Analisa Marshal Test

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Analyzing Marshall Test Results for Optimum Asphalt-Concrete

Mixes

Ahmad H. AljassarDepartment of Civil Engineering

Kuwait UniversityPO Box 5969, afat !"#6#, Kuwait

Fax: (+965) 481-7524Tel: (+965) 481-7240

E-mail: aljassarci!il."uni!.edu."#

A$%TRACT

This paper presents the results ! a resear"h that #as "n$u"te$ usin% stan$ar$ &arshall test

results ! asphalt-"n"rete (') mixes 'll ! the teste$ mixes #ere prepare$ !r pa*ement"nstru"tin in u#ait ',ut 250 a"tual &arshall test results (!rm the &inistr ! .u,li"/rs) #ere "mpile$ an$ pr"esse$ t ,uil$ a m$el relatin% the ptimum asphalt "ement(,in$er) "ntent t the parti"le sie-%ra$atin ! the a%%re%ate ,len$ in an ' mix The i$eais ,ase$ n the !a"t that the !un"tin ! ,in$er in an ' mix is t "at the sur!a"es ! thea%%re%ate parti"les an$ !ill the *i$s ,et#een them th the spe"i!i" sur!a"e area (sur!a"earea per unit #ei%ht ! the a%%re%ate ,len$) an$ the *i$s ,et#een a%%re%ate parti"les are$epen$ent upn the parti"le sie-%ra$atin ! the a%%re%ate ,len$ &ulti*ariate re%ressinm$els #ere $e*elpe$ relatin% the re3uire$ ,in$er "ntent an$ the parti"le sie-%ra$atin !the a%%re%ate ,len$ in an ' mix This paper re*ie#s the &arshall meth$ ! mix $esi%n an$tpes ! ' mixes use$ in u#ait Then it $is"usses the e!!e"t ! a%%re%ate sie %ra$atin n

ptimum ,in$er "ntent The paper presents the results ! "ali,ratin% an$ *ali$atin%mathemati"al m$els relatin% the a%%re%ate %ra$atin t the ptimum ,in$er "ntent

&'TRO()CT&O'

The &arshall meth$ ! asphalt-"n"rete (') mix $esi%n is a #ell esta,lishe$ stan$ar$ie$meth$ (''T 1990 ' 1984 'T& 1991 1990) that is use$ , hi%h#a a%en"iesin man parts ! the #rl$ (in"lu$in% u#ait (&./ 1987)) t $esi%n ' mixes !r hi%h#a"nstru"tin

The stan$ar$ meth$ ! &arshall mix $esi%n re3uires the preparatin an$ testin% ! at least

15 spe"imens ! ' mixes The mixes are prepare$ , mixin% $i!!erent amunts ! asphalt"ement #ith an appr*e$ a%%re%ate ,len$ The spe"imens are then teste$ in the &arshalltestin% ma"hine an$ the results are represente$ %raphi"all Frm the %raphs an optimum

,in$er "ntent is $etermine$ an$ the "rrespn$in% prperties ! the ptimum mix are"he"e$ a%ainst spe"i!i"atins

's nte$ the &arshall meth$ ! mix $esi%n starts #ith a n#n parti"le sie-%ra$atin ! ana%%re%ate ,len$ 'n$ the ttal sur!a"e area ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ is $ire"tl relate$ t its

parti"le sie-$istri,utin n !a"t the ttal sur!a"e area "an ,e "al"ulate$ usin% the sie*eanalsis results ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ (,erts 1991)

The !inishe$ (har$ene$) ' mix $e*elps its stren%th ("mpressi*e tensile an$ shear)mainl !rm the ,n$ ,et#een a%%re%ate parti"les an$ the asphalt "ement There!re the
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ptimum ,in$er "ntent re3uire$ !r an ' mix is that #hi"h #ul$ ,e ust su!!i"ient t "atall sur!a"e areas ! the a%%re%ate parti"les plus an amunt ne"essar t !ill the *i$s in thea%%re%ate matrix (su"h *i$s are name$ ;*i$s in the mineral a%%re%ate< =&') 'n$ ,ththe sur!a"e area an$ =&' ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ are $epen$ent upn its parti"le sie$istri,utin

n this resear"h a"tual &arshall test results #ere use$ t $e*elp a m$el that #ul$ estimatethe ptimum ,in$er "ntent !r a %i*en a%%re%ate ,len$

',ut 250 a"tual &arshall test results (!rm the &inistr ! .u,li" /rs &./) #ere use$t "ali,rate the prpse$ m$el The results are !rm &arshall tests per!rme$ t $esi%na"tual ' mixes use$ t ,uil$ pa*ements in u#ait ,*iusl all a%%re%ates use$ in su"htests satis! the 3ualit $ura,ilit "hemi"al "mpsitin an$ ther re3uirements stipulate$

, the &./ spe"i!i"atins (&./ 1987)

$ac"ground

The &arshall meth$ has ,een use$ !r asphalt-"n"rete (') mix $esi%n !r a ln% time tis #i$el use$ an$ n#n !r its time an$ la,r $eman$ The meth$ is stan$ar$ie$ ,man a%en"ies (meth$ (''T 1990 'T& 1991 1990 &./ 1987) The meth$in*l*es la,ratr trials n ' mixes #ith $i!!erent *alues ! asphalt "ement "ntent Thestan$ar$ meth$ states that at least 15 ' spe"imens must ,e teste$ The results ,taine$!rm measurin% $i!!erent prperties ! su"h spe"imens are use$ t i$enti! an ptimum *alue!r asphalt "ement (,in$er) "ntent

O*jecti!es

The *erall ,e"ti*e ! the stu$ #as t $e*elp a mathemati"al m$el that "an ,e use$ tpre$i"t the ptimum amunt ! asphalt "ement re3uire$ !r an asphalt "n"rete mix %i*en theparti"le sie-%ra$atin ! its a%%re%ate ,len$

&re spe"i!i"all the ,e"ti*es ! the stu$ #ere t:

1 Test the e!!e"t ! sie-%ra$atin ! a%%re%ate ,len$s n the ptimum ,in$er "ntent in amix $esi%n

2 ali,rate e*aluate an$ *ali$ate a mathemati"al m$el !r the pre$i"tin ! ptimum,in$er "ntent in a mix $esi%n ,ase$ n parti"le sie-%ra$atin

> Test the e!!e"t ! asphalt-"n"rete mix tpe n the $e*elpe$ m$el

TH+ MAR%HA,, M+THO( O M& (+%&/'

The &arshall meth$ is a #i$el use$ la,ratr pr"e$ure !r the $eterminatin ! theptimum amunt ! asphalt "ement (terme$ ptimum ,in$er "ntent ) re3uire$ t ,emixe$ #ith a %i*en a%%re%ate ,len$ t pr$u"e an asphalt-"n"rete mix ! #hi"h prperties"n!rm t "ertain spe"i!i"atins re%ar$in% su"h *alues as sta,ilit !l# air *i$s =&'an$ $ensit The pr"e$ure is $es"ri,e$ in $etails , the 'sphalt nstitute?s &anual eries

@ 2 (' 1984)

The meth$ is time an$ e!!rt "nsumin% an$ re3uires sille$ la,r !r spe"imen preparatin

testin% an$ analsis ! results Asuall 15 spe"imens are prepare$ an$ teste$ t $e*elprelatinships ! the a!rementine$ !i*e &arshall parameters #ith the amunt ! a$$e$,in$er 'n example sh#in% su"h relatinships is sh#n in Fi%ure 1 Frm these


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relatinships the is $etermine$ as ,ein% the a*era%e ! the asphalt "ement "ntent*alues "rrespn$in% t maximum $ensit maximum sta,ilit an$ %i*en air *i$s

esults ! &arshall mixes #ere ,taine$ !rm the &inistr ! .u,li" /rs These resultsrepresent the asphalt-"n"rete mixes use$ in u#ait (as $es"ri,e$ in the !ll#in% se"tin)

an$ are use$ !r the analsis $es"ri,e$ in this paper

A%0HA,T-CO'CR+T+ M&+% )%+( &' 1)2A&T

a$s in u#ait are "lassi!ie$ , u#ait &uni"ipalit int !ur main "ate%ries: pe"iala$ @et#r (@) .rimar a$ @et#r (.@) e"n$ar a$s () an$ B"ala$s (B) (&./ 1987) The &inistr ! .u,li" /rs (&./) !urther "lassi!ie$ the ra$sin u#ait int su,-"ate%ries a""r$in% t spe"i!i" !un"tins (in$ustrialCresi$ential$i*i$e$Cun$i*i$e$) These su,-"ate%ries are sh#n in Ta,le 1 The materials use$ !r$i!!erent laers (Tpe Tpe Tpe an$ .&) are a""r$in% t &./ stan$ar$s (&./1987) that spe"i! their re3uire$ prperties (su"h as a%%re%ate %ra$atin %ra$e ! asphalt

"ement &arshall *alues et")

Fi%ure 2 sh#s a tpi"al pa*ement se"tin use$ in u#ait The su,%ra$e material is sele"te$t meet "ertain stan$ar$s "n"ernin% $ensit an$ stren%th () Tpi"al thi"ness !$i!!erent laers are sh#n in Ta,le 1 ,ase$ n the "lass ! the ra$ !r #hi"h the pa*ement is"nstru"te$ tru"tural (thi"ness) $esi%n is per!rme$ usin% the u#ait Desi%n &anual(&./ 1987)

++CT O 0ART&C,+ %&3+ /RA(AT&O' O' O0T&M)M $&'(+R CO'T+'T

The ,e"ti*es ! the &arshall meth$ ! mix $esi%n is t $etermine (amn% ther

parameters) the ptimum amunt ! asphalt "ement t ,e a$$e$ t an a%%re%ate ,len$ The,e"ti*e ! asphalt "ement in asphalt-"n"rete mixes is t ,in$ (%lue) the a%%re%ate parti"lest%ether There!re the e!!e"ti*e ,in$er "ntent is the prtin that "ats the parti"le sur!a"es'n$ sin"e smaller parti"les ha*e %reater spe"i!i" sur!a"e area (sur!a"e area per unit #ei%ht !a%%re%ate ,len$) !iner a%%re%ate ,len$s re3uire mre ,itumen "ntents There!re theptimum ,in$er "ntent ! ,len$ 1 in Fi%ure > #ul$ ,e %reater than that ! ,len$ 2

Fr a %i*en mass ! ne-sie spheri"al parti"les all ha*in% a $iameter $ the ttal sur!a"e area"an ,e $etermine$ usin% the !ll#in% e3uatin:

$

1

E

&6'

#s

s

= (1)

#here's ttal sur!a"e area ! all parti"lesG

& ttal mass ! parti"lesGs spe"i!i" %ra*it ! parti"lesG

# $ensit ! #aterG

$ $iameter ! parti"lesE3uatin 1 sh#s that the ttal sur!a"e area ! a %i*en mass ! parti"les is in*ersel

prprtinal t the parti"le sie Fr example assumin% the !ll#in% *alues:

s 267 an$ # 1000 %Cm>


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a 1-% sample ! 10-mm parti"les has a ttal sur!a"e area ! 02 m 2 #hereas a 1-% sample !

74-m parti"les has a ttal sur!a"e area ! >0 m2

Asin% this prin"iple a%%re%ate parti"le-sie %ra$atins "an ,e use$ t "al"ulate the ttalsur!a"e area per unit mass ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ Ta,le 2 !r example is use$ t "al"ulate

the ttal sur!a"e area ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ , multiplin% the !a"tr , the "umulati*eper"enta%e passin% !r ea"h sie*e sie an$ ttalin% !r all sie*e sies The units ! su"h"al"ulatins #ul$ ,e s3uare meters per il%ram

The !a"trs in Ta,le 2 sh# that smaller parti"les ha*e su,stantiall mre "ntri,utin t thettal sur!a"e area ! an a%%re%ate ,len$ than "arser parti"les nse3uentl the ha*e mree!!e"t n the ptimum ,in$er "ntent re3uire$ !r an asphalt "n"rete mix (re!er t Fi%ure >)

Ta,le 2 sh#s that there is a relatinship ,et#een parti"le sie %ra$atin ! an a%%re%ate,len$ an$ the ptimum ,in$er "ntent re3uire$ t mae an ptimum asphalt-"n"rete mixThis relatinship is ,e"ti*el $etermine$ in the !ll#in% se"tin

MO(+, (+4+,O0M+'T

The relatinship ,et#een a%%re%ate %ra$atin an$ their ass"iate$ ptimum ,in$er "ntent() #as teste$ usin% the &arshall mix $esi%n parameters ! a,ut 250 spe"imens Therepresent $i!!erent asphalt-"n"rete mixes use$ in u#ait as $es"ri,e$ pre*iusl in this

paper

The %ra$atin- relatinship is "ali,rate$ usin% multi*ariate linear re%ressin analsis#ith as the $epen$ent *aria,le an$ the "umulati*e per"ent passin% ea"h sie*e sie as thein$epen$ent *aria,les The m$el has the !rm

iin

1i

.aa62( =

+= (2)

#here ptimum ,in$er "ntentGa re%ressin "nstants (Ta,le >)G

ai re%ressin "e!!i"ients (Ta,le >)G

.i "umulati*e per"ent passin% sie*e iGn num,er ! sie*es in the %ra$atin ta,le

The m$el ! E3uatin 2 #as "ali,rate$ !r ea"h mix usin% the a*aila,le $ata ! $i!!erent mix

$esi%ns !r the !i*e asphalt-"n"rete mix tpes use$ in u#aitG namel Tpe Tpe Tpe Tpe = an$ .& The re%ressin analsis results are sh#n in Ta,le > ' "m,ine$m$el !r mix tpes an$ = #as als "ali,rate$ as sh#n in the same ta,le

The 2*alues in Ta,le > sh# that there is a strn% relatinship ,et#een the a%%re%ate%ra$atin an$ the re3uire$ ,in$er "ntent t mae an ptimum asphalt-"n"rete &arshall mixThis #as expe"te$ sin"e the amunt ! ,in$er $epen$s n the ttal sur!a"e area ! thea%%re%ate parti"les #hi"h has a relatinship #ith its sie %ra$atin as sh#n in Ta,le 2

The m$els ! Ta,le > "an ,e use$ t estimate the re3uire$ ptimum ,in$er "ntent ,multiplin% the "umulati*e per"ent passin% ea"h sie*e sie , the "rrespn$in% "e!!i"ientan$ ttalin% !r all sie*es plus the "nstant


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MO(+, +4A,)AT&O' A'( 4A,&(AT&O'

The m$els ! Ta,le > #ere e*aluate$ usin% the a*aila,le &arshall mix results !r the teste$mix tpes E3uatin 2 #as applie$ n ea"h a%%re%ate ,len$ t pre$i"t the ptimum ,in$er"ntent () Ea"h pre$i"te$ *alue #as pltte$ a%ainst its "rrespn$in% ,ser*e$

The "rrelatins ! pre$i"te$ an$ ,ser*e$ are sh#n %raphi"all in Fi%ures 4 t9 2-*alues n the %raphs ! Fi%ures 4 t 9 represent the %$ness ! !it ! the e3ualit line

(45-line) #ith respe"t t the pltte$ pints

'$$itinal &arshall mix results #ere ,taine$ !rm a $i!!erent a%en" (&ilitar En%ineerin%.re"ts &inistr ! De!ense) These results represent mixes ! Tpes an$ =There!re the #ere use$ t *ali$ate the "m,ine$ m$el ! Ta,le > The results ! applin%the $e*elpe$ m$el t su"h mixes are sh#n in Fi%ure 10 #hi"h in$i"ate$ that the

$e*elpe$ m$el #as su""ess!ul in pre$i"tin% the a"tual *alues #ith an *erall 2-*alue! 07>

CO'C,)%&O'%

This paper presents the results ! a stu$ attemptin% t $etermine the relatinship ,et#een theparti"le sie-%ra$atin an$ the ptimum ,in$er "ntent () in a &arshall asphalt-"n"retemix The analsis #as ,ase$ n &arshall results ! mre than 250 mixes all ! #hi"h"n!rm t the &inistr ! .u,li" /rs? spe"i!i"atins &ulti*ariate linear re%ressinanalsis #as use$ t "ali,rate the m$el sh#n in E3uatin 2

The analsis ! results sh#e$ a hi%h "rrelatin ,et#een the an$ the parti"le sie$istri,utin The "umulati*e per"ent passin% *alues #ere use$ t $es"ri,e the parti"le sie$istri,utin ' separate m$el #as "ali,rate$ !r ea"h ! the asphalt-"n"rete mixes: Tpe Tpe Tpe Tpe = an$ .& ' "m,ine$ (a%%re%ate$) m$el #as $e*elpe$ !rmix tpes an$ = $ue t the similarit ! sie*e sies use$ t $es"ri,e their a%%re%ate-

,len$s? sie %ra$atins

The $e*elpe$ m$els ! Ta,le > #ere e*aluate$ usin% the same $ata !rm #hi"h the #ere$e*elpe$ an$ the "al"ulate$ (pre$i"te$) sh#e$ hi%h "rrelatins #ith a"tual(,ser*e$) !r all m$els

'$$itinal $ata #ere use$ t *ali$ate the a%%re%ate$ m$el !r mix tpes an$ =

This resulte$ in a "rrelatin ,et#een the pre$i"te$ an$ ,ser*e$ #ith an 2! 07>

The $e*elpe$ m$els "an ,e use$ t estimate the re3uire$ !r a %i*en a%%re%ate ,len$Asin% this "al"ulate$ three i$enti"al spe"imens ! a &arshall mix ma ,e prepare$teste$ an$ "he"e$ !r "mplian"e t spe"i!i"atins !r air *i$s sta,ilit $ensit !l# an$=&' This results in mar time an$ e!!rt sa*in%s ! la,ratr #r

'$$itinal results ! ther mixes are nee$e$ t !urther *ali$ate the use ! the $e*elpe$m$els This "an ,e a""mplishe$ , "al"ulatin% *alues usin% the m$els ! Ta,le >an$ "mparin% the results #ith the a"tual *alues ,taine$ , "n$u"tin% a "n*entinal&arshall test

imilar analsis "an ,e per!rme$ n an asphalt-"n"rete mix $esi%n results (su"h as thse! uperpa*e mixes)G ,ut this remains t ,e $etermine$ #e*er hi%h "rrelatins areal#as expe"te$ ,e"ause ! the hi%h $epen$en" ! n the parti"le sie $istri,utin !


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the use$ a%%re%ate ,len$ #hi"h is $es"ri,e$ , the "umulati*e per"ent passin% ! the sie*eanalsis results

AC1'O2,+(/+M+'T%

The authrs #ul$ lie t a"n#le$%e the supprt ! the esear"h '$ministratin ! u#aitAni*ersit thru%h .re"t @ E=-091 The authrs #ul$ als lie t a"n#le$%e theassistan"e ! &r &h$ a,i &rell (i*il En%ineerin% Department u#ait Ani*ersit) in"$in% an$ pr"essin% the ra# $ata Thans are als $ue t &rs Tahani 'l-e$ai#i !rm the*ernment enter !r a$ esear"h (&inistr ! .u,li" /rs) !r pr*i$in% the ra#$ata an$ t &r Ema$ 'l-hatti !rm the &ilitar En%ineerin% .re"ts (&inistr ! De!ense)!r pr*i$in% &arshall mix $esi%n $ata use$ !r m$el *ali$atin

R++R+'C+%

American Association of %tate High#ay and Transportation Officials5 6778. tan$ar$

pe"i!i"atins !r Transprtatin &aterials an$ &eth$s ! amplin% an$ Testin% .art 2:Tests 15thE$itin /ashin%tn D A'Asphalt &nstitute5679: &ix Desi%n &eth$s !r 'sphalt n"rete an$ ther t &ixTpes &anual eries @ 2 (&-2) lle%e .ar entu" A'American %ociety for Testing and Materials56776 'nnual ! 'T& tan$ar$se"tin 4 =lume 40> .hila$elphia .' A'Technical &ndexes ,imited5 6778. &eth$ ! Test !r the Determinatin ! the mpsitin! Desi%n /earin% urse ! lle$ 'sphalt ritish tan$ar$s &i"r!ile 598: .art 107ershire En%lan$Ministry of 0u*lic 2or"s5 679; eneral pe"i!i"atins !r u#ait &tr#aCExpress#astem a$s '$ministratin u#ait

Ro*erts5 .,.5 0.%. 1andhal5 +.R. $ro#n5 (.


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TA$,+ 6 Typical 0a!ement ,ayer Thic"ness for (ifferent Road Classes in 1u#ait

Fun"tinal Baer thi"ness ("m) Desi%n

lass Des"riptin Tpe Tpe Tpe .&a

E'B

@ Free#as 10 8 0 2 1 x 109

.@ 1 r$er a$s 10 6 0 2 6 x 108

.@ 2 Ar,an 'rterials 10 6 0 0 6 x 108

1 mmer"ial -Di*i$e$

10 6 0 0 6 x 108

2 esi$ential H Di*i$e$ 10 0 4 0 > x 108

> esi$ential -An$i*i$e$

8 0 5 0> x 108

B 1 esi$entialDri*e#as

8 0 4 0 1 x 108

4 n$ustrial H Di*i$e$ 10 6 0 0 6 x 108

5 n$ustrial HAn$i*i$e$

10 4 0 0 > x 108

B 2 n$ustrial Dri*e#as 8 4 0 01 x 10

8

a.&: .lant &ix eal: a #earin% "urse ! #hi"h the spe"i!i"atins ma ,e !un$ in (5)


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TA$,+ = actors for Calculating Total %urface Area of an Aggregate $lend >After

Ro*erts 6776?

ie*e ie

(mm) ur!a"e 'rea Fa"tr

&aximum sie*e sie

475 (I4)

2>6 (I8)

118 (I16)

0600 (I>0)

0>00 (I50)

0150 (I100)

0075 (I200)

041

041

082

164

287

614

1229

>277


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TA$,+ @ ,inear Regression Coefficients for +uation =

ie*eie Tpe Tpe Tpe Tpe =

m,ine$ !rTpes J = .&

nstant -6810 4115 45869 7566 -58 E-02 -08>6

1K 749> E-02 - - - - -

1 2514 E-02 - - - 8726 E-02 -

L 00659 E-02 ->400 E-02 -412 E-02 - 5041 E-02 -

K 2>49 E-02 2>67 E-02 -9800 E-02 - >779 E-02 -

8> -49 E-02 -0670 E-02 108 E-02 -14 E-02 ->2 E-02 5>71 E-02

@ 4 166 E-02 >097 E-02 >9 E-02 -12 E-0> 4584 E-02 2717 E-02

@ 8 11> E-02 -09> E-02 -8> E-02 -64 E-0> -1> E-02 >51 E-02

@ 16 -55 E-02 -15 E-02 5714 E-02 - -088 E-02 -

@ >0 ->0 E-02 7245 E-02 -106 E-02 626 E-04 28>4 E-02 -

@ 50 -67 E-02 -52 E-02 148 E-02 -12 E-02 -24 E-02 -

@ 100 -114 E-02 1118 E-02 -179 E-02 - 1008 E-02 -

@ 200 288 E-02 9598 E-02 1>1 E-02 -25 E-02 9599 E-02 -957 E-02

2 09>9 0745 087> 1000 0912 0997

,ser*e$ran%e !

08

(>5 H 4>)

05

(40 H 45)

07

(4> H 50)

01

(54 H 55)

20

(>5 H 55)

10

(50 H 60)


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igure 6 Tpi"al &arshall esults (' 1988)


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igure = ' Tpi"al .a*ement e"tin in u#ait

igure @ ie ra$atin ! T# '%%re%ate len$s

T-pe 888 r .&4

.repare$ 4u,%ra$e

T-pe 8

T-pe 88

(umulati*eM

.assin%

4mall

0

100

4ie*e 4ie

6( N6(1 2

1 2

Bar%e

(arse len$

Fine len$


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igure : The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r 'sphalt-n"reteTpe

igure B The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r 'sphalt-n"rete Tpe


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igure The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r 'sphalt-n"rete Tpe

igure ; The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r 'sphalt-n"reteTpe =


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igure 9 The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r 'sphalt-n"reteTpe .&

igure 7 The rrelatin ! .re$i"te$ t ,ser*e$ !r m,ine$ 'sphalt-n"reteTpes an$ =


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igure 68 esults ! &$el =ali$atin !r m,ine$ 'sphalt-n"rete &ix Tpes

an$ =

Analisa Marshal Test

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