Analog vs Digital Digital on/off voltage Analog variable voltage.
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Transcript of Analog vs Digital Digital on/off voltage Analog variable voltage.
• Environment
• Robot
What do we want to know?
Position
Velocity
Color
Position
Velocity
Topography
Temperature
Size/shape
Acceleration
Orientation
Accelerometer and Gyroscope Measure deflection of micro-mass
Variation in output voltageV α a and V α ω
Resolution
V/g counts/V => counts/g
V/°/s counts/V => counts/°
Using Accel/Gyro Info
Sampling Period = ΔT
Angular Velocity x Time => Angle Change
Acceleration x Time => Velocity Change
Velocity x Time => Position Change
Sonar sound navigation and ranging
Point SourceEmitter and receiverCalculate distance
Reflected SignalCalculate distance to an
object
Sonar Shortfalls
Object interference
Radial Distance
How can we overcome it?
- Rotating sensors- Multiple sensors
Sonar with Multiple Sensors Sensor Interference Solutions:
- Different frequency sensors- Double-Pulse Coding
Controlling Sonar
Sonar board configuration Give command/pulse signal Start counter Receive response – stop counter Calculate distance
Mapping with Sonar
Distance represents a 3D surface ○ 2D if you make good assumptions
Digital representation (map)Shaded cells MAY contain an object
Absolute Encoder Standard Binary Encoding
Contact 1 Contact 2 Contact 3 Angle
1 off off off 0° to 45°
2 off off on 45° to 90°
3 off on off 90° to 135°
4 off on on 135° to 180°
5 on off off 180° to 225°
6 on off on 225° to 270°
7 on on off 270° to 315°
8 on on on 315° to 360°