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@L@IBWBW DVISBWFLWKQB C@I@D AVNV @H@Q SFD@SBN 

WBWU@ NFI@W B WFNKI@O C@W@Q ]@C@ SFD@ 6, :, 5, C@L ?

Cbsusul Kifo 8

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(031=310=03)

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NKLWFLSQ@WB ]FLCBCBN@L @E@D@ BWI@D

]FLCBCBN@L EVQV D@CQ@W@O BASBC@BR@O

]QKEQ@D ]@WG@W@QH@L@

VLBZFQWBS@W BWI@D LFEFQB WVL@L N@IBH@E@

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A@A B

@. I`t̀ r Afi`n`le

]flcbcbn`l p`c` c`s`rly` dfrup`n`l bltfr`nsb `lt`r` pflcbcbn cfle`l pfsfrt`

cbcbn ultun dflg`p`b tuhu`l pflcbcbn`l y`le afri`lesule c`i`d iblenule`l tfrtfltu.

]flcbcbn`l cb Blcklfsb` sfpfrtbly` sfi`iu dflh`cb a`o`l pfrablg`le`l y`le o`le`t,

 a`on`l cfle`l dulguily` p`r` gflcfnb` a`les` y`le s`le`t dfdpfro`tbn`l

 pfrnfda`le`l pflcbcbn`l noususly` cb Blcklfsb`. Wfh`tbly` pflcbcbn`l dfrup`n`l

s`r`l` a`eb pfsfrt` cbcbn ultun dflefda`len`l pktflsb y`le cbdbibnb sfoblee`

dflh`cb bls`l y`le dfdpuly`b n`r`ntfr c`l nftfr`dpbi`l y`le cbpfriun`l kifo

d`sy`r`n`t, a`les` c`l lfe`r`.0

Wfh`i`l cfle`l pfrnfda`le`l p`r`cbed` culb` tflt`le d`nl` pflcbcbn`l,

 pflcbcbn`l cbo`c`pn`l p`c` sfhudi`o t`lt`le`l y`le sfd`nbl afr`t. W`i`o s`tu

t`lt`le`l ly`t` tfrsfaut `c`i`o a`ow` pflcbcbn`l oflc`nly` d`dpu dfleo`sbin`l

sudafr c`y` d`lusb` y`le dfdbibnb nkdpftflsb y`le utuo. Afrafc` cfle`l afafr`p`

cfn`cf y`le i`iu, nkdpftflsb y`le cbo`r`pn`l cbdbibnb sudafr c`y` d`lusb` s``t blb

ifabo cbtbtbnafr`tn`l p`c` nkdpftflsb afrpbnbr c`l nkdulbn`sb.1

C`i`d nurbnuiud 0223 y`btu GAW@, pflbi`b`l y`le cbi`nun`l o`ly`i`o

sfa`t`s nkelbtbj oblee` afri`lhut p`c` t`oul 1==3 dulgui nurbnuiud afra`sbs

nkdpftflsb y`le dfdulguin`l tbe` nrbtfrb` pflbi`b`l y`nlb nkelbtbj, `jfntbj,

 psbnkdktkrbn, y`le afrsudafr c`rb bidu psbnkikeb pfrnfda`le`l, `c` tbe` nkdpklfl

0Dflurut VV WBWCBNL@W Lkdkr 1= S`oul 1==7, pflcbcbn`l `c`i`o us`o` s`c`r c`l tfrflg`l` ultun 

dfwuhucn`l su`s`l` afi`h`r c`l prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l `e`r pfsfrt` cbcbn sfg`r` `ntbj dflefda`len`l pktflsb

cbrbly` ultun dfdbibnb nfnu`t`l spbrbtu`i nf`e`d``l, pfleflc`ib`l cbrb, nfprba`cb`l, nfgfrc`s`l, `noi`n duib`,

sfrt` nftfr`dpbi`l y`le cbpfriun`l cbrbly`, d`sy`r`n`t, a`les` c`l lfe`r`. Wfc`len`l julesb c`rb pflcbcbn`l

l`sbkl`i `c`i`o ultun dflefda`len`l nfd`dpu`l c`l dfdafltun w`t`n sfrt` pfr`c`a`l a`les` y`le

 afrd`rt`a`t c`i`d r`len` dflgfrc`sn`l nfobcup`l a`les`, afrtuhu`l ultun afrnfda`lely` pktflsb pfsfrt`

cbcbn `e`r dflh`cb d`lusb` y`le afrbd`l c`l afrt`nw` nfp`c` Suo`l R`le D`o` Fs`, afr`noi`n duib`, sfo`t,

 afrbidu, g`n`p, nrf`tbj, d`lcbrb, c`l dflh`cb w`re` lfe`r` y`le cfdknr`tbs sfrt` afrt`leeule h`w`a.1Rulus @abcbl,  Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l c`i`d Nkltfns Nurbnuiud 1=07, (A`lcule8 ]S. Qfjbn`

@cbt`d`, 1=03), oid. vbb

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1

 pfrnfda`le`l d`lusb`, y`btu psbnk`jfntbj, psbnkdktkrbn c`l psbnknkelbtbj. Sbe`

nkdpklfl pfrnfda`le`l blbi`o y`le dfdulguin`l tbe` r`l`o nfd`dpu`l d`lusb`,

y`btu `jfntbj, psbnkdktkrbn, c`l nkelbtbj.7 s`y`lely` p`r`cbed` d`sy`r`n`t p`c` s``t

btu d`sbo dfd`lc`le p`c` s`tu `spfn y`btu nkelbtbj.

W`i`o s`tu gkltko b`i`o dflefl`b r`pkr y`le p`c` o`nbn`tly` `c`i`o i`pkr`l

 pfrnfda`le`l nfd`dpu`l sftb`p sbsw` c`i`d nurul w`ntu c`l prksfs afi`h`r 

tfrtfltu. Aunu r`pkr dflh`cb nbt`a sugb ultun dflbi`b pfrnfda`le`l nfd`dpu`l

 p`r` sbsw`. I`iu ab`s`ly`, cfle`l efibs`o c`l t`n s`a`r, a`ly`n kr`le tu` i`lesule

dfdaun` r`pkr, y`le afrbsb nkikd abc`le stucb, nkikd lbi`b, sfrt` nkikd lbi`b r`t`-

r`t` nfi`s. Ab`s`ly` y`le p`ible blebl cbnft`oub kr`le tu` `c`i`o lbi`b s`tu abc`le

stucb ut`d`, y`le cb`lee`p sbdaki nfd`dpu`l c`l nfgfrc`s`l `l`n nbt` y`btu

d`tfd`tbn`. Hbn` lbi`b d`tfd`tbn` a`eus ife`i`o o`tb kr`le tu`> `l`nly` p`lc`b c`l

sfnki`oly` afro`sbi.3 O`i sfpfrtb blbi`o y`le `nobrly` dflyfdpbtn`l nfd`dpu`l

d`lusb` y`le sfiu`s s`ducr` dflh`cb sfikn`l-sfikn`l nfgbi y`le dflefrcbin`l

nfd`dpu`l s`tu cfle`l i`blly`.

]r`ntbn pfdafi`h`r`l y`le tfrh`cb s``t blb `c`i`o `p`abi` euru afrabg`r`

cbcfp`l nfi`s d`n` cb`sudsbn`l p`c` s``t btu sbsw` sfc`le afi`h`r. @sudsb i`bl

`c`i`o a`ow` afi`h`r cb`lee`p o`ly` sfa`e`b nfrh` kt`n, tfrut`d` kt`n nbrb y`le ifabo

dflfn`ln`l p`c` prksfs r`sbkl`i c`l vfra`i, sfrt` o`dpbr tbc`n `c` ouaule`lly`

cfle`l pfr`s``l c`l blcr` sbsw`. 6

Afi`n`le`l blb p`r` p`n`r pflcbcbn`l dflfdun`l sfau`o j`nt` a`ow` sftb`p

`l`n dfdpuly`b e`y` afi`h`r y`le afrafc`, sfoblee` dulguii`o afra`e`b d`g`d

7Dulbj Go`tba c`l @i`dsy`o W`bc, Wfnki`o @l`n-`l`n Hu`r` > Afra`sbs Nfgfrc`s`l H`d`n c`l

 ]flcbcbn`l Afrnf`cbi`l, (A`lcule 8 N`bj` ]S Dbz`l ]ust`n`, 1=01), oid. ?3

 Babc, oid.56O`drulb,  Nklsfp Fcut`bldflt c`i`d ]flcbcbn`l Bsi`d, (Rkey`n`rt`8 Abc`le @n`cfdbn VBL Wul`l

N`ibh`e`, 1==?), oid. 3

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 pflcfn`t`l pfdafi`h`r`l y`le afrus`o` ultun dflblen`tn`l o`sbi afi`h`r sbsw`

cfle`l afra`e`b d`g`d dftkcf. E`y` afi`h`r sflcbrb dfrup`n`l g`r` y`le

gflcfrule cbpbibo sfsfkr`le ultun dflfrbd` bljkrd`sb c`rb iblenule`l c`l

dfdprksfs bljkrd`sb tfrsfaut.: Wfc`len`l c`i`d n`dus A`o`s` Blcklfsb`

Nkltfdpkrfr, ]ftfr W`ibd c`l Rflly W ìbd dflhfi`sn`l a`ow` e`y` `c ì`o

nfnu`t`l, nfs`leeup`l afrau`t, c`l sbn`p `t`u efr`n-efrbn y`le blc`o. Hbn` cbn`btn`l

cfle`l afi`h`r, afr`rtb su`tu tblc`n`l y`le cbr`s`n`l dfl`rbn kifo sbsw` c`i`d

dfi`nun`l `ntbjbt`s afi`h`r, a`bn nftbn` sfc`le sflcbrb `t`u c`i`d nfikdpkn afi`h`r 

 afrs`d`-s`d` tfd`l sfnki`o.5 Wfoblee` e`y` afi`h`r abs` cbsfaut cfle`l pfrbi`nu

ckdbl`l sfsfkr`le c`i`d dfd`o`db su`tu bljkrd`sb c`i`d nf`c``l `p`pul c`l

cbd`l`pul.

Cbsblbi`o sfkr`le pflcbcbn a`bn euru d`upul kr`le tu` cbo`r`pn`l d`dpu

dflh`cb j`sbibt`tkr y`le d`dpu dflhfda`t`lb prksfs afi`h`r `l`n sfsu`b cfle`l e`y`

 afi`h`r `l`n cbcbn. Wfa`e`bd`l` y`le cbs`dp`bn`l kifo Dulbj Go`tba c`l @i`dsy`o

W`bc a`ow` hbn` stbduius y`le cbafrbn`l kifo iblenule`l, c`i`d o`i blb euru `t`u

kr`le tu` tfp`t, d`n` `l`n nbt` `n`l dfd`o`db, dflefrtb, c`l gfrc`s. Wfa`ibnly`,

 hbn` stbduius y`le cbafrbn`l tbc`n tfp`t, d`n` `l`n nbt` `n`l suibt dfd`o`db d`tfrb

y`le nbt` `h`rn`l.?

C`i`d prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l, cbautuon`l sfau`o dftkcf c`l pflcfn`t`l y`le

fjfntbj y`le d`dpu dfdau`t pfsfrt` cbcbn dflbnd`tb c`i`d dflfrbd` bljkrd`sb,

n`rfl` tbc`n sfi`d`ly` nftbn` euru dfle`h`r sbsw` hue` afi`h`r. Abs` s`h` euru

dfle`h`r afraus`-aus` duiutly`, l`dul pfsfrt` cbcbn tbc`n dflefrtb `p` y`le

:Chknk Wusbik, E`y` Afi`h`r Dflh`cbn`l D`nbl ]blt`r , (Rkeỳ n`rt 8̀ ]BLVW Akkn ]uaibsofr, 1==:),

oid. 235

Q`jy W`purb, ]sbnkikeb Bsi`d8 Sultul`l Hbw` D`lusb` Dkcfrl, (H`n`rt`8 Q`h`w`ib ]frs, 1==2), oid. 1???Dulbj Go`tba c`l @i`dsy`o W`bc, Wfnki`o @l`n-`l`n Hu`r` > Afra`sbs Nfgfrc`s`l H`d`n c`l

 ]flcbcbn`l Afrnf`cbi`l, (A`lcule 8 N`bj` ]S Dbz`l ]ust`n`, 1=01), oid.:

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cbs`dp`bn`l euru, `t`u abs` s`h` euru dfle`h`r, pfsfrt` cbcbn dfi`dul `t`u tbcur.

C`i`d culb` pfdafi`h`r`l, o`n p`ible `s`sb pfsfrt` cbcbn `c`i`o nftbn` euru dfle`h`r 

sfsu`b cfle`l e`y` afi`h`r c`l dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r pfsfrt` cbcbn. ]u`sn`l kt`n rfptbi

 pfsfrt` cbcbn tfrifabo c`ouiu, `h`r pfsfrt` cbcbn sfsu`b e`y` afi`h`r c`l dkc`ibt`s

 afi`h`rly`, c`l d`sunn`l bljkrd`sb pfleft`ou`l ifw`t hflcfi` (ikaus) nfgfrc`s`l

 pfsfrt` cbcbn y`le tfraun` ifa`r.2

W``t blb suc`o a`ly`n tfrc`p`t afra`e`b d`g`d dftkcf c`l pflcfn`t`l c`i`d

 pfdafi`h`r`l sfa`e`b skiusb c`rb pfdafi`h`r`l y`le fjfntbj c`l sfsu`b cfle`l e`y`

 afi`h`r pfsfrt` cbcbn, s`i`o s`tuly` `c`i`o duitbsflskrb, sfau`o pflcfn`t`l y`le

cbo`r`pn`l d`dpu dfda`ltu sbsw` ultun dflfdun`l bidu pfleft`ou`l sflcbrb

dfi`iub pfle ì`d`l prba`cb c`i`d o`i dflg`rb c`l dfdfg`on`l pfrd`s`i`o`l

nfobcup`l sfg`r` ly`t` cb i`p`le`l.0=

]fdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb p`c` c`s`rly` dfrup`n`l pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

cbi`ns`l`n`l cfle`l dfiba`tn`l afra`e`b d`g`d blcfr` `t`u ab`s` cbsfaut cfle`l

Z@NS (Zbsu`i, @ucbtkry, Nblfstoftbg, S`gtbif).00 Cfle`l dfiba`tn`l afafr`p` `i`t

blcfr`, prksfs afi`h`r cbo`r`pn`l d`dpu dfdafrbn`l o`sbi y`le d`nsbd`i.

]flcfn`t`l y`le sfsu`b cfle`l tbpf afi`h`r sbsw` `n`l dfdafrbn`l ifabo a`ly`n 

nfsfdp`t`l a`eb sbsw` ultun dflee`ib nfd`dpu`l c`l pktflsbly`.

]rblsbp Z@NS c`i`d pr`ntbnly` cbtfr`pn`l cfle`l dfleeul`n`l `i`t a`ltu

y`le dfw`nbib julesb c`rb d`sble-d`sble blcfr` y`le `c`. Dflurut Kfd`r O`d`ibn,

 pfd`n`b`l dfcb` c`i`d prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l c`p`t dfda`lenbtn`l nfblebl`l c`l

dbl`t y`le a`ru, dfda`lenbtn`l dktbv`sb, dfdafrbn`l r`les`le`l nfeb`t`l afi`h`r,

2@i`dsy`o W`bc, 26 Wtr`tfeb Dfle`h`r Duitbpif Bltfiibeflgfs> Dfle`h`r Wfsu`b Nfrh` Kt`n c`l E`y`

 Afi`h`r Wbsw`, (H`n`rt`8 ]rfl`c` Dfcb` Erkup, 1=06), oid. 060=

Rulus @abcbl,  Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l c`i`d Nkltfns Nurbnuiud 1=07, (A`lcule8 ]S. Qfjbn`

@cbt`d`, 1=03), oid. 11?00 L`lgy Durpoy,  @ Duitbsflskry vs Gklvfltbkl`i @pprk`go tk Sf`goble Wpfiible , c`i`d  Fcug`tbkl`i 

 Qfsf`rgo Bljkrd`tbkl Gfltfr (FQBG), (Nf`l Gkiifef kj Lfw Hfrsfy, 0225)

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 a`on`l dfda`w` pfle`ruo-pfle`ruo psbnkikebs p`c` sbsw`.01 Wfoblee` pfleeul``l

 afra`e`b dfcb` sfa`e`b `i`t a`ltu prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l cbo`r`pn`l d`dpu dfda`ltu

 prksfs afi`h`r.

]fdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb c`i`d pr`ntbnly` dfrup`n`l pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

cbnrf`sbn`l `e`r d`tfrb pfdafi`h`r`l y`le afrsbj`t `astr`n dflh`cb d`tfrb y`le

 afrsbj`t nklnrbt. Afrc`s`rn`l nklsfpsb sfcfro`l` blb, pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb `n`l

dfiba t̀n`l nfobcup`l sbsw` sfo`rb-o`rb, `ntbvbt`s blnubrb nrbtbs blb cbi`nun`l sbsw`

cfle`l dfiba`tn`l sfiuruo p`lg` blcfr`ly`.07 C`i`d pr`ntfnly` pfdafi`h`r`l

duitbsflskrb pfriu `c`ly` a`o`l `h`r y`le dflcunule, s`i`o s`tuly` `c`i`o a`o`l

`h`r gft`n y`nlb aunu `h`r. C`i`d a`o`l `h`r `t`u d`tfrb pfdafi`h`r`l (blstrugtbkl`i 

d`tfrb`is) sfg`r` e`rbs afs`r tfrcbrb c`rb pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l, c`l sbn`p y`le

o`rus cbpfi`h`rb sbsw` c`i`d r`len` dflg`p`b st`lc`r nkdpftflsb y`le tfi`o

cbtfltun`l. Wfg`r` tfrpfrblgb, hflbs-hflbs d`tfrb pfdafi`h`r`l tfrcbrb c`rb pfleft`ou`l,

nftfr`dpbi`l c`l sbn`p `t`u lbi`b.03

Wfa`e`bd`l` nbt` nft`oub a`ow` a`o`l `h`r dfrup`n`l o`i pknkn pui` c`i`d

 prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l. A`o`l `h`r hue` pfriu cbnfda`len`l c`l cbcfs`bl cfle`l

sfkptbd`i dulenbl sfoblee` fjfntbj ultun cbeul`n`l kifo pfsfrt` cbcbn c`l d`dpu

dfda`ltu pfsfrt` cbcbn c`i`d dfd`o`db d`tfrb. Dflurut Rulus @abcbl, pki`

 pflefd`s`l a`o`l `h`r hue` pfriu cbi`nun`l sfsu`b cfle`l n`r`ntfrbstbn a`o`l `h`r 

y`le a`bn, a`bn c`rb sbsb bsb d`tfrb, pfly`hb`l, d`upul a`o`s`. R`le ifabo pfltble,

sfiuruo pflefda`le`l a`o`l `h`r sfi`iu cbc`s`rn`l nfp`c` dkcfi pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

rfifv`l.06

01@rsy`c, Dfcb` ]fdafi`h`r`l, (H`n`rt`8 Q`h` Er`jblck ]frs`c`, 1==:), oid. 0:

07Rulus @abcbl,  Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l c`i`d Nkltfns Nurbnuiud 1=07, (A`lcule8 ]S. Qfjbn`

@cbt`d`, 1=03), oid. 17003 Babc, oid. 1:7

06 Babc, oid. 15=

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:

Euru dfdfe`le pfr`l`l y`le pfltble c`i`d sftb`p prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l.

Wfkr`le euru o`rus dfly`dp`bn`l c`l dfle`h`rn`l su`tu a`o`l nfp`c` durbc.

A`o`l tfrsfaut dfibputb pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l, sbn`p c`l lkrd` `t`u lbi`b-lbi`b

y`le cbo`r`pn`l, cbdbibnb, c`l cb`d`in`l. A`o`l pfi`h`r`l y`le cbafrbn`l `n`l ifabo

tfr`s` d`lj``tly` a`eb sbsw` hbn` cbi`nun`l c`i`d nfobcup`l sfo`rb-o`rb.

A`o`l `h`r dfrup`n`l su`tu ulsur afi`h`r y`le pfltble dflc`p`t pfro`tb`l

c`rb euru. Cfle`l a`o`l btu p`r` sbsw` c`p`t dfdpfi`h`rb o`i-o`i y`le cbpfriun`l

c`i`d up`y` dflg`p`b tuhu`l afi`h`r.0: A`o`l `h`r tfrsfaut dfdulenbln`l sbsw`

c`p`t dfdpfi`h`rb su`tu nkdpftflsb `t`u nkdpftflsb c`s`r sfg`r` rultut c`l

sbstfd`tbs sfoblee` sfg`r` `nudui`tbj d`dpu dfleu`s`b sfdu` nkdpftflsb sfg`r`

utuo c`l tfrp`cu.05 Kifo n`rfl` btu ultun dflg`p`b tuhu`l pfdafi`h`r`l y`le tfi`o

cbtfltun`l cbpfriun`l a`o`l `h`r sfa`e`b s`i`o s`tu `i`t a`ltu c`i`d prksfs

 pfly`dp`b`l d`tfrb nfp`c` sbsw`.

]`c` c`s`rly` `l`n afi`h`r afrn`t bltfr`nsbly` cfle`l iblenule`lly` a`bn 

iblenule`l jbsbn d`upul iblenule`l sksb`i. C`rb bltfr`nsb cfdbnb`l `l`n dfdpfrkifo

 pfleft`ou`l c`l pfle`i`d`l. Nftbn` `l`n afrbltfr`nsb cfle`l iblenule`lly` blb b`

 afi`h`r a`ly`n o`i, c`rb suahfn d`tfd`tbn, bidu pfleft`ou`l `i`d, bidu pfleft`ou`l

sksb`i, s`dp`b oud`lbkr .̀ N`rfl` bidu-bidu sfa`e`bd`l` cbsfautn`l cb`t`s `c`

cbd`sy`r`n`t c`l iblenule`l sfnbt`r `l`n, a`bn bidu btu sfa`e`b nklsfp y`le

cbw`g`l`n`l kifo d`sy`r`n`t d`upul pr`ntbn c`l pflfr`p`l bidu-bidu tfrsfaut.

]fle`i`d`l `l`n cbiblenule`lly` dfrup`n`l s`i`o s`tu sudafr afi`h`r a`eb

`l`n, y`le abs` cbd`lj``t n`l ifabo kptbd`i kifo euru c`l kr`le tu`. @p` y`le

cbtfrbd` kifo `l`n cbiblenule`lly` dfrup`n`l nfs`tu`l c`l nfsfiuruo`l t`lp` abs`

0:

Kfd`r O`d`ibn, Nurbnuiud c`l ]fdafi`h`r`l (H`n`rt`8 Audb @ns`r`, 1==0), oid. 60.05@acui D`hbc,  ]frflg`l``l ]fdafi`h`r`l8 Dflefda`len`l Wt`lc`r Nkdpftflsb Euru (A`lcule8

Qfd h̀` Qksc`n r̀y`, 1==5), oid. 057.

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5

cbpfg`o-pfg`o, l`dul `c`n`i`ly` o`i blb afrafc` cfle`l afltun pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

cbtfrbd` `l`n nftbn` cbsfnki`o cfle`l dflefikdpknn`l nfc`i`d abc`le stucb.

Sfrut`d` `l`n usb` sfnki`o `w`i t`lp` abs` dfdbi`o-dbi`o sfg`r` tfe`s sfsu`tu y`le

cbtfrbd`ly` sfsu`b cfle`l abc`le-abc`le cbsbpibl nfbidu`l tfrtfltu, n`rfl` dfrfn`

dfd`le afiud dfdpuly`b nklsfp sfg`r` hfi`s tflt`le cbsbpibl nfbidu`l. 0?

Afrc`s`rn`l `p` y`le suc`o ]fluibs p`p`rn`l cb t̀`s, c`i`d pflfibtb̀ l blb

]fluibs tfrt`rbn ultun dfda`o`s c`l dfle`l`ibs` pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb c`i`d

 aunu `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B Wfnki`o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ?. ]flfibtb`l blb

cbo`r`pn`l c`p`t cbeul`n`l sfa`e`b a`o`l pfrtbda`le`l ultun dflblen`tn`l

nu`ibt`s pfrudus`l, bdpifdflt`sb c`l o`sbi c`rb su`tu prkyfn, nfabh`n`l c`l prker`d.

A. Qudus`l D`s`i`o

Afr`len`t c`rb i`t`r afi`n`le cb `t`s, ]fluibs dfrudusn`l tbe`d`s`ì o ut`d`

y`le h`w`a`lly` `n`l cbpfrkifo p`c` o`sbi pflfibtb`l. Sbe`d`s`i`o y`le cbd`nsuc

]fluibs `c`i`o sfa`e`b afrbnut8

0. A`e`bd`l` du`t`l d t̀frb c ì`d aunu `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B Wfnki`o C`s`r 

 p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh`u c`rb pfrspfntbj duitbsflskrb;

1. A`e`bd`l` du`t̀ l e`da`r c ì`d aunu ̀ h̀ r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B Wfnkì o C s̀`r 

 p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh`u c`rb pfrspfntbj duitbsflskrb;

7. A`e b̀d`l` du`t`l ruarbn c ì`d aunu `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B Wfnki`o C`s`r 

 p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh`u c`rb pfrspfntbj duitbsflskrb;

0?@ac N`cbr c`l O`lul @srko`o,  ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, (H`n r̀t`8 ]S Q`h` Er̀ jblck ]frs`c`, 1=03),

oid. :

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?

G. Suhu`l]flfibtb̀ l

Afrpbh`n p`c` rudus`l d`s`i`o cb `t`s, d`n` pflfibtb`l blb ifabocbkrbflt`sbn`l

`t`u cbjknusn`l p`c` tuhu`l sfa`e`b afrbnut 8

0. Vltun dfle`l`ibsbs c`l dfleft`oub d`tfrb c ì`d aunu `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B

Wfnkì o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh`u c`rb pfrspfntbj duitbsflskrb.

1. Vltun dfle`l`ibsbs c`l dfleft̀ oub e`da`r c`ì d aunu `h`r tfd t̀bn sbsw` nfì s

B Wfnki`o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh̀ u c`rb pfrspfntbj duitbsflskrb.

7. Vltun dfle`l`ibsbs c`l dfleft`oub ruarbn`sb c`i`d aunu h̀`r tfd t̀bn sbsw`

nfì s B Wfnkì o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? cbtblh̀ u c`rb pfrspfntbj 

duitbsflskrb.

C. Nfeul``l O`sbi ]flfibtb`l

Wfc`len`l ultun nfeul``l o`sbi pflfibtb`l blb c`p`t cbn`tfekrbn`l dflh`cb

cu`hflbs, y`btu nfeul``l sfg`r` tfkrbtbs c`l nfeul``l sfg`r` pr`nsbs.

0. Nfeul``l Wfg`r` Sfkrbtbs

`. Dfl`da`o w`g`l` c`l pfraflc`o`r``l nfbidu`l noususly` c`i`d n`hb`l

duitbsflskrb sfrt` bdpifdflt`sbly` c`i`d pflcfn`t`l tfd`tbn.

 a. Dfdafrbn`l st`lc`r pfleft`ou`l tfrn`bt tflt`le n`hb`l duitbsflskrb sfrt`

bdpifdflt`sbly` c`i`d aunu `h`r tfd`tbn.

1. Nfeul``l Wfg`r` ]r`nsbs

`. Wfa`e`b suda`le`l bljkrd`sb dflefl`b pfdafi h̀`r`l duitbsflskrb c`l

 afltun bdpifdflt`sbly` a`eb pfdfe`le nfabh`n`l pflcbcbn`l d`upul

 pr`ntbsb pflcbcbn`l.

 a. Wfa`e`b a`o`l pfrtbda`le`l a`eb p`r` pflcbcbn c`i`d dfly`dp`bn`l

dfdft`n`l e`y` afi`h`r c`l n`r`ntfr pfsfrt` cbcbn sfrt` pfrnfda`le`lly`

 p`c` usb` `w`i sfnki`o.

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g. Wfa`e b̀ stbduius c ì`d pflyusul`l ifabo i`lhut p`c` aunu `h̀ r tfns y`le

ifabo dflefcfp`ln`l prblsbp-prblsbp duitb dkc`i c`i`d pfdafi`h̀ r`l

cbc`s r̀n`l p`c` `spfn D`nrk c`l `spfn Dbnrk afsfrt` blcbn`tkr-

blcbn`tkrly`.

F. N`hb̀ l ]ust`n`

Afrc`s̀ rn`l o`sbi n`hb`l c`l pflfiusur`l tfra`t`s tfro`c`p o`sbi pflfibtb̀ l

tfrc`ouiu, tfrc`p`t afafr`p` pflfibtb`l y`le dfdpuly`b nfcfn`t`l c`le`l pflfibtb`l

y`le pfluibs n`hb cbsblb. Afafr`p` n`ry` bidb`o `t`u tfsbs y`le afrn`bt`l cfle`l tfsbs

blb y`le c`p`t dfda`ltu c`i`d prksfs pflfibtb`l `lt`r` i`bl8

 ]frt`d`, @l`ibsbs A`o`l @h`r c`l Dftkcf ]fdafi`h`r`l cb ]klckn ]fs`ltrfl

 @i-Iuqd`lbyy`o Rkey`n`rt` (]fleeul``l Nbt`a Wo`r`j N`r`le`l NO.

 @acurr`od`l Goucikrb Sfe`irfhk), n`ry` Duo`dd`c Wokobaui @lw`r.02 C`i`d

 pflfibtb`l tfrsfaut dflulhunn`l a`ow` dftkcf y`le cbeul`n`l c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l

so`r`j cb ]klckn ]fs`ltrfl @i ‗ Iuqd`lbyy`o nfì s bdrbtb cfle`l dfleeul`n`l

nbt`a n`r`le`l NO. @acurr`od`l Goucikrb Sfe`irfhk `c`i`o dftkcf cfcuntbj,

dftkcf gfr`d`o, dftkcf t`ly`-h`w`a, dftkcf o`j`i`l, c`l dftkcf cbsnusb. Afrn`bt`l

cfle`l nbt`a tfrsfaut d`n` cbtfdun`l nfifabo`l> y`btu bsb d`tfrbly` iflen`p cb`dabi

c`rb afafr`p` nbt`a sfpfrtb  @dtsbi`tb S`srbjbyy`o, L`cokd D`qsuc, P`w`‒bcui ‟bi`i,

 @ijbyy`o Balu D`ibn, c`l i`bl sfa`e`bly`. Cbs`dpble btu `c`ly` jkktlktf sfoblee`

cbnft`oub pfle`dabi`l d`tfrb c`rb nbt`a d`l`. Nfnur`le`lly` y`btu8 tbc`n `c`ly`

c`jt`r bsb sfoblee` nfsuibt`l ultun dflg`rb pfda`o`s`l d`tfrb y`le cbblebln`l,

 pfleeul``l pfluibs`l n`t` pfle`lt`r cfle`l `r`a pfekl dfdau`t pfsfrt` cbcbn tbc`n 

dfd`o`db nftfr`le`l y`le afr`c` cb c`i`d nbt`a tfrsfaut, sfrt` c`i`d pfluibs`l

02

Duo`dd`c Wokobaui @lw`r, @l`ibsbs A`o`l @h`r c`l Dftkcf ]fdafi`h`r`l cb ]klckn ]fs`ltrfl @i- Iuqd`lbyy`o Rkey`n`rt` (]fleeul``l Nbt`a Wo`r`j N`r`le`l NO. @acurr`od`l Goucikrb Sfe`irfhk), Sfsbs,

(Rkey`n`rt`8 ]ps VBL Wul`l N ìbh`e` Rkey`n`rt ,̀ 1=06)

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0=

tbc`n `c`ly` pflc`ouiu`l sfoblee` tbc`n cbnft`oub n`p`l pfluibs`l cbdui`b c`l `p`

y`le dflh`cb i`t`r afi`n`le nbt`a tfrsfaut cbsusul.

 Nfcu`, @l`ibsbs Aunu A`o`l @h`r Wbsw` Nfi`s _ ultun D`cr`s`o @iby`o

c`i`d ]frspfntbj Eflcfr (Wtucb `t`s Aunu Sfns D`t` ]fi`h`r`l Jbnbo, @i-Pur‒`l

 O`cbs c`l @nbc`o @noi`n Nurbnuiud 1=07), n`ry` Sbtbs Sokrbqutty`s.1= ]flfibtb`l

tfrsfaut cbi`t`rafi`n`leb kifo `c`ly` w`g`l` eflcfr y`le cbs`dp`bn`l dfi`iub aunu

 a`o`l `h`r y`le cbeul`n`l c`i`d prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l. Nfafr`c``l aunu a`o`l `h`r 

dflfdp`tb pksbsb y`le pfltble, n`rfl` nftfriba`t`lly` cfle`l pfsfrt` cbcbn c`i`d

bltflsbt`s tbleeb c`l julesbly` sfa`e`b sudafr ruhun`l nfcu` sftfi`o ]flcbcbn.

]flfibtb`l blb tfrd`sun stucb nfpust̀ n``l. C`i`d tfdu`lly`, tfrc`p`t afafr`p`

ruarbn`sb d`tfrb c`l e`da`r biustr`sb y`le afrnfgflcfrule`l eflcfr nf s`i`o s`tu

 hflbs nfi`dbl, a`bn afrup` d`rebl`ibs`sb, pfi`afi`l c`l suakrcbl`sb pfr`l`l

 pfrfdpu`l c`i`d nfobcup`lafrd`sy`r`n`t. Dbs`ily`, afrn`bt`l cfle`l ruarbn`sb

d`tfrb c`l e`da r̀ biustr`sb, c`ì d aunu Jbnbo, tfrc`p`t :6,6% y`le

 afrnfgflcfrule`l i`nb-i`nb> 05,1% y`le afrnfgflcfrule`l pfrfdpu`l> c`l 05,1%

y`le afrnfgflcfrule`l i`nb-i`nb c`l pfrfdpu`l. ]fra`lcble`l prksflt`sf y`le

o`dpbr s`d` hue` cbtfdun`l p`c` aunu `i-Pur‒`l O`cbs c`l @nbc`o @noi`n. Kifo

n`rfl` btu, ]flfibtb afrnfsbdpui`l a`ow` pfdft``l nfgflcfrule`lly` d`sbo

cbckdbl`sb i`nb-i`nb. L`dul cb sbsb i`bl, c`i`d nfcu` hflbs ruarbn`sb tfrsfaut,

dfl`dpbin`l pksbsb pfrfdpu`l c`l nkdabl`sb pksbsb i`nb-i`nb c`l pfrfdpu`l

dflc`p`tn`l prksflt`sf y`le gunup tbleeb sfoblee` ]flfibtb dfleblcbn`sbn`l o`i

tfrsfaut sfa`e`b sfau`o bhtbo`c  `n`cfdbn ultun dui`b dflefl`in`l w`g`l`

 afrnfsft`r``l eflcfr dfi`iub aunu a`o`l `h`r. O`i btui`o y`le dflh`cb s`i`o s`tu

nfifabo`l c`i`d nftbe` aunu a`o`l `h`r tfrsfaut cbtblh`u c`rb pfrspfntbj eflcfr.

1=

Sbtbs Sokrbquttty`s, @l`ibsbs Aunu A`o`l @h`r Wbsw` Nfi`s _ ultun D`cr`s`o @iby`o c`i`d ]frspfntbj Eflcfr (Wtucb `t`s Aunu Sfns D`t` ]fi`h`r`l Jbnbo, @i-Pur‒`l O`cbs c`l @nbc`o @noi`n Nurbnuiud 1=07),

Sfsbs, (Rkey`n`rt`8 ]ps VBL Wul`l N`ibh`e` Rkey`n`rt`, 1=06)

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00

 Nftbe`, ]flefda`le`l Dkcui Sfd`tbn Nfi`s BZ cfle`l ]`r`cbed` Bltfer`sb

 Lbi`b-lbi`b Bsi`d Sfd` Sfdp`t Sblee`inu (Wtucb cb DBL Wblcut`l Sfdkl, Nuikl

 ]rkek), n`ry` Wbtb Ss`lby`iui Obc`y`o.10 ]flfibtb`l blb afrtuhu`l ultun 

dflefda`len`l sudafr afi`h`r afrup` dkcui tfd`tbn nfi`s BZ cfle`l p`r`cbed`

bltfer`sb lbi`b-lbi`b Bsi`d tfd` Sfdp`t Sblee`inu cb DBL Wblcut`l Sfdkl, Nuikl

]rkek. ]flfibtb`l blb tfrd`sun pflfibtb`l ]flefda`le`l ( Qfsf`rgo `lc 

 Cfvfikpdflt ). ]rksfcur pflefda`le`l c`rb pflfibtb`l blb dfi`iub tuhuo t`o`p, y`btu

 pflfibtb`l c`l dfleudpuin`l bljkrd`sb (rfsf`rgo `lc bljkrd`tbkl gkiifgtbkl),

 pfrflg`l``l pflfibtb`l ( pi`llble ), pflefda`le`l prkcun `w`i (cfvfikp prfibdbl`ry

 jkrd kj prkcugt ), uhb i`p`le`l `w`i ( prfibdbl`ry jbfic tfstble ), rfvbsb uhb prkcun `w`i

(d`bl prkcugt rfvbsbkl), uhb i`p`le`l ut`d` (d`bl jbfic tfstble ), rfvbsb o`sbi uhb

i`p`le`l ut`d` ( kpfr`sbkl`i prkcugt rfvbsbkl). O`sbi pflfibtb`l dflulhunn`l a`ow`

nu`ibt`s c`rb prkcun dkcui y`le cbnfda`len`l dflurut  p`r` `oib suc`o dfdbibnb

n`tfekrb nu`ibt`s y`le s`le`t a`bn cfle`l pfrsflt`sf `oib d`tfrb 27.?6%, cfle`l

 pfrsflt`sf `oib dfcb` 21.51%, c`l cfle`l pfrsflt`sf @oib Bltfer`sb 0==%.

Wfc`len`l dflurut p`r` pfleeul` hue` suc`o dfdbibnb nu`ibt`s y`le s`le`t a`bn 

y`btu euru nfi`s BZ cfle`l pfrsflt`sf ?:.35% c`l sbsw` nfi`s BZ cfle`l pfrsflt`sf

2?%. Afrc`s`rn`l pflfibtb`l tfrsfaut, d`n` prkcun dkcui tfd`tbn nfi`s BZ cfle`l

 p`r`cbed` bltfer`sb lbi`b-lbi`b Bsi`d tfd` tfdp`t tblee`inu blb i`y`n cbeul`n`l

sfa`e`b a`o`l afi`h`r y`le dflulh`le pfdafi`h`r`l sbsw` ultun nfi`s BZ D`cr`s`o

Batbc`by`o tfd` Sfdp`t Sblee`inu.

10

Wbtb Ss`lby ìui Obc`y`o , ]flefda`le`l Dkcui Sfd`tbn Nfi`s BZ cfle`l ]`r`cbed` Bltfer`sb Lbi`b-lbi`b Bsi`d Sfd` Sfdp`t Sblee`inu (Wtucb cb DBL Wblcut`l Sfdkl, Nuikl ]rkek), Sfsbs, (Rkey`n`rt`8 ]ps VBL

Wul`l N`ibh`e` Rkey`n`rt`, 1=06)

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01

J. CfsnrbpsbSfkrb

0. ]fdafi h̀`r`l Duitbsflskrb

Duitbsflskrb afr`s`i c`rb cu` n`t` y`btu duitb c`l sflskrb y`le dflurut

N`dus Afs`r A`o`s` Blcklfsb` n`t` ’duitb— afr`rtb a`ly`n `t`u ifabo c`rb s`tu

`t`u cu`,11 sfc`len`l ’sflskrb— afr`rtb p`lg` blcfr`.17 D`n` duitbsflskrb afr`rtb

ifabo c`rb s`tu blcfr`.

]fdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb dflc`s`rn`l p`c` `sudsb a`ow` `l`n `n`l

c`p`t afi`h`r cfle`l a`bn `p`abi` d`tfrb pfle`h`r`l cbs`hbn`l c`i`d afra`e`b

dkc`ibt`s `i`t blcfr`.13 ]fdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb p`c` c`s`rly` dfrup`n`l

 pfdafi`h`r`l y`le dfiba`tn`l afra`e`b d`g`d `i`t blcfr` dfibputb pflcfle`r`l,

 pfleibo`t`l, sfltuo`l, c`l tfrn`c`le pflgbud`l c`l pflefg`p`l sfoblee`

 pfdafi`h`r`l abs` cbr`s`n`l d`upul cbpr`ntfnn`l sfg`r` i`lesule kifo pfsfrt`

cbcbn. ]fdafi`h`r`l blb hfi`si`o afrafc` cfle`l pfdafi`h`r`l y`le udud

cbeul`n`l s``t blb y`le o`ly` dfleeul`n`l blcfr` pflcfle`r`l sfa`e`b dftkcf

tr`lsjkrd`sb d`tfrb.

]fdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb s`le`t afrt`ib`l cfle`l nklsfp y`le

cbnfdun`n`l kifo Ei`sfr (025:) y`le dflefdun`n`l a`ow`8

Nbt` afì h`r 0=% c r̀b y`le nbt` a`g`

Nbt` afi`h`r 1=% c`rb y`le nbt` cfle`r 

Nbt` afi`h`r 7=% c`rb y`le nbt` ibo`t

Nbt` afi`h`r 6=% c`rb y`le nbt` cfle`r c`l ibo`tNbt` afi`h`r 5=% c`rb y`le nbt` cbsnusbn`l cfle`l kr`le i`bl

Nbt` afi`h`r ?=% c`rb y`le nbt` `i`db sflcbrb

Nbt` afi`h`r 26% c`rb y`le nbt` ̀ h`rn`l nfp`c` kr`le i`bl16

11Sbd ]flyusul ]us`t N`dus,  N`dus Afs`r A`o`s` Blcklfsb`, fc. 7, Gft. B, (H`n`rt`8 A`i`b ]ust`n`8

1==0), oid. 5:017

Babc, oid. 0=7213

Dul`wbr Rusuj, cnn, ]flcbcbn`l a`eb @l`n cfle`l ]rkaifd` Afi`h`r, (Wkik8 Sbe` Wfr`len`b ]ust`n`D`lcbrb8 1==7), oid. 26

16Rulus @abcbl, Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l ... , oid. 115

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07

Sfrifp`s c`rb e`y` afi`h`r y`le cbdbibnb sfsfkr`le, hbn` dfruhun p`c`

 prblsbp Ei`sfr cb`t`s d`n` dkcfi pfdafi`h`r`l y`le ab`s` cbi`nun`l y`btu

cfle`l dflcfle`r d`upul dfda`g` o`ly` dfdafrbn`l oblee` 1=% c`rb o`sbi

 afi`h`r y`le blebl nbt` g`p`b, sfoblee` cbpfriun`l dkcfi pfdafi`h`r`l i`bl ultun 

dflblen`tn`l o`sbi afi`h`r sbsw`.

Dfle`h`r aun`l sfd`t` pfrsk`i`l dflgfrbt`n`l. Afi`h`r aun`li`o

nklsfnuflsb ktkd`tbs c`rb pflu`le`l bljkrd`sb nf c`i`d afl`n sbsw`. Afi`h`r 

dfdfriun`l nftfriba t̀`l dflt`i c`l nfrh` sbsw` sflcbrb. Wfoblee` nf`ntbj`l

sbsw` c`i`d prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l abs` dfda`ltu sbsw` c`i`d dfd`o`db d`tfrb

y`le cbs`dp`bn`l kifo euru n`rfl` c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l tfrsfaut sbsw`

dfdpr`ntfnn`l tfkrb pfdafi`h`r`l a`bn sfg`r` i`lesule d`upul tbc`n i`lesule.

E`y` afi`h`r y`le sfh`i`l cfle`l nklsfp y`le cbnfdun`n`l kifo Ei`sfr 

c`l dflh`cb c`s`r dulguily` pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb `c`i`o nfeb`t`l dfi`iub

 pfle`i`d`l prba`cb. O`i blb afr`rtb sbsw` tbc`n o`ly` sfnfc`r dflcfle`r,

dfda`g` c`l dflcbsnusbn`lly`, dfi`bln`l hue` dflgka` dflfdun`l, dfleuhb

nfafl`r`l c`l dfrudusn`l sfau`o nklsfp y`le tfi`o cbtfibtb.1: Cfle`l cfdbnb`l

 pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsfslskrb dfrup`n`l sfau`o pflcfn`t`l y`le dfleo`r`pn`l

sbsw` d`dpu dflfdun`l bidu pfleft`ou`l sflcbrb dfi`iub `p` y`le cbibo`t,

cbcfle`rn`l, cbr`s`n`l sfrt` cbnfrh`n`l sfoblee` d`tfrb pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

cbtfrbd`ly` abs` cbtfr`pn`l cb i`p`le`l c`i`d nfobcup`l sfo`rb-o`rb c`l c`rb

 pfle`i`d`l tfrsfaut cbo`r`pn`l sbsw` d`dpu dfdafrbn`l bljkrd`sb nfp`c`

tfd`l-tfd`lly` sfoblee` sbsw` ifabo d`dpu dfd`o`db d`tfrb sfsu`b cfle`l

nklsfp y`le cbnfdun`n`l kifo Ei`sfr tfrsfaut.

1:Rulus @abcbl, Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l ..., oid. 11?

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03

Nikas dflfdun`l fdp`t c`s`r c`i`d afi`h`r y`btu8 dfr`s`n`l, dfibo`t,

 afrpbnbr, c`l dfi`nun`l. Nffdp`t c`s`r afi`h`r blb sfi`lhutly` cbp`cun`l kifo

Nikas sfoblee` dulgui e`y` afi`h`r Nikas. E`y` afi`h`r y`le c`p`t

dflblen`tn`l nfd`dpu`l sbsw` dflurut Nikas `c`i`o sfa`e`b afrbnut8

`.  Cbvfrefr  y`btu a`ow` afi`h`r `n`l ifabo a`bn cfle`l dfibo`t c`l

dfle`i`dbly`.

 a.  @ssbdbi`tkr y`btu a`ow` afi`h`r `n`l ifabo a`bn cfle`l dfibo`t c`l afrpbnbr 

g. Gklvfrefr  y`btu a`ow` afi`h`r `n`l ifabo a`bn cfle`l afrpbnbr c`l

dfi`nun`l

c.  @ggkdkc`tkr  y`btu a`ow` afi`h`r `n`l ifabo a`bn cfle`l dfle`i`db c`l

dfi`nun`l 15

@p` y`le cbnfdun`n`l kifo Nikas cb`t`s sfi`r`s cfle`l prblsbp c`rb

 pflcfn`t`l duitbsflskrb c`i`d sfau`o pfdafi`h`r`l, cbd`l` blcr` dfrup`n`l

`ltfl` sfa`e`b `i`t pflfrbd` bljkrd`sb.

Wfiuruo p`lg`blcr` tuauo dfrup`n`l sudafr dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r, cbd`l`

sftb`p a`eb`l tuauo dfw`nbib8

`. Blcr`wb tfible ,̀ ibc`o (duiut) dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r `ucbtkrb dfi`iub8 dflcfle`r 

c`l afrabg`r`

 a. Blcr`wb d`t`, dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r vbsu`i, dfi`iub8 dfibo`t c`l dfda`g`

g. Blcr`wb nuibt c`l obcule, dkc ìbt`s afi`h r̀ t`ntbi, dfi`iub8 dfdfe`le c`l

dfd`lbpui`sb

c. Blcr`wb t̀ le`l, dkc ìbt`s afi`h`r nblfstftbn dfi`iub8 `ntbvbt`s efr`n sfpfrtb

dfluibs 1?

15

Rulus @abcbl, Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l ..., oid. 1121?@i`dsy`o W`bc c`l @lcb Aucbd`lh`y`, 26 Wtr`tfeb Dfle`h`r Duitbpif Bltfiibeflgfs> Dfle`h`r Wfsu`b

 Nfrh` Kt`n c`l E`y` Afi`h`r Wbsw`, (H`n`rt`8 Nflg`l`, 1=06), oid. 01

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06

Dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r `c`i`o g`r` bljkrd`sb d`sun nfc`i`d kt`n dfi`iub blcr`

y`le nbt` dbibnb. ]`c` c`s`rly` bljkrd`sb tfrsfaut `n`l cbt`len`p kifo blcr`,

d`n` a`e`bd`l` bljkrd`sb tfrsfaut cbs`dp`bn`l (dkc`ibt`s) afrpfle`ruo p`c`

nfgfp`t`l kt`n dfl`len`p bljkrd`sb c`l nfnu`t`l kt`n dflybdp`l bljkrd`sb

tfrsfaut c`i`d ble`t`l `t`u dfdkrb. C`i`d aunuly` Dulbj Go`tba, tfrc`p`t tbe`

d`g`d dkc`ibt`s8

`. Zbsu`i 8 dkc`ibt`s blb dfle`nsfs gbtr` vbsui ,̀ w`rl`, e`da r̀, g t̀`t`l, t`afi,

cb`er`d, er`jbn, pft` pbnbr`l, c`l o`i-o`i i`bl y`le tfrn`bt.

 a. @ucbtkrb`i 8 dkc`ibt`s blb dfle`nsfs sfe`i` hflbs aulyb, su`r` dusbn, l`c`,

br`d`, gfrbt`, cb`ike, c`l pfd`o`d`l d`tfrb pfi`h`r`l cfle`l dflh`w`a

`t`u dflcfle`rn`l gfrbt` i`eu, sy`br, c`l o`i-o`i y`le tfrn`bt.

g. Nblfstftbn8 dkc`ibt`s blb dfle`nsfs sfe`i` hflbs efr`n, `ntbvbt`s tuauo,

fdksb, nkkrcbl`sb, c`l o`i-o`i i`bl y`le tfrn`bt.12

Dflurut A`ra`r` ]r`soble (022?), `oib c`l pflfdu if`rlble styifs

`l`iysbs (IW@) `s`i @ustrb` dflen`tfekrbs`sb dkc`ibt`s afi`h`r cfle`l fdp`t

dkc`ibt`s, y`btu8

`. @ucbtkrb8 @ntbvbt`s ỳ le dfiba`tn`l ulsur blcr`wb tfible`-dflcfle`r, sfrt̀

blcr`wb ibc`o-r s̀` (afrabg`r̀ ). Dkc`ibt`s `ucbtkrb c`p`t cbi`nun`l cfle`l

g`r` dflcfle`r c`l afrabg`r`8 dfi`iub su`r`, dusbn, l`c`, br`d`, cb`ike,

gfrbt`, cfa`t, t`ly` h`w`a c`l i`bl-i`bl y`le tfrn`bt.

 a. Zbsu`i 8 `ntbvbt`s y`le dfiba`tn`l ulsur blcr`wb d`t`-dfibo`t. Dkc`ibt`s

vbsu`i c`p`t cbi`nun`l cfle`l g`r` dfibo`t8 dfibo`t e`da`r/ w`rl`,

dfda`g` e`da`r/ w`rl` c`l dfdafc`n`l e`da`r/ w`rl`, dfibo`t c`l

dflfi``o g`t`t`l, cb`er`d, t`afi, dblc d`pp, c`l o`i-o`i i`bl y`le tfrn`bt.

12Duluj Go`tba, Wfnki`oly` D`lusb`, (A`lcule8 N`bj` ]S Dbz`l ]ust`n`, 1=00), oid. 07:

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0:

g. S`ntbi 8 `ntbvbt̀ s y`le dfiba`tn`l ulsur blcr`wb obcule-dflgbud, c`l

blcr`wb nuibt-dfr`a` (dfr`s`n`l). Dkc`ibt`s t`ntbi c`p`t cbi`nun`l cfle`l

g`r` dfd`lbpui`sb c`l dfdfe`le.

c. Nblfstftbn8 `ntbvbt`s y`le dfiba`tn`l ulsur blcr`wb nuibt-dfr`a`

(dfr`s`n`l), tfrd`sun ulsur efr`n`l ki`o tuauo. Dkc`ibt`s nblfstftbn c`p`t

cbi`nun`l cfle`l g`r` dfi`nun`l ultun dfr`s`n`l, cb`lt`r`ly`8 dfluibs,

dfi`nun`l `ntbvbt`s y`le dfiba`tn`l efr`n`l tuauo, nkkrcbl`sb `lt`rtuauo,

sfpfrtb dfdfe`le c`l dfdpr`ntbn`l `i`t unur s`tu`l dbibdbnrk c`l o`i-o`i

i`bl y`le tfrn`bt.7=

C`i`d sfau`o pfdafi`h`r`l, prksfs tr`lsjfr pfleft`ou`l `n`l afro`sbi

`p`abi` w`ntu tfri`d` cbjknusn`l p`c` nklcbsb sbsw` afr`ntbvbt`s, aun`l p`c`

nklcbsb euru dfle`h`r. U`ntu euru dfly`dp`bn`l prfsflt`sbly` o`ly` 7=%,

sfc`len`l 5=% cbeul`n`l ultun sbsw` afr`ntbvbt`s. Nfafro`sbi`l pfdafi`h`r`l

 hue` ifabo gfp`t tfrwuhuc `p`abi` prksfs tr`lsjfr cbi`nun`l cfle`l sus`l` y`le

dflyfl`len`l.70

Dflurut Akaab Cf]krtfr & Dbnf Ofrl`gnb c`i`d aunuly` Pu`ltud

 If`rlble8 Vlif`soble Sof Eflbus Bl Rku Wu`s`l` y`le dflyfl`len`l blb `n`l

tfrwuhuc hbn` cbr`lg`le sfg`r` o`rdklbs cfle`l dflekdabl`sbn`l ulsur 

nftfr`dpbi`l `n`cfdbs, prfst`sb jbsbn, c`l nftfr`dpbi`l c`i`d obcup. J`is`j`o

c`s`rly` `c`i`o a`ow` `e`r afi`h`r abs` afro`sbi cfle`l fjfntbj, d`n` `ntbvbt`s

 afi`h`r o`rus dflyfl`len`l. Vltun dflcunule j`is`j`o blb cbpfrsb`pn`l

7=

@i`dsy`o W`bc c`l @lcb Aucbd`lh`y`, 26 Wtr`tfeb Dfle`h`r Duitbpif Bltfiibeflgfs> Dfle`h`r Wfsu`b Nfrh` Kt`n c`l E`y` Afi`h`r Wbsw`, (H`n`rt`8 Nflg`l`, 1=06), oid.

70Duluj Go`tba, Wfnki`oly` D`lusb`, (A`lcule8 N`bj` ]S Dbz`l ]ust`n`, 1=00), oid. 076

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05

iblenule`l y`le nklcusbj, sfoblee` sfdu` sbsw` dfr`s` pfltble, `d`l c`l

ly`d`l.71

1. ]fdafì h`r`l Sfd`tbn 

]fdafi`h`r`l tfd`tbn dfrup`n`l s`i`o s`tu dkcfi c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l

tfrp`cu (bltfer`tfc blstrugtbkl) y`le dfrup`n`l su`tu sbstfd pfdafi`h`r`l y`le

dfdulenbln`l sbsw`, a`bn sfg`r` blcbvbcu`i d`upul nfikdpkn, `ntbj dflee`ib

c`l dflfdun`l nklsfp sfrt` prblsbp-prblsbp nfbidu`l sfg`r` okibstbn, afrd`nl`

c`l `utfltbn. ]fdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu `t`u tfd`tbn afrkrbflt`sb p`c` pr`ntbn 

 pfdafi`h`r`l y`le sfsu`b cfle`l nfautuo`l c`l pfrnfda`le`l sbsw`.77

]fdafi`h`r`l tfd`tbn `c`i`o s`i`o s`tu afltun `t`u dkcfi c`rb

 pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu, y`le p`c` bltbly` dflfn`ln`l p`c` pki` pflekre`lbs`sb`l

d`tfrb y`le tfrbltfer`sb cbp`cun`l kifo su`tu tfd`.73 ]ki` pfdafi`h`r`lly`

dflebltfer`sbn`l pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l, nrf`tbvbt`s, lbi`b c`l sbn`p. Sfd`

cb`dabi c`l cbnfda`len`l c`rb iu`r d`t` pfi`h`r`l, t`pb sfh`i`l cfle`l

nkdpftflsb c`s`r c`l tkpbn-tkpbn (st`lc`rt bsb) c`rb d`t` pfi`h`r`l.

Dflurut Srb`ltk (1==5) d`tfrb y`le tfrbltfer`sb blb `t`u cbsfaut  Bltfer`tfc 

gurrbguiud dfrup`n`l pfi`h`r`l y`le cbpus`tn`l p`c` su`tu d`s`i`o `t`u tkpbn 

tfrtfltu, dbs`ily` su`tu d`s`i`o cbd`l` sfdu` d`t` pfi`h`r`l cbr`lg`le cfle`l

dfle`gu p`c` tkpbn tfrtfltu. @p` y`le cbs`hbn`l cbsfnki`o, cbsfsu`bn`l cfle`l

nfobcup`l `l`n cbiu`r sfnki`o.76

71O`drulb,  Nklsfp Fcut`bdflt c`i`d ]flcbcbn`l Bsi`d, (Rkey`n`rt`8 Abc`le @n`cfdbn VBL Wul`l

N`ibh`e`, 1==?), oid. 07177

Qusd`l,  Dkcfi-dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Dflefda`len`l ]rkjfsbkl`ibsdf Euru, (H`n`rt`8 ]S Q`h`

Er`jblck ]frs`c`, 1=0=), oid.16373

Cflb Nurlb`w`l, ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfrp`cu Sfd`tbn (tfkrb, ]r`ntbn c`l ]flbi`b`l), (A`lcule8 @ij`aft`,

1=03), oid. 2676Srb`ltk, Dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfrp`cu c`i`d Sfkrb c`l ]r`ntfn, (H`n`rt`8 ]rfst`sb ]ust`n` ]uaibsofr,

1==5), oid. 7?

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0?

]flcfn`t`l tfd`tbn c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l s`le`t dfdaun` pfiu`le a`eb

euru ultun dflefda`len`l afra`e`b str`tfeb c`l dftkckikeb y`le p`ible tfp`t.

]fdbibo`l c`l pflefda`le`l str`tfeb pfdafi`h`r`l dfdpfrtbda`len`l

nfsfsu`b`l cfle`l tfd`-tfd` y`le cbpbibo sfafiudly`. Cbsblbi`o euru cbtultut

ifabo nrf`tbj c`i`d dfleo`cbrn`l su`s`l` pfdafi`h`r`l y`le dfleebrble pfsfrt`

cbcbn d`dpu dfd`o`db nfly`t``l obcup y`le cbh`i`lbly` sftb`p o`rb, a`bn 

dfly`lenut cbrbly` sfa`e`b prba`cb d`upul c`i`d ouaule`lly` cfle`l

nfiu`re`, d`sy`r`n`t, iblenule`l c`l `i`d sfnbt`r.7:

Nfafro`sbi`l pflfr`p`l dkcfi pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu tfd`tbn btu sflcbrb,

cb`lt`r`ly` s`le`t cbpfle`ruob kifo nftfrtfr`p`l prblsbp-prblsbp pfdafi`h`r`l

tfrp`cu `t`u tfd`tbn. Afafr`p` prblsbp pfdafi`h`r`l tfd`tbn cb`lt`r`ly`8

`. Afrpus`t ̀ l`n 

]fdafi`h`r`l cbr`lg`le cfle`l dfdpfro`tbn`l `spfn `l`n cbtblh`u c`rb sfeb

tuhu`l c`l prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l.

 a. ]fle`i`d`l i`lesule

]fdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu dfdafrbn`l pfiu`le y`le afs`r nfp`c` `l`n ultun 

dfdpfrkifo pfle`i`d`l i`lesule `t`s d`tfrb y`le cbpfi`h`rbly`. Wfoblee`

bljkrd`sb y`le cbtfrbd` afl`r-afl`r bljkrd`sb t`le`l pfrt`d` y`le cb`i`db

sfg`r` i`lesule. Cfle`l cfdbnb`l, pfdafi`h`r`l ifabo afrd`nl` ultun `l`n 

c`l sbj`t vfra`ibsdf abs` cboblc`rb sfg`r` d`nsbd`i.

g. ]fdbs`o`l d`t` pfi h̀`r̀ l tbc`n hfì s

C`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu d`tfrb cbs`hbn`l c`i`d s`tu jknus tfd` tfrtfltu.

Sfd` btui`o y`le cbpfi`h`rb c`rb afra`e`b sbsb p`lc`le cfle`l dfleeul`n`l

bljkrd`sb y`le `c` c`i`d sfhudi`o abc`le stucb/ d`t` pfi`h`r`l, sfoblee`

 pfleft`ou`l sbsw` `t`s tfd` tfrsfaut abs` ifabo nkdprfoflsbj c`l iflen`p.

Bsb abc`le stucb y`le `n`l cba`o`s cfsfsu`bn`l rfifv`lsbly` cfle`l tfd`.

Cfle`l cfdbnb`l sfn`t-sfn`t abc`le stucb tbc`n nfibo`t`l i`eb, dfifaur 

c`i`d tfd`

c. ]fly h̀b`l afafr`p` d`t` pfì h`r`l c ì`d s t̀u prksfs pfdafi`h r̀`l

7:Cfp`rtfdfl @e`d`,  ]fckd`l ]fi`ns`l``l ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, (H`n`rt`8 Cbrfntkr`t Hflcfr`i

Nfifda`e``l @e`d` Bsi`d, 1==6), oid.7

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C`i`d s`tu n`ib prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu8 tfd`tbn dfly`hbn`l a`o`s`l

d`tfrb c`rb afafr`p` d`t` pfi h̀`r`l, l`dul bcfltbt`s d`sble-d`sble l t̀`

 pfi`h`r`l suc`o tbc`n nfibo`t`l. ]flhfi`s`l blb sfa`e`bd`l` tfi`o cbur`bn`l

 p`c` prblsbp pfdbs`o`l d`t` pfi`h`r`l tbc`n hfi`s cb `t`s.

f. Jifnsbafi

Sbc`n tfrjknus p`c` s`tu d`t` pfi`h`r`l, v`rb`sb nfeb`t`l afi`h`r a`bn sfg`r`

 pflcfn`t`l c`l dftkcf d`upul tfda`t afi`h`r, pflfltu`l tkpbn `t`u tfd`

 abs` dfleeul`n`l ifabo c`rb s`tu g`r`.

j. Afrd`nl` c`l utuo

]fdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu s`le`t dfdpfrtbda`len`l pfdafi`h`r`l a`bn prksfs

d`upul bsb d`tfrb `e`r dfdbibnb rfifv`lsb cfle`l sbj`t `l`n cbcbn, sfoblee`

 pfdafi`h`r`l abs` ifabo cbp`o`db, afreul` c`l sfsu`b nfautuo`l sbsbw`.

Sfrut̀ d` cbibo`t c`rb sfeb tue`s-tue`s pfrnfda`le`l. Cbs̀ dpble btu pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu `t`u tfd`tbn hue` dfleup`y`n`l `e`r sfiuruo `spfn 

 psbnkikebs sbsw` cbnfda`len`l sfg`r` dflyfiuruo , dflg`nup sfiuruo

r`l`o.

e. Dfdpfrtbda`len`l w`ntu c`l nftfrsfcb``l sudafr 

@ikn s̀b w`ntu y`le tfrsfcb` o`rus cbpfrtbda`len`l c`i`d dfi`ns`l`n`l

nfeb t̀`l pfdafi`h`r`l tfrp`cu. N`rfl` c`i`d pfdafi`h̀ r`l tfd`tbn afs`r 

 pfiu`le ultun dfleeul`n`l w`ntu y`le i`d` `p`abi` euru tbc`n 

dfrflg`l`n`l prkpkrsb pfleeul``l c`l nkltrki w`ntu c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l.

]fiu`le blb abs` tfrh`cb, n`rfl` c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l tfd`tbn `n`l dfda`o`ssfhudi`o d`tfrb c`rb afafr`p` d`t` pfi`h`r`l, y`le c`i`d pfly`hb`lly`

dulenbl dfleeul`n`l `ntbjbt`s y`le afra`sbs nfeb`t`l sbsw` `t`u prkyfn 

c`l afrkrbflt`sb prkcfn. Cbd`l` pfdafi`h`r`l sfpfrtb btu pfriu w`ntu y`le

rfi`tbj i`d` cba`lcblen`l cfle`l pfdafi`h`r`l ab`s`.

Wfi`bl c`rb p`c` w`ntu, hue` o`rus dfdpfro`tbn`l nftfrsfcb``l sudafr.

@rtbly` prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l o`rus dfdpfrtbda`len`l sudafr y`le `n`l

cbeul`n`l `p`n`o abs` tfrsfcb`, a`bn y`le sbj`tly` ay cfsbel d`upul ay

utbibz`tbkl. Cbs`dpble btu, s`le`t cb`lhurn`l pflee`ib`l pktflsb pfleeul``l

sudafr afi`h`r sftfdp`t y`le dulenbl cbeul`n`l c`i`d prksfs

 pfdafi`h`r`l. Dbs`ily` 8 iblenule`l sftfdp`t, j`sbibt`s y`le `c` cbsfnki`o,c`l i`bl sfa`e`bly`.

o. Sfd` tfrcfn`t cfle`l ̀ l`n 

C`i`d pflfltu`l tfd`  pfdafi`h`r`l, cbus`o`n`l `e`r dfleeul`n`l tfd`

y`le cfn`t cfle`l `l`n. Cfn`t c`i`d pflefrtb`l jbsbn c`l psbnbs. ]rblsbp blb

s`le`t pfltble cbpfro`tbn`l, n`rfl` o`i blb sfh`i`l cfle`l pflhfi`s`l tfkrb

 afi`h`r cfw`s` blb, y`le dfly`t`n`l a`ow` afi`h`r `n`l kptbd`i `p`abi`

d`tfrb y`le cbpfi`h`rb dfly`tu cfle`l pfleft`ou`l c`l pfle`i`d`l y`le

tfi`o `c` p`c` cbrb sbsw`.

b. ]flg`p`b`l nkdpftflsb c`s`r aun`l tfd`

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1=

]rblsbp i`blly` y`le tbc`n akifo cbiup`n`l `c`i`o pflg`p`b`l nkdpftflsb.

Wfiuruo prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l y`le sbstfd`tbs sfi`iu afrkrbflt`sb p`c`

 pflg`p`b`l tuhu`l y`le hfi`s.75

Afafr`p` prblsbp c`i`d dflft`pn`l su`tu tfd` kifo Sbd ]us`t Nurbnuiud

c`rb Cfp`rtfdfl ]flcbcbn`l L`sbkl`i, y`nlb8

0. Dfdpfro`tbn`l iblenule`l y`le tfrcfn`t cfle`l sbsw`

1. C`rb y`le tfrduc`o dfluhu ỳ le suibt. C`rb y`le sfcfro`l` dfluhu y`le

nkdpifns. ]`c` t`o`p`l `l`n usb` sfnki`o c`s`r, g`r` `l`n afi`h`r 

 afrnfda`le sfg`r` afrt`o`p dui`b c`rb o`i-o`i y`le sfcfro`l` nf o`i-o`i

y`le ifabo nkdpifns

7. C`rb y`le nklnrbt dfluhu y`le `astr`n. @l`n tbc`n afì h`r o`i y`le `astr`n,

tft`pb afi`h`r c`rb jflkdfl` nfobcup`l c`l sfg`r` afrt`o`p afi`h`r 

dfdfg`on`l prkaifd nfobcup`l.

3. Sfd` y`le cbpbibo o`rus dfdulenbln`l tfrh`cbly` prksfs afrpbnbr p`c` cbrb

sbsw` c`l dfda`leul pfd`o`d`l nklsfp n`rfl` `c`ly` sblfreb

 pfd`o`d`l `lt`r nklsfp y`le cbnfd`s c`i`d tfd`.

6. Qu`le iblenup tfd` cbsfsu`bn`l cfle`l usb` c`l pfrnfda`le`l sbsw`,

tfrd`sun dbl`t c`l nfautuo`l. C`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l tfd`tbn, afra`e`b d`t`

 pfi`h`r`l cbouaulen`l cfle`l tfd` y`le gkgkn cfle`l nfobcup`l sfo`rb-

o`rb `l`n, a`on`l cbup`y`n`l y`le dfrup`n`l nfsfl`le`l `l`n p`c`

ududly` sfoblee` sbsw` tfrt`rbn dflebnutb pfi`h`r`l.

:. Sfd` y`le cbpbibo c`p`t dflefda`len`l tbe` r`l`o s`s`r`l pflcbcbn`l

sfg`r` afrs`d``l y`btu nkelbtbj, nftfr`dpbi`l, c`l sbn`p.7?

75Cflb Nurlb`w`l, ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfrp`cu Sfd`tbn (tfkrb, ]r`ntbn c`l ]flbi`b`l), (A`lcule8 @ij`aft`,

1=03), oid. 25-227?@ac N`cbr & O`lul @srko`o, ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, (H`n`rt`8 ]S Q`h` Er`jblck ]frs`c`, 1=03), oid.

:2-50

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7. ]flefda`le`l A`o`l @h`r

A`o`l `h`r dfrup`n`l s`ì o s`tu nkdpklfl sbstfd pfdafi h̀`r`l y`le

dfdfe`le pfr`l`l pfltble c`i`d r`len` dfda`ltu sbsw` ultun dflg`p`b

st`lc`r y`le tfi`o cbtfltun`l. Wfg`r` e`rbs afs`r, a`o`l `h`r `t`u d`tfrb

 pfdafi`h`r`l afrbsbn`l pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l, c`l sbn`p `t`u lbi`b y`le

o`rus cbpfi`h`rb sbsw`.72

A`o`l `h`r c`p`t cbcfjblbsbn`l sfa`e`b pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l c`l

sbn`p y`le o`rus cb`h`rn`l kifo euru c`l cbpfi`h`rb sbsw` sfa`e`b s`r`l` ultun 

dflg`p`b blcbn`tkr-blcbn`tkr y`le tfi`o cbtft`pn`l c`i`d st`lc`r nkdpftflsb c`l

nkdpftflsb c`s`r, nfducb`l cbfv`iu`sb cfle`l dfleeul`n`l pfr`len`t pflbi`b`l

y`le cbsusul afrc`s`rn`l blcbn`tkr pflg`p`b`l o`sbi afi`h`r.3= A`o`l `h`r 

tfrsfaut abs` c`i`d afltun tfrtuibs (aunu tfns, if`jift, c`l i`blly`) d`upul tbc`n 

tfrtuibs (jbid, rfn`d`l su`r`, `i`d, iblenule`l, c`l sfa`e`bly`).

A`o`l `h`r c`i`d Nurbnuiud 1=07 dfd`le suc`o cbsfcb`n`l kifo

Nfdflcbnl s̀ y`le cbsusul c`i`d afltun aunu pfe`le`l sbsw`, aunu pfe`le`l

euru, pfckd`l pflbi`b`l, a`on`l c`i`d afafr`p` d`t` pfi`h`r`l tfrsfcb` a`o`l

`h`r duitbdfcb` y`le abs` cbulcuo c`rb wfasbtf Nfdflcbnl`s. @n`l tft`pb a`o`l

`h`r y`le suc`o cbsfcb`n`l tfrsfaut tftltu s`h` d`sbo dfdautuon`l nrf`tbjbt`s

c`rb euru `e`r nfab`s``l euru c`i`d dfleeul`n`l s`tu dkcfi e`y` afi`h`r sbsw`

tbc`n afri`lhut oblee` dflurul p`c` pfrbkcf sftfrusly`.

Wudafr a`o`l `h`r dfrup`n`l ruhun`l, rfjfrflsb `t`u ibtfr`tur y`le

cbeul`n`l, a`bn ultun dflyusul sbi`aus d`upul aunu y`le cbeul`n`l kifo euru

72

Cfpcbnl`s, ]fckd`l Dfdbibo c`l Dflyusul A`o`l @h`r, (H`n`rt`8 Cfpcbnl`s, 1==:), oid. 73=Dbdbl O`ry`tb, Dkcfi c`l Sfnlbn ]flbi`b`l p`c` Sblen`t W`tu`l ]flcbcbn`l (H`n`rt`8 E`ule ]frs`c`

]rfss, 1==5), oid. 0=

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c`i`d dfle`h`r. Wudafr a`o`l `h`r blb cbeul`n`l `e`r c`i`d dflyusul sbi`aus

tfroblc`r c`rb nfs`i`o`l nklsfp.

Dflurut @acui D`hbc, sudafr a`o`l `h`r sfg`r` e`rbs afs`r c`p`t

cbnfikdpknn`l dflh`cb afafr`p` n`tfekrb, y`btu8

`. A`o`l `h`r gft`n `lt`r` i b̀l o`lckut  30, aunu, dkcui, ifda`r nfrh` sbsw`,

 arksur, if`jift 31, w`iigo`rt 37 c`l jktk `t`u e`da`r.

 a. A`o`l `h`r cfle`r (`ucbk) sfpfrtb n`sft c`l r`cbk.

g. A`o`l `h`r p`lc`le cfle`r (`ucbk vbsu`i ) sfpfrtb vbcfk `t`u jbid, kr`le `t`u

l`r`sudafr.

c. A`o`l `h`r bltfr`ntbj, y`btu duitbdfcb` y`le dfrup`n`l nkdabl`sb c`rb cu`

`t`u ifabo dfcb`.33

Wfdflt`r` Dbdbl O`ry`tb dflhfi`sn`l a`ow` ultun dflfltun`l sudafr 

`t`u rfjfr`lsb c`i`d dflyusul a`o`l `h`r, c`p`t cbi`nun`l cfle`l g`r` dflg`rb

bljkrd`sb c`rb sftb`p st`lc`r nkdpftflsb c`l nkdpftflsb c`s`r y`le tfi`o

cbtfltun`l. Wudafr y`le c`p`t cbeul`n`l `lt`r` ì bl8 `) Aunu tfns, a) I`pkr`l

o`sbi pflfibtb`l, g) Hurl`i, c) D`h̀ i`o bidb`o, f) ]`r̀ `oib abc`le stucb, j) Aunu

nurbnuiud, e) Dfcb` d`ss` y`le tfrabt afrn ì`, o) @ucbk vbsu`i sfpfrtb SZ ,

Zbcfk, ZGC, n`sft c`l i b̀l sfa`e`bly`, b) Bltfrlft, h) Iblenule`l `i`d c`l

sksb`i.36

Cfle`l afra`e`b sudafr a`o`l h̀`r cb`t s̀, y`le pfriu cbble t̀ c`i`d

dflefda`len`l sudafr a`o`l `h`r `c`i`o aunu-aunu `t`u rfjfrflsb i`blly`

30 O`lckut  `c`i`o a`o`l tfrtuibs y`le cbsb`pn`l kifo sfkr`le euru ultun dfdpfrn`y` pfleft`ou`l

sbsw`.31

 If`jift `c`i`o a`o`l gft`n tfrtuibs afrup` ifda`r`l y`le cbibp`t t`pb tbc`n cbd`tbn`l `t`u cbh`obt.37

U`iigo`rt `c`i`o a`o`l gft`n, ab`s`ly` afrup` a`e`l sbnius `t`u prksfs `t`u er`jbn y`le dflulhunn`l

 pksbsb tfrtfltu.33

@acui D`hbc, ]frflg`l``l ]fdafi`h`r`l8 Dflefda`len`l Wt`lc`r Nkdpftflsb Euru (A`lcule8 ]SQfd h̀` Qksc`n r̀y`, 1==5), oid. :0.

36Dbdbl O`ry t̀b, Dkcfi c`l Sfnlbn ]flbi`b`l ..., oid. 01.

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y`le dfrup`n`l a`o`l ruhun`l. @rtbly` tbc`n tfp`t hbn` c`i`d prksfs nfeb`t`l

 afi`h`r, d`tfrb y`le cb`h`rn`l o`ly` tfre`ltule nfp`c` aunu tfns c`l cb`lee`p

sfa`e`b s`tu-s`tuly` sudafr a`o`l `h`r. N`rfl` dfle`h`r aun`l o`ly`

dflyfifs`bn`l d`tfrb c`i`d s`tu aunu, tft`pb dfda`ltu sbsw` ultun dflg`p`b

nkdpftflsb y`le tfi`o cbtft`pn`l. Kifo n`rfl` btu sfkr`le euru o`rus

dfleeul`n`l a`ly`n rfjfrflsb sfa`e`b a`o`l ruhun`l.

Aunu `h`r y`le a`bn dfdu t̀ d`tfrb pfdafi`h r̀`l sfg`r` iflen`p, dfl`rbn 

dbl`t sbsw` ultun afi`h`r, c`l tbc`n dflbdauin`l efhki`n p`c` cbrb sbsw`.

Wfoblee` cfle`l `c`ly` aunu `h`r, sbsw` abs` dflc`p`tn`l bljkrd`sb y`le

cbautuon`l sfg`r` fjbsbfl.

@c`pul tki`n unur aunu `h`r y`le a`bn sfa`e`b afrbnut8

`. Jkrd`t aunu sfsu`b cfle`l jkrd`t nftfltu`l VLFWGK, y`btu unur̀ l nfrt`s

@3 (10 x 12,5 gd)

 a. Dfdbibnb BWAL ( Bltfrl`tbkl`i Wt`lc`rc Akkn Ludafr )

g. E`y` a`o`s` sfdb jkrd ì

c. Wtruntur n ìbd t̀ dblbd ì W]KN 

f. Cbsusul sfssu`b rflg`l` pfdafi`h̀ r`l

j. Dfleeul`n`l g`t`t̀ l n`nb/g`t t̀`l `nobr c`jt r̀ pust̀ n` c`l hbn` dulenbl

dflyfrt`n`l blcfns

e. Cbtfrabtn`l kifo pflfrabt y`le nrfcbafi

o. Sbc`n dflybdp`le c`rb j`is`j`o Lfe`r` Nfs`tu`l Qfpuaibn Blcklfsb`.3:

Wfc`len`l tuhu`l pfdau`t`l a`o`l `h`r dflurut Cfpcbnl`s y`btu8 `)

Dflyfcb`n`l a`o`l `h`r y`le sfsu`b cfle`l tultut`l nurbnuiud cfle`l

3:Wy`dsui @rbjbl c`l @cb Nusrb`ltk,  ]fluibs`l Aunu @h`r , ]`pfr cbprfsflt`sbn`l p`c` `g`r` Ukrnsokp

 ]fluibs`l Aunu @h`r  cb WS@BL Hfdafr, t`lee`i 3-6 @prbi 1=0=, oid. 05-0?, c`i`d Dko`dd`c Wokobaui@lw`r,  @l`ibsbs A`o`l @h`r c`l Dftkcf ]fdafi`h`r`l cb ]klckn ]fs`ltrfl @i-Iuqd`lbyy`o Rkey`n`rt`,

Sfsbs, (Rkey`n`rt`8 ]]W VBL Wul`l N`ibh`e`, 1=06) oid. 1=

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dfdpfrtbda`len`l nfautuo`l sbsw`, y`nlb a`o`l `h`r y`le sfsu`b cfle`l

n`r`ntfrbstbn c`l sfttble `t`u iblenule`l sksb`i sbsw`, a) Dfda`ltu sbsw` c`i`d

dfdpfrkifo `itfrl`tbj a`o`l `h`r cb s`dpble aunu-aunu tfns y`le tfrn`c`le suibt

cbpfrkifo, g) Dfduc`on`l euru c`i`d dfi`ns`l`n`l pfdafi`h`r`l.35

3. N`r`ntfrbstbn c`l G`r` Afi`h`r @l`n Vsb̀ Nfi s̀ @w`i

@l`n usb` nfi`s `w`i (Wfnki`o C`s`r) dfrup`n`l d`s` y`le s`le`t rflt`l

tfro`c`p prksfs pfdafi`h r̀`l. A`ly`n pflfibtb y`le dflefdun`n`l a`ow` ultun 

dfly`dp`bn`l d`tfrb nfp`c` `l`n usb` `w`i ifabo a`bn abi` cbi`nun`l cfle`l

g`r` dfle`ntbj`l ifabo c`rb s`tu blcfr` pfsfrt` cbcbn.

]`c` c`s`rly` sftb`p t`o`p pfrnfda`le`l `l`n cbpfle`ruob kifo 1 j`ntkr 

ut`d`, y`btu

`. J`ntkr a`w``l (ofrfcbtfr). Dfrup`n`l nklcbsb y`le tfi`o `c` sfh`n i`obr 

sfpfrtb pktflsb nfgfrc`s`l, a`n`t, dbl`t, c`l nfgflcfrule`l `t`u sbj`t y`le

cbturuln`l kr`le tu`.

 a. J`ntkr pfle`i`d`l (iblenule`l). Dfrup`n`l nklcbsb y`le cb`i`db `l`n 

sfp`lh`le nfobcup`lly` a`bn cbrud`o, sfnki`o, d`upul iblenule`l

 pfre`ui`l cb iu`r rud`o.3?

Sfrifp`s c`rb pfrd`s`i`o`l cbdflsb dfle`h`r, ulsur tfrpfltble c`i`d

dfle h̀`r b`i`o dfr`les`le sfrt` dfle r̀`on`l sbsw` ultun afi`h`r. Dfle`h`r 

 p`c` o`nbn`tly` tbc`n ifabo c`rb sfnfc`r dflkikle sbsw` ultun dfdpfrkifo

 pfleft`ou`l, nftfr`dpbi`l, sbn`p, sfrt` bcf c`l `prfsb`sb y`le dflhurus nfp`c`

 pfrua`o`l tblen`o i`nu c`l pfrtudauo`l sbsw`.32 Wfoblee` g`r` dfle`h`r euru

35Sbd ]flyusul Cbrfntkr`t Hflcfr`i D`l`hfdfl ]flcbcbn`l C`s`r c`l Dflfle`o Cfpcbnl`s,  ]`lcu`l

 ]flefda`le`l A`o`h @h`r , (H`n`rt`8 Cfpcbnl`s, 1==?), oid. 23?Srb`ltk, Dflefda`len`l Dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, oid. 07

32Babc, oid. 17

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dfrup`n`l nulgb ut`d` c`rb sfau`o prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l ultun dflg`p`b

blcbn`tkr tuhu`l y`le tfi`o cbtft`pn`l.

@l`n usb` nfi`s `w`i dfrup`n`l `l`n cfle`l n`tfekrb pfrua`o`l y`le

s`le`t cr`stbs. Ourikgn dflhfi`sn`l a`ow` `spfn tudauo nfda`le ̀ l`n tfrc`p`t

 p`c` 6 prksfs pfrnfda`le`l, `lt`r` i`bl8

`. ]sbnkdktkrbn, ifabo p`c` nfsfo`t`l jbsbn, nfnu t̀`l dktkrbn, nfd`dpu`l

dfr`w`t cbrb sflcbrb, nfd`lcbrb`l, c`l r`s` nkdpftflsb.

 a. Nkelbtbj ‗ Bltfifntu`i, ifabo tfc`p`t p`c` nrf`tbvbt`s, pfl`i`r`l,

 pfrnfda`le`l a`o`s`, pfleft`ou`l c`s`r udud, c`l pflefl`i`l iblenule`l

obcup.

g. Fdksb, ifabo nfp`c` pfleflc`ib`l cbrb, nftfnul`l c`l `ltusb̀ sdf p`c`

nfeb`t`l.

c. Wksb`i, ifabo nfp`c` nftfrtba`l, cbsbpibl nfeb`t`l, nfrh`s`d` c`l i`tbo`l

‟`tur`l d`bl‒ sksb`i (dbs`i8 pfrbi`nu `ltrb, nkdprkdb, c`l tflee`le r`s`).

f. Dkr̀ i, ifabo nfp`c` pfrbì nu afl`r c`l s`i`o (ftbn`) c`l pfrbi`nu a`bn `t̀ u

 aurun (ftbnft).6=

Nftfr`dpbi`l dktkrbn tbc`n `n`l afrnfda`le dfi`iub nfd`t`le`l s`h`,

tft`pb nftfr`dpbi`l btu hue` o`rus cbpfi`h`rb. Afrbnut o`i tfrpfltble c`i`d

dfdpfi`h`rb nftfr`dpbi`l dktkrbn8

Vlsur  Nftfr`le`l

Nfsb`p`l afi`h`r 

Nftfr`dpbi`l y`le cbpfi`h`rb cfle`l w`ntu c`l us`o` y`le s`d`

kifo kr`le y`le suc`o sb`p, `n`l ifabo uleeui nftbda`le kr`le

y`le afiud sb`p ultun afi`h`r.

Nfsfdp`t`l

 afi`h`r 

A`ly`n `l`n y`le tbc`n afrnfsfdp`t`l ultun dfdpfi`h`rb

nftfr`dpbi`l dktkrbn n`rfl` obcup c`i`d iblenule`l y`le tbc`n 

6=Babc, oid. 03

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1:

dflyfcb`n`l nfsfdp`t`l afi`h`r `t`u n`rfl` kr`le tu` t`nui o`i

y`le cfdbnb`l `n`l dfiun`b `l`nly`.

Nfsfdp`t`l

 afrpr`ntfn 

@l`n o`rus cbafrb w`ntu ultun dfdpr`ntfnn`l nftfr`dpbi`l

dktkrbn sfa`ly`n y`le cbpfriun`l. Dfsnbpul cfdbn`l, nu`ibt`s

o`rus cbut`d`n`l `e`r tbc`n afrnfda`le p`c` efr`n`l y`le

tbc`n fjbsbfl.

Dkcfi y`le a`bn 

Dflbru su`tu dkcfi afrpfr`l pfltble c`i`d dfi`tbo dktkrbn 

`l`n, d`n` ultun dfdpfi`h`rb nftfr`dpbi`l dktkrbn cfle`l a`bn 

`l`n o`rus abs` dflgkltko

Abdable`l Abdable`l cbpfriun`l ultun dfda`ltu `l`n dfdaftuin`l su`tunfs`i`o`l y`le cbi`nun`l.

Dktbv`sb

Dktbv`sb afi`h`r s`le`ti`o pfltble ultun dfdpfrt`o`ln`l dbl`t

c`rb nftfrtblee`i`l. Wudafr dktbv`sb ultun dfdpfi`h`rb

nftfr`dpbi`l `c`i`o nfpu`s`l prba`cb y`le cbpfrkifo `l`n c`rb

nfeb`t`l tfrsfaut, nfd`lcbrb`l, sfrt` eflesb y`le cbpfrkifo c`rb

nfikdpkn sfa`y`ly`.

Cbpfi`h`rb sfg`r`

blcbvbcu

Wftb`p hflbs nftfr`dpbi`l dfdpuly`b pfrafc``l tfrtfltu

sfoblee` sftb`p nftfr`dpbi`l o`rus cbpfi`h`rb sfg`r` blcbvbcu.

Cbpfi`h`rb s`tu

cfdb s`tu

Cfle`l dfdpfi`h`rb afra`e`b d`g`d nftfr`dpbi`l dktkrbn 

sfg`r` sfrfdp`n, noususly` `p`abi` dfleeul`n`l ktkt y`le

s`d`, `n`l dfdableulen`l `l`n c`l dfleo`sbin`l

nftfr`dpbi`l y`le nur`le dfdu`sn`l. D`n` c`i`d dfdpfi`h`rb

nftfr`dpbi`l ifabo a`bn s`tu cfdb s`tu sfoblee` nftfr`dpbi`l

 abs` cbnu`s`b t`lp` dflbdauin`l nfableule`l p`c` `l`n.

S`afi 3.0 O`i ]fltble c`i`d Dfdpfi`h`rb Nftfr`dpbi`l Dktkrbn.60

Afrn`bt`l cfle`l pfrnfda`le`l nkelbtbj `l`n, ]b`eft dfly`t`n`l a`ow`

t`o`p pfrnfda`le`l nkelbtbj `l`n tfrafltun c`i`d fdp`t t`o`p dui`b c`rb i`obr 

60Fibz`afto A. Ourikgn,  ]frnfda`le`l @l`n Hbibc 0 Fcbsb Nffl`d, Sfrh. Dfbt`s`sb Sh`lcr`s` c`l

Dusibgo`o X`rn`sbo, (H`n`rt`8 ]flfrabt Fri`lee`), oid. 065

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15

oblee` cfw`s` y`btu t`o`p sflskrbdktkr, pr` kpfr`sbkl`i, kpfr`sb nklenrft, c`l

kpfr`sb jkrd`i. Afrbnut pflh`a`r`l c`rb t`o`p pfrnfda`le`l nkelbtbj ]b`eft8

S`o`p ]frnbr``l Vsb` Nfd`dpu`l Vt`d`

Wflskrbdktkr I`obr s`dp`b 1

t`oul

Sfrafltunly` nksfp ’nfpfrd`lfl`l kayfn— c`l

nfd`hu`l er`cu`i c`rb pfrbi`nu rfjifnsbj nf

 pfrbi`nu y`le dfle`r`o p`c` tuhu`l

]r`kpfr`sbkl`i1 s`dp`b 5

t`oul

]frnfda`le`l nfd`dpu`l dfleeul`n`l sbdaki-

sbdaki ultun dfly`t`n`l kayfn-kayfn culb`.

]fdbnbr`l d`sbo feksfltrbs c`l sfltr`sb

Kpfr`sb

nklenrbt

5 s`dp`b 00

t`oul

]fra`bn`l c`i`d nfd`dpu`l ultun afrpbnbr sfg`r`

ikebs. Nfd`dpu`l-nfd`dpu`l a`ru tfrd`sun 

 pfleeul``l kpfr`sb-kpfr`sb y`le c`p`t-a`ibn 

 pfdbnbr`l tbc`n i`eb sfltr`ibs tft`pb cfsfltr`ibs,

c`l pfdfg`o`l d`s`i`o tbc`n afebtu cba`t`sb kifo

nffeksfltrbs`l.

Kpfr`sb jkrd`i00 t`oul

s`dp`b cfw`s`

]fdbnbr`l `astr`n c`l durlb sbdakibs dulenbl

cbi`nun`l. D`s`i`o-d`s`i`o c`p`t cbpfg`on`l

dfi`iub fnspfrbdflt`sb sbstfd`tbs.

S`afi 3.1 S`o`p ]frnfda`le`l Nkelbtbj ]b`eft.61

C`i`d sfa`eb`l pfrnfda`le`l nkelbtbj ̀ l`n hue` tfre`ltule p`c` bltfr`nsb

blcbvbcu tfro`c`p iblenule`l, sfh`uo d`l` `l`n abs` dfd`lj``tn`l iblenule`l

 pfre`ui`l dfrfn` sfoblee` abs` dfd`lbpui`sb pki` pbnbr y`le dulgui c`i`d cbrb

`l`n. Sfltuly` blb o`rus cfle`l pflc`dpble`l c`rb kr`le tu` sfrt` euru.

@l`n p`c` usb` :-0= t`oul p`c` ududly` afr`c` p`c` rflt`le`l usb` cblb

y`le d`sbo dfibo`t sfe`i` sfsu`tu sfa`e`b s`tu nfautuo`l sfoblee`

 pfdafi`h`r`lly` d`sbo afre`ltule p`c` kahfn-kahfn ly`t` c`l pfle`i`d`l y`le

61Srb`ltk, Dflefda`len`l Dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, oid. 06

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1?

cb`i`dbly`. Afrn`bt`l cfle`l prksfs afi`h`r, euru c`p`t dflgbpt`n`l iblenule`l

 afi`h`r y`le dfd`c`b `e`r sbsw` abs` dflfdun`l pfle`i`d`l-pfle`i`d`l

ly`t` sfrt` tfriba`t i`lesule cfle`l `i`t c`l dfcb` pfdafi`h`r`l sfa`e`b

dblb`tur c`rb kahfn ly`t` eul` dflg`p`b tuhu`l pfdafi`h`r`l.

Wi`vbl dfdafrbn`l afafr`p` pfrly`t``l sfa`e`b bdpibn`sb c`rb tfkrb ]b`eft

c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l, y`btu8

`. Dfdjknusn`l p`c` prksfs afrjbnbr `l`n, tbc`n sfnfc r̀ p`c` prkcunly`.

Cbs`dpble btu c`i`d dfle`l`ibsbs nfafl`r`l h`w`a`l sbsw`, euru o`rus

dfd`o`db prksfs y`le cbeul`n`l `l`n s`dp`b p`c` h`w`a`l tfrsfaut.

 a. ]flefl`i`l c`l pfle`nu`l `t`s pfr`l`l `l`n-`l`n y`le pfltble sfn`ib

c`i`d blbsb`tbj cbrb c`l nftfriba`t`l `ntbj c`i`d nfeb`t`l pfdafi`h`r`l.

g. ]flfrbd``l pfrafc``l blcbvbcu c`ì d nfd h̀u`l pfrnfda`le`l. A`ow`

sfiuruo `l`n afrnfda`le dfi`iub urut`l pfrnfda`le`l y`le s`d` l`dul

dfrfn` dfdpfrkifoly` p`c` nfgfp`t`l y`le afrafc`. Kifo n`rfl` btu

 pfdafi`h`r`l cb nfi`s dfleut`d`n`l pfr`l sbsw` c`i`d afrblbsb`tbj c`l

nftfriba`t`l `ntbj c`i`d pfdafi`h`r`l.67

@l`n usb` sfnki`o c`s`r afr`c` p`c` t`o`p`l kpfr`sb nklnrft. ]`c` usb`

tfrsfaut `l`n dui`b dflulhunn`l pfrbi`nu afi`h`r sfa`e`b afrbnut8 `) Dui`b

dfd`lc`le culb` sfg`r` kahfntbj, a) Dui`b afrjbnbr r`sbkl`i, g) Dfdpfreul`n`l

g`r` afrjbnbr kpfr`sbkl`i ultun dfleni`sbjbn`sbn`l aflc`-aflc`, c) Dfdafltun 

c`l dfdpfreul`n`l nftfrouaule`l `tur`l-`tur`l, prblsbp bidb`o sfcfro`l`, c`l

dfdpfreul`n`l ouaule`l sfa`a `nba`t, f) dfd`o`db nklsfp suast`lsb, vkiudf

z`t g`br, p`lh`le, ifa`r, iu`s, c`l afr`t.63

67Babc, oid. 7=

63Babc, oid. 70-71

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8/17/2019 Analisis Multisensori

31/37

7=

Dftkcf ]flfibtb`l

0. Hflbs c`l ]flcfn`t`l ]flfibtb̀ l

Hflbs pflcfn`t`l pflfibtb`l y`le cbeul`n`l kifo ]fluibs `c`i`o

 pflcfn`t`l nu`ibt`tbj ‗ cfsnrbptbj n`rfl` c`t`-c`t` y`le cbtfibtb dfrup`n`l c`t`

vfra`i y`le t`n afrafltun `len` dfi`bln`l c`i`d afltun n`t`, n`ibd`t, c`l

ulen`p`l y`le tfrtu`le c`i`d tfns. Wfc`len`l hflbs pflfibtb`l `c`i`o stucb

nfpust`n``l (ibar`ry rfsf`rgo). Akec`l c`l S`yikr tfi`o dflcfjblbsbn`l

 pflfibtb`l nu`ibt`tbj sfa`e`b prksfcur pflyfibcbn`l ultun dfd`o`db d`s`i`o

 afrc`s`rn`l p`c` pflgbpt``l e`da`r okibstbn y`le cbafltun n`t`-n`t` c`l

 afrus`o` dfd`o`db c`l dfl`jbrn`l d`nl` su`tu tfns c`i`d i`t`r bidb`o.66

Afrc`s`rn`l kahfn n`hb`l, d`n` pflfibtb`l blb tfrd`sun pflfibtb`l y`le

 afrsbj`t nfpust`n``l (ibar`ry rfsf`rgo). ]flfibtb`l nfpust`n``l dfrup`n`l tfnlbn 

 pflfibtb`l y`le dfleudpuin`l c`t` c`l bljkrd`sb cfle`l a`ltu`l afra`e`b

d`g`d d`tfrb y`le tfrc`p t̀ c`i`d pfrpust`n``l. Nfpust`n``l c`p`t afrup`

 aunu, hurl`i, d`h`i`o, sur`t n`a`r, c`l afafr`p` tuibs`l y`le dfdpuly`b

rfifv`lsb cfle`l pfda`o`s`l c`i`d pflfibtb`l.6: C`i`d nkltfns blb c`t`-c`t`

y`le cbpfrkifo c`i`d pflfibtb`l blb afrsbj̀ t cbl`dbs, ifltur, c`l tflt`tbj> y`le

dfrup`n`l gbrb pflcfn`t`l nu`ibt`tbj,65 sfoblee` cbo`r`pn`l c`p`t cb`pibn`sbn`l

sfg`r` cbl`dbs c`i`d prksfs pfdafi`h`r`l.

]fluibs dfleeul`n`l stucb nfpust`n``l sfa`e`b a`sbs pflfibtb`l

cbn`rfl`n`l a`ly`nly` pflfibtb`l y`le cbtfdun`l afrkrbflt`sb p`c` `l`ibsbs

d`tfrb (gkltflt `l`iysbs) tfro`c`p aunu pfi`h`r`l.

66Ous`bl Vsd`l & ]urlkdk W. @na`r,  Dftkckikeb ]flfibtb`l Wksb`i, (H`n`rt`8 Audb @ns`r`, 1==0),

oid. ?06:Hknk Wua`eyk, Dftkcf ]flfibtb`l c`l ]r`ntfnb, (H`n`rt`8 Qoblfn` Vt`d`, 0220), oid. 0=2

65Wuebyklk, Dftkcf ]flfibtb`l ]flcbcbn`l, (A`lcule8 @ij`aft`, 1==?), oid. 1?7-1?6

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1. Kayfn c`l Jknus ]flfibtb̀ l

Kayfn pflfibtb`l blb `c`i`o aunu-aunu a`o`l `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B

Wfnkì o C`s`r tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? y`le sfg`r` nousus cbsusul kifo Nfdfltrb`l

]flcbcbn`l L`sbkl`i. Wfc`len`l jknus pflfibtb`l blb `c`i`o `c`ly` pfdafi`h`r`l

duitbsflskrb y`le tfrdu`t c`i`d ruarbn-ruarbn pfda`o`s`l p`c` aunu a`o`l `h`r 

tfrsfaut, y`le dfibputb d`tfrb, e`da r̀ biustr`sb, nfeb t̀`l, sfrt` ruarbn-ruarbn 

cbc`i`dly`.

7. ]fle`c``l C t̀`

C`i`d t`o`p`l pfle`c``l c`t`, t`o`p-t`o`p y`le pflfibtb i`nun`l `c`i`o

 pflft`p`l ulbt `l`ibsbs, pflfltu`l s`dpible, pfleudpui`l s`dpible,

 pfleudpui`l c`t`, c`l pflg`t`t`l c`t`.6?

`. ]flft`p`l Vlbt @l`ibsbs c`l ]flfltu`l W`dpible

]flft`p`l ulbt dfrup`n`l nfeb`t`l dfdbs`o-dbs`on`l c`t` dflh`cb

 a`eb`l-a`eb`l y`le c`p`t cb`l`ibsbs. @c` ibd` g`r` ultun dfdafrbn`l

 a`t`s`l c`l dflebcfltbjbn`sb ulbt y`btu8 ulbt dflurut jbsbn, ulbt dflurut

sblt`ns, ulbt rfjfrflsbkl`i, ulbt prkpkrsbkl`i, c`l ulbt tfd`tbn.62

Afrc`s`rn`l kasfrv`sb pflc`ouiu`l y`le ]fluibs i`nun`l, c ì`d

 pflfibtb`l blb a`t`s`l pflft`p`l ulbt `l`ibsbs dfi`iub cu` g`r`, y`btu8

 pfrt`d`, ulbt dflurut jbsbn c`l nfcu`, ulbt dflurut prkpkrsbkl`i. Wfg`r`

jbsbn aunu `h`r tfd t̀bn sbsw` nfì s B Wfnkì o C s̀`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ?

dfdbibnb afafr`p` ruarbn c`i`d sftb`p a`aly` c`l o`dpbr cbsftb`p ruarbn 

sfg`r` jbsbn c`p`t cbtfi``o dflefl`b rfprfsflt s̀bly` c`i`d o`i pfdafi`h`r`l

duitbsflskrb,  a`bn afrup` e`da`r, biustr`sb, d`tfrb, sfrt` pflue`s`l. Wfg`r`

6?

Wuss`lf H.Nfiifr, Gkltflt @l`iysbs `l Bltrkcugtbkl kj Qfsf`rgo, (Lfw Rkrn8 Hkol Ubiify), oid. 562Ni`kus Nrbppflckrjj, Gkltflt @l`iysbs8 Bltrkcugtbkl tk bts Sofkry `l Dftokckikey, c`i`d J`rbc

U`hbcb, @l`ibsbs Bsb8 ]fle`lt`r Sfkrb c`l Dftkckikeb, (H`n`rt`8 GZ Q`h`w`ib, 0220), oid. :=

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 prkpkrsbkl`i, ruarbn-ruarbn tfrsfaut c`p`t cbpft`n`l c`l cbni`sbjbn`sbn`l

 afrc`s`rn`l rfprfsflt`sbly` c`i`d o`i pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb.

C`i`d dflfltun`l s`dpible pflfibtb`l, ]fluibs dfle`dabi s`dpible

 aunu a`o`l `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B Wfnki`o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ?

y`le cbtfrabtn`l kifo Nfdfltrb`l ]flcbcbn`l L`sbkl`i.

 a. ]fleudpui`l c`l ]flg`t`t`l C`t`

Vltun dfleft`oub `c`ly` lbi`b duitbsflskrb c`i`d aunu `h`r sbsw`

tfrsfaut cbpfrkifo dfi`iub pfleudpui`l p`c` ulbt `l`ibsbs. ]`c` d`sble-

d`sble ulbt `l`ibsbs cbg`t`t nfducb`l cbn`btn`l cfle`l tfkrb duitbsflskrb.

C`t` y`le cbg`t`t dfrup`n`l c`t` y`le rfifv`l afrup` tkpbn `t`u d`tfrb

 pknkn a`o`s`l p`c` d`sble-d`sble ulbt `l`ibsbs.

g. ]flyfifnsb̀ l C`t`

C`i`d prksfs pfleudpui`l c`l pflg`t`t`l c`t`, c`t` cbsfifnsb sfoblee`

cbpfrkifo s`tu`l-s`tu`l nfgbi. ]flyfifnsb`l afrup` sfifnsb c`i`d ruarbn-

ruarbn aunu c`l d`tfrb pknkn a`o`s`l c`i`d tb`p a`a y`le afrn`bt`l cfle`l

 pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb.

c. Bljfrsb c`l @l`ibsbs C t̀`

Vltun dfleft`oub, dflulhunn`l, dfda`o`s c`l dfle`l`ibs`

 a`e`bd`l` pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb c`i`d aunu `h`r tfd`tbn sbsw` nfi`s B

Wfnki`o C`s`r p`c` tfd` 6, :, 5, c`l ? tfrsfaut, d`n` c`t` y`le cb`dabi c`rb

 aunu-aunu tfns tfrsfaut, sftfi`o cbsfifnsb c`l cbrblen`s c`i`d afltun ur`b`l

nfducb̀ l cb`l`ibsbs cfle`l dfda`lcblen`l p`c` prblsbp-prblsbp y`le

sfsu`b cfle`l tfkrb pfdafi`h`r`l duitbsflskrb.

C`i`d pflfibtb`l blb, @l`ibsbs bljfrflsb`i cfle`l pflcfn`t`l st`lc`r 

cbd`lj``tn`l ultun dfle`l`ibsbs d`nsuc y`le `n`l cbg`p`b p`c` aunu tfns

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tfrsfaut cfle`l dflyfsu`bn`l tfro`c`p prblsbp-prblsbp duitbsflskrb. Dfi ìub

`l`ibsbs bljfrflsb`i, ]fluibs dflgka` ultun dfl`len`p d`nl` iue`s c`l d`nl`

nb`s y`le tfrn`lcule c`i`d e`da`r ruarbn`sb c`l a`o`l d`tfrb y`le dfdbibnb

du t̀`l duitbsflskrb cbc`i`dly`.

3. Dftkcf @l`ibsbs C`t`

]`c` pfrd`s ì`o`l y`le `n`l cba`o s̀, ]fluibs dfleeul`n`l afafr`p`

dftkcf y`le afrjulesb ultun dfd`o`db, dfdpfi`h`rb, c`l dfle`l`ibs` c`t`

y`le tfi`o cbnudpuin`l, c`i`d o`i blb pflfibtb dfleeul`n`l afafr`p` dftkcf,

y`btu8

`. Dftkcf `l`ibsbs bsb (gkltflt `l`iysbs) dfrup`n`l dftkcf y`le

dfdulenbln`l ultun dflc`p`tn`l pfs`l, bsb, c`l du`t`l lbi`b-lbi`b y`le

sfsu`b cfle`l tfd` y`le `n`l cba`o`s.:= @l`ibsbs blb cbeul`n`l kifo ]fluibs

n`rfl` suayfn pflfibtb`l y`le afrup` cknudfl y`le afrwuhuc aunu tfns

 afrbsb pfs`l nkdulbn`sb sfg`r` sbstfd`tbs c`l kayfntbj. Wfoblee` cbo`r`pn`l

cfle`l dfleeul`n`l dftkcf blb pfrsk`i`l pflfibtb c`p`t tfrh`w`a.

 a. Dftkcf bltfrprft`sb bsb (gkltflt bltfrprft`tbkl) dfrup`n`l dftkcf `l`ibsbs

ultun dfl`len`p d`nl`, lbi`b, c`l d`nsuc c`rb su`tu kahfn pflfibtb`l. :0

]fleeul``l dftkcf blb cbo`r`pn`l d`dpu dflyblen`p d`nl` d`upul lbi`b

bltrblsbn c`rb nklsfp y`le cbeul`n`l c`i`d aunu `h`r tfrsfaut.

:=

Ni`kus Nrbppflckrjj, Gkltflt @l`iysbs8 Bltrkcugtbkl tk bts Sofkry `l Dftokckikey, c`i`d J`rbcU`hbcb, @l`ibsbs Bsb8 ]fle`lt`r Sfkrb c`l Dftkckikeb, (H`n`rt`8 GZ Q`h`w`ib, 0220), oid. 71

:0@ltkl A`nnfr, Dftkckikeb ]flfibtb`l Jbis`j`t , (Rkey`n`rt`, N`lbsbus, 022?), oid. 37

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C@JS@Q ]VWS@N@

@abcbl, Rulus, Cfs`bl Wbstfd ]fdafi`h`r`l c`i`d Nkltfns Nurbnuiud 1=07, A`lcule8 ]S.

Qfjbn` @cbt`d`, 1=03.

@lw`r, Duo`dd`c Wokobaui,  @l`ibsbs A`o`l @h`r c`l Dftkcf ]fdafi`h`r`l cb ]klckn 

 ]fs`ltrfl @i-Iuqd`lbyy`o Rkey`n`rt` (]fleeul``l Nbt`a Wo`r`j N`r`le`l

 NO. @acurr`od`l Goucikrb Sfe`irfhk), Sfsbs, Rkey`n`rt 8̀ ]ps VBL Wul`l

N`ibh`e`, 1=06.

@rbjbl, Wy`dsui, c`l @cb Nusrb`ltk, ’]fluibs`l Aunu @h`r—, ]`pfr cbprfsflt`sbn`l p`c`

`g`r` Ukrnsokp ]fluibs`l Aunu @h`r cb WS@BL Hfdafr, t`lee`i 3-6 @prbi 1=0=,

oid. 05-0?, c`i`d Dko`dd`c Wokobaui @lw`r, @l`ibsbs A`o`l @h`r c`l Dftkcf

 ]fdafi`h`r`l cb ]klckn ]fs`ltrfl @i-Iuqd`lbyy`o Rkey`n`rt`, Sfsbs,

Rkey`n`rt`8 ]]W VBL Wul`l N`ibh`e`, 1=06.

@rsy`c, Dfcb` ]fdafi`h`r`l, H`n`rt`8 Q`h` Er`jblck ]frs`c`, 1==:.

A`nnfr, @ltkl, Dftkckikeb ]flfibtb`l Jbis`j`t , Rkey`n`rt`, N`lbsbus, 022?.

Go t̀ba, Dulbj, c`l @i`dsy`o W`bc, Wfnki`o @l`n-`l`n Hu`r` > Afra`sbs Nfgfrc`s`l H`d`n 

c`l ]flcbcbn`l Afrnf`cbi`l, A`lcule 8 N`bj` ]S Dbz`l ]ust`n`, 1=01.

Cfp`rtfdfl @e`d`,  ]fckd`l ]fi`ns`l``l ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, H`n`rt`8 Cbrfntkr`t

Hflcfr`i Nfifda`e``l @e`d` Bsi`d, 1==6.

Cfpcbnl`s, ]fckd`l Dfdbibo c`l Dflyusul A`o`l @h`r, H`n`rt`8 Cfpcbnl`s, 1==:.

O`d`ibn, Kfd`r, Nurbnuiud c`l ]fdafi`h`r`l, H`n`rt 8̀ Audb @ns`r`, 1==0.

O`drulb, Nklsfp Fcut`bldflt c`i`d ]flcbcbn`l Bsi`d,Rkey`n`rt`8 Abc`le @n`cfdbn VBL

Wul`l N`ibh`e`, 1==?.

O r̀y`tb, Dbdbl,  Dkcfi c`l Sfnlbn ]flbi`b`l p`c` Sblen`t W`tu`l ]flcbcbn`l H`n`rt`8

E`ule ]frs`c` ]rfss, 1==5.

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Obc`y`o, Wbtb Ss`lby`iui , ]flefda`le`l Dkcui Sfd`tbn Nfi`s BZ cfle`l ]`r`cbed`

 Bltfer`sb Lbi`b-lbi`b Bsi`d Sfd` Sfdp`t Sblee`inu (Wtucb cb DBL Wblcut`l

Sfdkl, Nuikl ]rkek), Sfsbs, Rkey`n`rt`8 ]ps VBL Wul`l N`ibh`e`, 1=06.

Ourikgn, Fibz`afto A. (025?),  ]frnfda`le`l @l`n Hbibc 0 Fcbsb Nffl`d, Sfrh. Dfbt`s`sb

Sh`lcr`s` c`l Dusibgo`o X`rn`sbo, H`n`rt`8 ]flfrabt Fri`lee`.

N`cbr, @ac, c`l O`lul @srko`o, ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfd`tbn, H`n`rt`8 ]S Q`h` Er`jblck ]frs`c`,

1=03.

Nfiifr, Wuss`lf H., Gkltflt @l`iysbs `l Bltrkcugtbkl kj Qfsf`rgo, Lfw Rkrn8 Hkol Ubiify

Nrbppflckrjj, Ni`kus, Gkltflt @l`iysbs8 Bltrkcugtbkl tk bts Sofkry `l Dftokckikey, c`i`d

J`rbc U`hbcb,  @l`ibsbs Bsb8 ]fle`lt`r Sfkrb c`l Dftkckikeb, H`n`rt`8 GZ

Q`h`w`ib, 0220.

Nurlb`w`l, Cflb,  ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfrp`cu Sfd`tbn (tfkrb, ]r`ntbn c`l ]flbi`b`l), A`lcule8

@ij`aft`, 1=03.

D h̀bc, @acui,  ]frflg`l``l ]fdafi`h`r`l8 Dflefda`len`l Wt`lc`r Nkdpftflsb Euru

A`lcule8 Qfd`h` Qksc`n`ry`, 1==5.

Durpoy, L`lgy, ’@ Duitbsflskry vs Gklvfltbkl`i @pprk`go tk Sf`goble Wpfiible—, c`i`d

 Fcug`tbkl`i Qfsf`rgo Bljkrd`tbkl Gfltfr (FQBG), Nf`l Gkiifef kj Lfw Hfrsfy,

0225.

Qusd`l,  Dkcfi-dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Dflefda`len`l ]rkjfsbkl`ibsdf Euru, H`n`rt`8 ]S

Q`h` Er`jblck ]frs`c`, 1=0=.

W`bc, @i`dsy`o, c`l @lcb Aucbd`lh`y`, 26 Wtr`tfeb Dfle`h`r Duitbpif Bltfiibeflgfs>

 Dfle`h`r Wfsu`b Nfrh` Kt`n c`l E`y` Afi`h`r Wbsw`, H`n`rt`8 ]rfl`c` Dfcb`

Erkup, 1=06.

W`purb, Q`jy,  ]sbnkikeb Bsi`d8 Sultul`l Hbw` D`lusb` Dkcfrl, H`n`rt 8̀ Q`h`w`ib ]frs,

1==2.

8/17/2019 Analisis Multisensori

37/37

Wua`eyk, Hknk, Dftkcf ]flfibtb`l c`l ]r`ntfnb, H`n`rt`8 Qoblfn` Vt`d`, 0220.

Wuebyklk, Dftkcf ]flfibtb`l ]flcbcbn`l, A`lcule8 @ij`aft`, 1==?.

Wusbik, Chknk, E`y` Afi`h`r Dflh`cbn`l D`nbl ]blt`r , Rkey`n`rt`8 ]BLVW Akkn ]uaibsofr,

1==:.

Sokrbquttty`s, Sbtbs, @l`ibsbs Aunu A`o`l @h`r Wbsw` Nfi`s _ ultun D`cr`s`o @iby`o c`i`d

 ]frspfntbj Eflcfr (Wtucb `t`s Aunu Sfns D`t` ]fi`h`r`l Jbnbo, @i-Pur‒`l O`cbs

c`l @nbc`o @noi`n Nurbnuiud 1=07), Sfsbs, Rkey`n`rt 8̀ ]ps VBL Wul`l N`ibh`e,

1=06.

Sbd ]flyusul Cbrfntkr`t Hflcfr`i D`l`hfdfl ]flcbcbn`l C`s`r c`l Dflfle`o Cfpcbnl`s,

 ]`lcu`l ]flefda`le`l A`o`h @h`r , H`n`rt`8 Cfpcbnl`s, 1==?

Sbd ]flyusul ]us`t N`dus,  N`dus Afs`r A`o`s` Blcklfsb`, fc. 7, Gft. B, (H`n`rt`8 A`i`b

]ust`n`8 1==0.

Srb`ltk,  Dkcfi ]fdafi`h`r`l Sfrp`cu c`i`d Sfkrb c`l ]r`ntfn, H`n`rt`8 ]rfst`sb ]ust`n`

]uaibsofr, 1==5.

Vsd`l, Ous`bl, c`l ]urlkdk W. @na`r, Dftkckikeb ]flfibtb`l Wksb`i, H`n`rt`8 Audb @ns`r`,

1==0.