.380952 3.442341e-03 2.925201

V2=V2-M 25.00000 75 14.285714 1.693184e-02 2.388185

V2=V2-L 0.00000 0 84.523810 7.411243e-04 -3.373896INHIBE=nonIN 0.00000 0 92.857143 1.554806e-05 -4.320777


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Annex 6. Clustering of ASCT (CPA)

Analyse des troubles de l’attachement des enfants placés en institution

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