a n a l e b i

istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis

Seswavlisa da propagandis

samecniero centri

A N A L E B I SCIENTIFIC CENTRE FOR THE STUDY

AND PROPAGATION OF HISTORY,

ETHNOLOGY AND RELIGION

Tbilisi 2010

947.922+39(479.22) a 615 Jurnalis `analebi~ redkolegia:

akad. d. musxeliSvili (mTavari redaqtori) akad. m. lorTqifaniZe doqt. r. suni (Cikago, aSS) doqt. g. kosaki (marburgi, gfr) prof. m. naTmelaZe i.m.d. m. samsonaZe i.m.d. n. xazaraZe i.m.d. n. vaCnaZe i.m.d. n. bregaZe f.m.d. n. sulava i.m.d. a. dauSvili (pasuxismgebeli redaqtori)

Jurnali gamosacemad momzadda istoriis, eTnologi-is, religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis samecniero cen-tris sagamomcemlo jgufSi `mematiane~. kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa m. butikaSvilisa © istoriis, eTnologiis, religiis Seswavlisa da propagandis samecniero centri saavtoro uflebebi daculia ISSN 1512-343X

`eris dacema da gaTaxsireba maSin

iwyeba, roca eri, Tavis saubedurod,

Tavis istorias iviwyebs~.

ilia

gjjgjj

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mecniereba da politika

aleqsandre dauSvili

`amx. epifancevis~ apokalifsuri `xuTwigni~ da erTiani saqarTvelos istoria

ukve meore welia vinme `amxanagi epifancevi~ zis

kompiuterTan da saqarTvelos istoriiT `erToba~. minda isic aRvniSno, rom SarSandeli misi `opusebi~ ufro gamaRizianebeli, gesliani da ufro `argumenti-rebulni~ Candnen. maT qarTvelma istorikosebma sa-kadrisi pasuxi gasces, amxiles tyuilSi, faqtebis ga-yalbebaSi, lagamamoudebel SovinizmSi (ix. J. `anale-bi~, 2009 w. #4. aseve internet-saitze: www.analebi.ge). wels man internet-sazogadoebas SesTavaza Tavisi axa-li Txzuleba _ `xuTwigni~ _ «Национальные окраины Гру-зии. Условия распада».

miuxedavad imisa, rom es Txzuleba apokalifsu-ria da avtori gvimtkicebs _ ukve Seqmnila pirobebi saqarTvelos erTiani saxelmwifos dasaSlelad, es procesi istoriulad ukve momwifebula, xolo mis realizacias saTave daudo 2008 wlis xuTdRianma om-ma, am opusebma mainc ar gamaRiziana. Tu ratom, amaze specialurad qvemoT SevCerdebi. ubralod gamiCnda mosazrebaTa rigi, rac msurs internetsazogadoebas mec warvudgino, gavasigrZeganebino, Sevafasebino Cemi argumentebi da, Tu SevZleb, amxanag epifancevis WeS-mariti saxe gamovaaSkaravo.

Cven SevecdebiT Cveni mosazrebebi sami mimarTu-lebiT CamovayaliboT: Teoriuli, meTodologiuri da konkretul-istoriuli, gavarCioT `amxanag epifance-vis~ argumentebi da warmovaCinoT misi opusebis `Suq-Crdilebi~, WeSmariti miznebi da amocanebi.

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modi daviwyoT iqidan, rom var profesionali is-torikosi, istorikosis diplomiT, romelic 1974 wli-dan samecniero-kvleviT muSaobas vewevi, maqvs ramde-nime monografia saqarTvelos istoriis uaxles peri-odze, namuSevari var saqarTvelos da ruseTis arqi-vebsa da wignTsacavebSi, momepoveba saqarTvelo-ruse-Tis urTierTobebis amsaxveli Zalian didi piradi arqivi.

axla gavixsenoT vin aris Cveni oponenti – `amxa-nagi epifancevi~. rogorc mis mier internetSi ganTav-sebuli sividan Cans – moskovis saerTaSoriso urTi-erTobebis prestiJul institutdamTavrebuli (tradi-ciulad, mxolod kgb mier Semowmebuli, partiuli nomenklaturis Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis samWed-lo), romelsac codna ganumtkicebia (aumaRlebia) ame-rikis SeerTebli Statebis erT-erT universitetSi. Cinebuli, magram aseTi `bagaJiT~ ratom `amxanagi epi-fancevi~ sadRac braziliaSi, boliviaSi an madagas-karSi ar zis elCad, ataSeT, konsulad mainc?

keTilo batonebo! is daiwunes! mas saqme ara aqvs! aseTi daskvnis gakeTebas maiZulebs is garemoe-ba, rom misi ganaTlebis arcerT etapze arsad ar fi-gurirebs aRmosavleTmcodneoba, kavkasiaTmcodneba, qarTvelologia. mas ar uswavlia kavkasiuri enebis tipologia, amierkavkasiis xalxebis istoriuli gan-viTarebis etapebi, saqarTvelos istoriis Tavisebure-ba. ra sjis, vin avalebs rom aseTi zerele codniT `amxanagi epifancevi~ zis kompiturTan da grafomanis gulmodnginebiT, aSkarad ukbilo dedaberis boroti JiniT, acxobs uniWo paskvilebs da `opusebs~ saqar-Tvelos istoriis Sesaxeb.

ra Tqma unda, gamWriaxi Tvali im wuTSi Seam-Cnevs, rom mas exmarebian, informacias awvdian (aba ra icis Tu ra daibeWda qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi 1989 wels? man xom qarTuli ar icis! am wyaroebis av-kar-gze Cven qvemoT specialurad SevCerdebiT). erTader-Ti, rac Tavis `umaRles saswavleblebSi~ uswavlia,

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es aris RvarZli da boRma im erebis mimarT, vinc moi-wadina ruseTis geopolitikur interesebs daupiris-pirdes, an gamovides ruseTis gavlenis orbitidan. amisTvis mas mzad aqvs formaluri logikis mdidari arsenali, riTic is atyuebs mkiTxvels, saqmeSi Cauxe-davT uqmnis iluzias, rom is, `amxanagi epifancevi~, TviTonaa saqmeSi Zlier Caxeduli, icis yvela deta-li, komponenti da kargi orakulisaviT SeuZlia gan-sazRvros misTvis miuRebeli eris momavali istoriu-li bedic ki.

`amxanagi epifancevis~ pirovnebaze saubars imiT davamTavreb, rom mas batoni lavrovis uwyebam dauwu-na ZiriTadi profesia – diplomatia da, rogorc Cans, sworedac moiqca. es `ivanuSka duraCokis~ pirdapiri STamomavali cudi diplomatia da sadRac ucxo miwa-wyalze is aSkarad gadahkidebda ruseTs saqarTvelo-ze ufro teritoriulad did da samxedro Tvalsaz-riTi ufro Zlier qveynebs. swored amitomac dasves `saxlSi~, kompiuterTan.

ra aris `amx. epifancevis~ meTodologia – ara, es istoriuli materializmi ar aris, arc rusulad gagebuli proeletaruli intenacionalizmis yovlis-momcveli Teoriaa. es aris `gatexil varclTan~ mjdomi rusi Sovinist-nacionalistis boRmiT avsebu-li guli da goneba, romelsac ver mounelebia is, rom misma `Wkvianma Tanamemamuleebma~ daSales erTia-ni da ganuyofeli sabWoTa imperia.

axla uSualod saqmeze gadavideT. `amxanagi epi-fancevi~ Tavis `xuTwigns~ iwyebs imis mtkicebiT, rom saqarTvelo aris `mini-imperia~, rom am WeSmaritebas jer kidev 1989 wels amtkicebda didi andrei saxaro-vi, nobelis premiis laureati, cnobili disidenti, adamianebis uflebadamcveli. aseTi Zlieri `argumen-tiT~ SeiaraRebul epifancevs hgonia, rom yvelam un-da daijeros da daeTanxmos a. saxarovis mosazrebas saqarTvelos `mini-imperiobis~ Sesaxeb. magram ratom? a. saxarovi iyo fizikosi, atomguli fizikis specia-

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listi. is istorikosi, politologi ar yofila. amas-Tan, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan, sakmaod infantilu-ri, marTvadic (colis mier). is Secdomebsac uSvebda – magaliTad, sabediswero Secdomaa mis mier totali-taruli reJimisaTvis wyalbadis bombis gakeTeba, ro-melic atomur bombs Tavisi ZlierebiT bevrad aRema-teba. Tu man aseTi sabediswero Secdoma erTxel ukve dauSva, ratom ar SeiZleba mas daeSva meore Secdoma _ `mini-imperiebis~ gansazRvrisas. ra icoda man ra aris imperia an ~mini imperia~?

`amx. epifancevs~ ki `opusebSi~ moaqvs imperiis gansazRvreba did iuridiul (!) enciklopediidan:. «Им-перия – тип государства до появления национального государства. Обширное государство, включившее в свой состав територии других народов и государств». me ar vici ratom moaqvs `am-xanag epifancevs~ terminis gansazRvreba iuridiuli leqsikonidan (vici, rogor ar vici – is mis intere-sebs pasuxobs, saqarTvelos rom miusadagos), Torem, ra Tqma unda, ufro upriani iqneboda moetana gansaz-Rvreba saistorio leqsikonebidan, politikuri sac-nobaro literaturidan. modi, marTlac daviwyoT de-finiciiT...

Cven mkviTxvels SevTavazebT imperiis definicias sxvadasxva leqsikonidan, romlebic erTmaneTisagan drois didi monakveTiT arian daSorebulni. «Империя – название крупных монархических государст древного (Рим-ского и др.) и нового времени (Британская и др.); для империи ха-рактерна захватническая политика (Подчеркнута нами _ А. Д.), угтетение и эксплоатация подчиненных и зависимых народов» (Краткый словарь иностранных слов, М.,1950. с. 132).

aris aseTi ganmartebac: «Империя – 1) Монархическое государство, возглавляемое императором. 2) Колониальная дер-жава – установившая свое господства над колониями и зависи-мыми странами, сохраняющая и поддерживающая свою власть системой гнета и жестокой эксплуатации» (Краткий политичес-кий словарь, М., 1983, с.113).

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Tanamedrove univesaluri rusuli vikipedia gan-martavs: «Империя – один из типов государства наряду с на-циональным государством. Отличается от последного тем, что не стремится сформировать нацию в своих границах и институирует сущесвующее в своих границах этническое, лингвистическое и социально-политическое разнообразие». igive sakiTxze in-glisuri vikipedia miuTiTebs: `imperia aris saxelmwi-fo, romelic politikurad da samxedro Tvalsazri-siT dominirebs im mosaxleobaze – romlebic kultu-rulad da eTnikurad gansxvavebulni arian imperiuli (mmarTveli) eTnikuri jgufisa da maTi kulturisagan, gansxvavebiT federaciisagan, romelSic nebayoflo-biT arian gaerTianebulni avtonomiuri saxelmwifoe-bi da xalxebi.

nebismieri istorikosi, visac saqme hqonia nam-dvil imperiasTan dameTanxmeba, rom am definiciidan saqmis WeSmarit arss kargad gamoxatavs 1950 wels Sedgenili leqsikoni, romelSic xazgasmulia «Для им-перии характерна захвпатническая политика». dapyroba, Za-liT damorCileba – ai, imperiis mTavari da ganmsaz-Rvreli maxasiaTebeli.

axla imperiis sxva maxasiaTeblebze SevCerdeT. igive rusuli vikipediis mixedviT imperiis gan-

msazRvreli niSnebia: Zlieri armia da policia; didi saerTaSoriso zegavlena; Zlieri erovnuli idea (re-ligia, ideologia); sastiki, rogorc wesi, erTpirov-nuli xelisufleba; mosaxleobis maRali loialoba; aqtiuri sagareo politika, mimarTuli eqspansiisaken, miswrafeba reginaluri Tu msoflio batonobisaken.

dameTanxmebian istorikosebi da politologebi, rom ZiriTadad swored es maxasiaTelebi Seesabameba imperiis definicias da im istoriul rols, rac am movlenam datova msoflios istoriul ganviTarebaze.

minda mkiTxvelma kidev Seafasos da gaisigrZega-nos cnebebi: «для империи характерна захватническая полити-ка» da `aqtiuri sagareo politika, mimarTuli eqspan-

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siisaken.~ modi, mkiTxvelo, vnaxoT rodis, Tavisi is-toriis romel etapze pasuxobda saqarTvelo am auci-lebel moTxovnebs...

vinc saqarTvelos istoria zereled mainc icis, is dameTanxmeba, rom aseTi tendenciebi saqarTvelos istoriaSi didi xania ukve aRar Cans. uxsovari droi-dan (rac qarTul, somxur, arabul, bizantiur da a.S.) wyaroebSia miTiTebuli, saqarTvelo ZiriTadad gan-fenili iyo swored im teritoriaze, romelic mas dResac uWiravs (amis Sesaxeb detaluri informacia SeiZleba dainteresebul mkiTxvels misces `saqarTve-los istoriis atlasma~, Tb., 2003 w. atlasi efuZneba qarTul, somxur, berZnul arabul, bizantiur, rusul wyaroebs. atlasis mTavari redaqtori da erT-erTi avtoria akad. daviT musxeliSvili. atlasi inaxeba moskovis leninis saxelobis biblioTekaSic).

saqarTveloSi feodaluri urTierTobis ganviTa-rebis Sedegad, garkveuli periodidan (IX-X ss-Si es dokumenturad damowmebulia) termini `qarTveli~ kulturul-politikur Sinaarss iZens, amieridan igi, SeiZleba iTqvas, zogadi feodalur-erovnuli cnebaa da am TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad erTnair mimarTebaSia iseT eTnografiul cnebebTan, rogoricaa kaxi, mesxi, qarTveli, megreli, svani, TuSi, dvali, afxazi da sxv da sxva. amgvarad, `qarTveli~ feodalur-erovnuli kulturis TvalsazrisiT iseve organulad moicavda zemoCamoTvlil eTnografiul jgufebs, rogorc `sa-qarTvelo~ maT Sesatyvis teritoriul erTeulebs. da es moxda ara Zaladobisa da dapyrobis gziT, aramed imanenturi socialur-ekonomikuri da kulturuli procesebis Sedegad.

saqarTvelos Zlierebis xanaSi, ra Tqma unda, – es teritoriebi izrdeboda. didi daviT aRmaSeneblis periodSi da Tamaris epoqaSi (XI-XII ss.) – marTlac, saqarTvelo akontrolebda TiTqmis mTel kavkasias. bizantielebis mier somxeTis saxelmwifoebis gauqme-bis Semdeg (XI saukune), Turq-selCukTa mier dapyro-

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bili, rjulSeginebuli somxeTi eulad imyofeboda. adgilobrivi somexi mosaxleobis TxovniT daviT aR-maSenebelma gaanTavisufla anisi (somxeTi dedaqala-qi) da is Tavis saxelmwifos miuerTa (XI s.). misi mem-kvidreebis dros saqarTvelosadmi vasalur damokide-bulebaSi iyvnen amierkavkasiis mahmadiani mflobele-bic (XIII s.). magram monRolebis Semosevebis, gansakuT-rebiT ki Temur-lengis gamanadgurebeli 8 Semosevis Semdeg (XIV-XV ss. mijna) erTiani saqarTvelo daiSa-la, mniSvnelovnad ganadgurda samxreT saqarTvelo – qvemo qarTli (ase moixseneboda es teritoria isto-riul saqarTveloSi da ase vxmarobT dRes – rac Zlier aRizianebs `amxanag epifancevs~): dRevandeli bolnisis, marneulis, dmanisis, walkis raionebi. am teritoriebze qarTveli mosaxleoba fizikurad amow-yda, qalaqebi da soflebi moisra. Semdgom periodSi saqarTvelom veRar SeZlo gaerTianeba, is daiSala sam samefod da oTx samTavrod (amaSic araferia ga-sakviri, germania XIX saukuneSi 30 patara saxelmwi-fod iyo daSlili).

magram aseT daSlil, daqucmacebul saqarTve-los mainc erTi, metad waruSleli Tviseba hqonda – es iyo misi umniSvnelovanesi geostrategiuli mdgo-mareoba, is flobda kavkasiis gadmosasvlel uRelte-xilebs. jer kidev uxsovar dros, xalxTa didi gada-saxlebis periodSi, am uReltexilebiT gadmodiodnen veluri, momTabare tomebi: alanebi, guTebi, hunebi, romlebic anadgurebdnen da Zarcvavdnen bizantiis mdidar qalaqebs. saqarTvelos mesveurebi iyenebdnen am Zalas Tavisi politikuri interesebisaTvis. vinc am gadmosasvlelebs flobda, is iyo regionSi gavle-niani da angariSgasawevi Zala. swored saqarTvelos geostrategiuli mdebareobis es unikaluri mdgomare-oba andamativiT izidavda yvela juris did da Zlier saxelmwifos, rom TviTon yofiliyo am unikaluri gadmosasvlelebis patroni da ganmkargavi.

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es didi saxelmwifoebi imasac cdilobdnen, rom saerTod fizikurad gaenadgurebinaT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, iq CaesaxlebinaT TavisTvis misaRebi eT-nosebi, rom SeeqmnaT obieqturi dasayrdeni Tavisi Sorsgamiznuli gegmebisaTvis. roca istoriis aspare-zidan gaqra bizantia, romelic cdilobda dasavleT saqarTvelos gadmosasvlelebs dapatroneboda (afxa-zeTs, SavizRvispireTs), misi adgili daikava osma-leTma da manac igive moindoma – afxazeTisa da Sa-vizRvispireTis damorCileba, adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bis gadajiSeba, gamahmadianeba (es rTuli, magram arc ise auxdeneli mizania – uZvelesi qristianuli qvey-nebi: siria, egvipte, TviTon deda-bizantia gamahmadian-da. amitomac metad ukbilo argumentad Cans `amx. epi-fanuevis~ Tezisi – qarTvelebi advilad mahmadiande-biano).

Zlierma mahmadianma dampyroblebma oTxasi wlis ganmavlobaSi moaxerxes samxreT da samxreT-dasav-leT saqarTveloSi darCenili qarTveli mosaxleobis gamahmadianeba – mesxeT-javaxeTSi ufro warmatebiT, aWaraSi ufro naklebi warmatebiT – aq mosaxleobam bolomde SeinarCuna qarTuli ena da qarTuli gvari.

saqarTvelos akleba-ganadgurebis es procesi ki-dev ufro daCqarda roca regionSi gamoCnda ruseTi da qarTvelebma am erTmorwmune qveynisaken gaixedes. iranisa da TurqeTis mmarTvelebma saswrafod scades saqarTvelos gadajiSeba, an gamahmadianeba, an eTniku-rad maTTvis misaRebi eTnosebis Casaxleba, rom qar-Tvelebs kavkasiaSi rusebi ar SemoeyvanaT. iranis Sa-hebma es amocana praqtikuladac ganaxorcieles – maT saqarTvelos samxreT regionebSi jer Caasaxles mom-Tabare mahmadiani elis tomi, romelic kaxeTis ajan-yebis dros (XVI s.) qarTvelebma mTlianad gaanadgu-res, xolo Semdeg sxva (borCalus) momTabare tomi, romelic darCa samxreT saqarTveloSi. TandaTan xde-boda saqarTvelos teritoriebis wagleja-mitaceba.

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ase aRmoCnda qarTuli civilizaciis akvani – tao-klarjeTi TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi.

roca CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ruseTi momZlavrda da Tavisi gavlenis gavrcoba kidev ufro samxreTiT scada, misma mesveurebma sworad gansajes, rom am saq-meSi mas qarTvelebi daexmarebodnen, uzrunvelyof-dnen kavkasiaSi ruseTis zegavlenas. amitomac iyo is gansakuTrebuli aqtiuroba, rac romanovis gvaris ru-seTis pirveli mefeebis (gansakuTrebiT aleqsi mixei-lis Zis) mxridan SeimCneva (amis Sesaxeb ix.: m. samsona-Zisa da a. bendianiSvilis statiebi amave krebulSi).

saqarTvelos mefeebi jer frTxilad, Semdeg uf-ro aqtiurad gamoexmaurnen rusi monarqebis survils da gadawyda georgievskis cnobili traqtatis gafor-meba erekle II-sa da ekaterine II-s Soris. modi aq co-ta SevisvenoT...

rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo regionSi hegemoni sul ramdenime saukune (XI-XIII ss.) iyo. amis Semdeg misi istoria – es aris fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis, qristianobisa da samSoblos erTianobisaTvis qar-TvelTa permanentuli brZolis istoria. samwuxarod, obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebis gamo, saqarTve-los politikurma elitam, gansxvavebiT VIII-XI sauku-neebisagan, veRar monaxa Sinagani macementebeli mux-ti, rom TviTon, sakuTari ZalebiT aRedgina terito-riuli mTlianoba (erekle II mxolod qarTl-kaxeTis gaerTianeba moaxerxa, Tumca sxva kuTxeebis gaerTia-nebis mcdeloba ki iyo, magram uSedego). amitomac da-qucmacebul, fizikuri gadarCenisTvis mebrZol ers, romelsac mouSales ekonomika, dauqcies qalaqebi da soflebi, aTasobiT mihyavdaT tyved stambolis monaTa bazarze, maTgan akompleqtebdnen mamluqTa armiebs, im-periuli ambiciebi, imperiuli cnobiereba aRar SeiZ-leba SemorCenoda: amisaTvi mas ukve aRarc materialu-ri da aRarc sulieri SesaZleblobebi ar hqonda.

georgievskis traqtatma qarTvelebSi imedi Casa-xa, rom saqarTvelo ruseTis damxmarebiT welSi gai-

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marTeboda. miT ufro, rom traqtatis erT-erTi sai-dumlo muxli gulisxmobda `sagareo omis SemTxveva-Si qarTl-kaxeTis samefos mier dakarguli miwa-wylis dabrunebisaTvis zrunvas~. amrigad, georgiev-skis traqtatiT ruseTis mefeebma dapireba misces sa-qarTvelos xelisufalT da qarTvel xalxs, rom da-exmarebodnen istoriuli teritoriebis dabrunebis saqmeSi – es Tezac kargad davimaxsovroT.

magram, ra Tqma unda, ruseTis imperatorebma ge-orgievskis traqtati ar Seasrules, moatyues qarTve-lebi, martodmarto miatoves mahmadiani mflobelebis mier mowyobil sxvadasxva omebSi da 1795 wels Tbi-lisi gadaawvevines gamZvinvarebul iranis Sahs. yvela-feri amis Semdeg, maT ukve warmatebiT aRasrules Ta-visi mizani – 1801 wels aRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sei-erTes, Semdeg danarCeni saqarTveloc miuerTes ruse-Tis imperias. mogvianebiT daipyres axalcixis safaSo (yofili qarTuli provincia samcxe-saaTabago), 1877-1878 wlebis ruseT-TurqeTis omis Sedegad rusebma mahmadian mflobelebs waarTves istoriuli saqarTve-los – tao-klarjeTis yvela mitacebuli teritoria (aseve SeierTes somxeTis kuTvnili istoriuli miwe-bic, romelic TurqeTs hqonda mitacebuli).

Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo, gadagRale, magram es istori-uli eqskursi imitom dagvWirda, rom dagvenaxebina – XIII saukunis Semdeg saqarTvelos politikosebs da qarTvelebs sWirdebodaT udidesi Zalisxmeva fizikuri arsebobis SenarCunebisaTvis. sad, rodis, rogor unda SeenarCunebinaT, ganeviTarebinaT, qarTvelebs Tundac embrionSi arsebuli, imperiuli cnobiereba, roca sis-tematurad WirdebodaT lavireba gaavebuli Zlieri me-zoblebis lagamamoudebeli pretenziebis gamo.

zemoT xom davinaxeT, imperiul erad yofna ram-deni maxasiaTeblis arsebobas gulisxmobs. vTxov `am-xanag epifancevs~ erT-erTi maTgani mainc damisaxe-los? qarTl-kaxeTi mSvidobiani (dinastiuri) gziT gaerTianada, imereTis SeerTebis sakiTxic mSvidobia-

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nad unda gadawyvetiliyo, magram subieqturi faqtori Caeria da es sakiTxi Riad darCa. guria, samegrelo, imereTi, afxazeTi ruseTma SeierTa, magram isini qu-Taisis guberniaSi Seiyvana, riTic xazi gausva, rom mas jer kidev axsovda georgievskis traqtatis sai-dumlo muxlebi (rom ruseTis xelisuflebas XIX sa-ukunis Sua xanebSi jer kidev kargad axsovda ra `komponentebisagan~ Sedgeboda `qarTveli~, amis sai-lustraciod ix. amave krebulSi motanili amonaridi krebulidan «Сборник статей статистических сведений о Кавказе», т. 1, Тф., 1869, с. 23).

imperiuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas uzarmazari resursi da Zlieri propagandistuli aparati Wirde-ba. modi, gavixsenoT es procesi ruseTis imperiis ma-galiTze – 1613 wels ruseTs hqonda imperiuli az-rovneba? ra Tqma unda, ara. mas hqonda dapyrobiTi cnobiereba (eri, romelsac yofiT praqtikaSi aqvs sa-xeli – vladimir, qalaqebs arqmevs _ vladivostoks, vladikavkazs – ar SeiZleba iyos mSvidobismoyvare).

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac petre I-ma moaxdina sa-xelmwifo materialuri da sulieri resursebis mobi-lizeba, awarmoa warmatebuli dapyrobiTi omebi (ga-vixsenoT petre pirvelis cnobili `anderZi~), xolo misma memkvidreebma embrionSi arsebuli Zveli, dap-yrobiT cnobiereba daamynes axal, imperiuli cnobie-rebaze, miiRes is naerTi, rac saxeze gvqonda XX sau-kunis dasawyisSi. rusma bolSevikebma da ioseb sta-linma am or komponents mesame _ bolSevikur-komunis-tur-mesianisturi ideologia-praqtikac daumates Tan da miviReT ruseTis sanaqebo mtaceblur-didmpyrobe-luri-imperiuli msoflmxedveloba da praqtika, rome-lic Cinebulad SefuTes `mcire erebze mamobrivi zrunvis~ motivebiT.

gviTxariT, `amxanago epifancev~, sad xedavT aseT plastebs saqarTvelos istoriaSi? saqarTvelo yve-lafer amas xom moklebuli iyo. rogorc dasturdeba, TviT daviT aRmaSeneblis mier Seqmnili saerTo kav-

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kasiuri saxelmwifoc ar iyo imperia, rasac mowmobs is, rom 1121 wels didgoris brZolaSi, 1196 wels Sam-qoris brZolaSi, 1203 wels basianis brZolaSi mahma-dianuri qveynebis did koaliciasTan, rodesac faq-tobrivad saqarTvelos arsebobis bedi wydeboda, qar-Tul qristianul laSqarTan erTad ibrZodnen daru-bandisa da Sirvanis mahmadianebi.

Zlevamosili imperiebis (Turqul, iranul, ru-sul) marwuxebSi moqceuli qveyana Tavis fizikur ga-darCenaze fiqrobda, erovnul konsolidaciaze ocne-bobda, imperiad formirebis arc sulieri da arc ma-terialuri resursi ukve aRar arsebobda. WeSmaritad Tu ki rame mainc SemorCa imperiuli azrovnebidan sa-qarTveloSi, is cecxliTa da SanTiT amowves jer monRolebma da sparselebma, Semdeg Turqebma da Cr. kavkasielma momTabarebma, xolo XIX-XX saukuneebSi – rusebma. (rad unda amas didi mtkiceba: ruseTis sazo-gadoebis mniSvnelovanma nawilma sul raRac 20 we-liwadSi mTlianad dakarga `proletaruli, socia-listuri internacionalizmis ideologia~ da faSis-turi msoflmxedvelobis motrfiale gaxda, rasac ma-Ti winaprebi ase TavgamodebiT ebrZodnen sul raRac 65 wlis win da amdeni msxverplic gaiRes. dRes ru-seTSi ukve aRaravis ukvirs is faqti, rom rus axal-gazrdebs SeuZliaT afrikeli studenti cemiT mok-lan an kavkasiuls yeli gamoRadron mxolod imitom, rom is rusi ar aris da sxva feris kani aqvs).

mTeli XIX saukune saqarTvelo gaxleCili iyo or guberniad, ramdenime okrugad. ruseTis adminis-tracia mudam xels uSlida qarTvelTa erovnul kon-solidacias (`amxanagi epifancevi~ am SemTxvevaSic av-lens istoriis filosofiis cud codnas – saxelmwi-fos konsolidacia gansxvavdeba imperiuli ambiciebi-sagan. saxelmwifos konsolidaciis gareSe vercerTi saxelmwifo ver iarsebebs, ver gaxdeba monoliTuri da Zlieri. es procesi met-naklebi warmatebiT yvela saxelmwifom ganvlo. ufro xSirad es procesi Sua

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saukuneebSi jobia moxdes (safrangeTi. inglisi), gvaqvs XIX saukunis warmatebuli magaliTi (germania, italia), XX saukunis dasawyisSic aris msgavsi faqte-bi – poloneTi, iugoslavia).

ruseTis xelisufleba saqarTvelos Tavisufal miwebze – samxreTSi asaxlebda berZnebs, somxebs, germanelebs, afxazeTSi – berZnebs, estonelebs, qvemo qarTlSi – duxaborebs, moloknebs. ruseTs amierkav-kasiis iseTi inkorporacia sWirdeboda, rac uzrun-velyofda ruseTis imperiis samxreTis sazRvrebis uryeobas, gaaneitralebda Crdilo kavkasiis mebrZo-li xalxebis ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, rasac ukve SeeZlo seriozuli problemebi Seeqmna namdvili – didi imperiis – romanovebis ruseTisaTvis, rome-lic marTlac `xalxTa sapyrobiles~ warmoadgenda. saqarTveloSi axlad Camosaxlebuli mosaxleoba Tu-ki rames swavlobda – es iyo rusuli ena da ruseTis interesebi, maT saqarTvelo da saqarTvelos intere-sebi ar aRelvebdaT.

erovnuli konsolidacia ki, rogorc zemoT aRi-niSna, nebismieri saxelmwifos aucilebeli procesia. gana amis gareSe Sedgeba normaluri saxelmwifo? swored man unda ganamtkicos, daareguliros urTier-Toba centrsa da regions Soris, Seqmnas erTgvarova-ni (da ara erTerovani) sazogadoeba, romelic SeZ-lebs mis winaSe mdgomi amocanebis optimalur gadaw-yvetas, Seqmnis obieqtur pirobebs socialur-ekonomi-kuri ganviTarebisaTvis. TviT bibliaSic ki aris xaz-gasmuli, rom roca adamianebs didi miznis (godolis) ganxorcielebis survili SeamCnia, ufalma sabaoTma maT enebi auria, rom didi mizani miRweuli ar yofi-liyo, amitomac aucilebelia erTiani sasaubro ena...

raxan davadgineT, rom saqarTvelo ara Tu ar iyo `mini-imperia~, aramed Teoriuladac ar SeiZleba amad yofiliyo (saqarTvelo rom imperiad, Tundac `mini-imperiad~ gamovacxadoT, amisaTvis, rogorc mini-mumi, is mainc unda davamtkicoT, rom qarTvelebma

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rodesme daipyres afxazeTis teritoria. sinamdvimle-Si aseTi faqti istoriam ar icis. afxazeTis terito-ria imTaviTve qarTul (kolxur) saxelmwifoebriv orbitaSi Sedioda, rom ar vilaparakoT Sida qar-Tlis teritoriaze, romelic qarTuli saxelmwifoeb-riobis akvans warmoadgenda). exla gadavideT praqti-kul sakiTxebze da cal-calke ganvixiloT `amx. epi-fancevis~ konkretuli argumentebis safuZvlianoba, maTi istoriuli WeSmariteba.

rogorc avtori gvimtkicebs, saqarTvelos dRes daSlis safrTxe emuqreba ZiriTadad Semdegi eTnose-bis mecadineobiT: somxebis, megrelebis, aWarlebis, azerbaijanlebis politikuri elitis mxridan.

1. s o m x e b i. somxebi saqarTveloSi e.w. `anti-kuri xanidan~ cxovroben. amaze istoriuli wyaroebi miuTiTeben. magram saqarTveloSi somxebi sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva mizeziT movidnen. SeiZleba `amxa-nagma epifancevma~ Tavis Tavs Secdomad CauTvalos, magram mas Tavis opusSi erT adgilze wamoscda, rom javaxeTel da Tbilisel somxebs garkveuli antago-nizmi aqvT, rom Tbiliseli somxebi gansxvdebian ja-vaxeTelebisagan, ar TanaugrZnoben maT `separatis-tul midrekielebebSi, ar aRelvebT maTi bedi~ da a.S. da a.S. (ix. opusi # 3, gv.8).

is, rom es Tqva – es `amxanag epifancevis~ metad Rrma da aSkara Secdomaa, radgan es simarTlea, xo-lo `amxanagi epifancevi~ simarTlesTan cota mwyra-lad aris. magram is ar gvixsnis am movlenis arss, ar gviCvenebs – ratom moxda es ase? misi mtkicebiT xom somxebi gamorCeuli erovnuli erTianobiT xasiaTde-bian (garkveli azriT es Tezisic sakamaToa, radgan somxebic arian gansxvavebulni: mahmadianebi (hemSine-bi), kaTolikebi (`frangebi~) da ZiriTadi nawili – grigorianelebi).

am sakiTxSi `amxanagi epifancevis~ meore Secdoma is aris, rom mas statiaSi wamocda meore simarTle – somxebis didi talRa saqarTveloSi movida XIX sau-

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kunis 30-ian wlebSi (ix. opusi # 3. gv. 8-9). marTlac, kavkasiuri omebis dros, TurqeTisa da iranis winaaR-mdeg brZolebSi mefis ruseTi samSvidobo xelSekru-lebebSi afiqsirebda axlad SemoerTebuli miwebidan mahmadiani mosaxleobis gasaxlebas, xolo gamonTavi-suflebel teritoriebze maTTvis erTguli eTnose-bis: somxebis, berZnebis Casaxlebas. Cven zemoT aR-vniSneT, rom ucxo dampyroblebis gamanadgurebeli agresiis Sedegad qvemo qarTlis rigi regioni qar-Tvelebisagan daicala. am Tavisufal teritoriebze, qarTvelebTan SeuTanxmeblad, ruseTis imperiuli xe-lisufleba asaxlebda somxebs, berZnebs. magaliTad, 1828-1831 wlebSi mefis ruseTma saqarTveloSi 34 aTasi somexi Camoasaxla, 1897-1902 wlebSi – kidev damatebiT 55 aTasi. `amx. epifancevma~ ar icis, rom amiT ar das-rulda somxebis Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi. I imperia-listuri omis dros, TurqeTSi somxebis mimarT Cade-nili Zalmomreobis Sedegad, saqarTvelos saporto qalaqebi aivso somexi da berZeni ltolvilebiT. aTe-ul aTasi somexi moawyda saqarTvelos. TviT 1921 welsac ki es ltolvilebi (30 aTasi kaci) jer kidev saporto qalaqebSi imyofebodnen da axladgamomcxva-ri saqarTvelos sabWoTa xelisufleba maT uwevda ekonomikur (finansur) daxmarebas. arsebobs ltol-vil somexTa siebi, rac miuTiTebs, rom saqarTveloSi Camovidnen aTeul aTasobiT somexi: biTlisidan (xaC-manukianebi, kandaxCianebi, kaukCianebi, sirunianebi, gu-kasianebi, saakianebi da sxv.), vanidan (dabaRianebi, Sa-taxCianebi, melimqianebi da sxv.), erzrumidan (aRaja-nianebi, boiajianebi, tatikianebi da sxv.), yarsidan (aslanianebi, aivazianebi, akopianebi da sxv.), trapizo-nidan (vaganianebi, aruTianebi, minasianebi, kirakosia-nebi, lazarianebi) da a.S. da a.S. (ix. saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f. 13,aR. 1, s. 41, furc. 17-18 da a.S.). es axali nakadi Tavidanve moeqca ruseTis poli-tikuri xelmZRvanelobis `mzrunvelobis~ forvaterSi (simarTlis gulisaTvis unda iTqvas, rom ruseTma

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TviTonac miiRo somexi da berZeni ltovilebis naka-debi, ramac dRes ase mkafiod uzrunvelyo ruseTSi berZenTa da gansakuTrebiT somexTa Zlieri da gavle-niani saTvistomos arseboba, maTi aqtiuri monawileo-ba ruseTis kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi, maTTvis avtonomiis Seqmna ki ratomRac arc ki igeg-meba).

saqarTveloSi Semosuli somexi mosaxleobis axali nakadi Casaxlda javaxeTSic, maT kidev ufro gaaZlieres aq somxuri elementi da ramdenadac jer ruseTis imperia, xolo Semdeg bolSevikuri imperia saqarTvelos komunitur xelisuflebas ukrZalavda erovnuli konsolidaciis mizniT warmoebul aqtiur muSaobas (rasac Tavis Tavs ruseTSi imperiuli da sabWoTa xelisufleba sulac ar ukrZalavda), saqar-Tvelos samxreT regionSi qvemo qarTlsa da mes-xeT-javaxeTSi mcxovrebma somxurma mosaxleobam ar Seiswavla im xalxis ena, vinc umZimes pirobebSi gai-Tavisa maTi ubedureba da Tavisi istoriuli terito-ria dauTmo. es nakadi somexi mosaxleobisa, ra Tqma unda, amis Sedegad darCa gaucxoebuli saqarTvelos ZiriTadi sazogadoebisagan (maT ar icodnen im qvey-nis ZiriTadi mosaxleobis ena (bevrma rusulic ki ar icoda), istoria, cxovrobdnen gankerZoebulad da ver xerxdeboda maTi CarTva saqarTvelos socialur-politikur infrastruqturaSi.

radikalurad gansxvavebuli iyo saqarTvelos somxuri mosaxleobis meore nawilis, rogorc `amxana-gi epifancevi~ maT uwodebs, `Tbiliseli somxebis~ istoriuli bedi. is, rac `amx. epifancevis~ gaocebas iwvevs – rom maT kargad ician qarTuli, aqtiurad monawileoben socialur-ekonomikur procesebSi, nak-lebad SestkivaT guli `javax~-is problemebze, es aris swored saqarTveloSi istoriulad, ZvelTaganve mcxovrebi somexi mosaxleoba, romelTac ufro meti akavSirebT saqarTvelosTan, vidre sxva qveynebTan. maT, marTlac, Cinebulad ician qarTuli, qarTuli

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kultura, Zmurad udganan qarTvelebs gverdiT ro-gorc gasaWirSi, ise warmatebebis miRwevaSi, iziare-ben qarTvelebis yoveldRiurobas. isini marto Tbi-lisSi ar cxovroben, isini cxovroben gorSi, xaSur-Si, TelavSi, baTumSi, kaspSi. qarTvelebs arasodes daavawydebaT is somexi tertera, romelmac Turqebis barbarosuli Semosevis dros XVII saukuneSi SeamCnia gamexebuli mteri, ahyara mtkvarze xidi da qalaqi gori gadaarCina darbeva-ganadgurebas, xolo qar-Tlis mefes SesaZlebloba misca samxedro mobiliza-cia bolomde daesrulebina. qarTvelebs mudam gvax-sovs, is Tbiliseli somexi axalgazrdebi, romlebic daiRupnen saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobisaT-vis brZolaSi.

axla rac Seexeba Tbiliss. misi mosaxleobis erovnuli SemadgenlobiT bevri spekulirebs rogorc ruseTSi, ise sazRvargareT. arasodes `Tbilisi som-xuri qalaqi~ ar yofila, xolo somxebi TbilisSi um-ravlesobas arasodes warmoadgendnen: 1897 wlis aR-weriT qalaqSi sul 159 590 kaci cxovrobda, aqedan qarTveli – 42 200, somexi – 47 133, rusi – 44 823 da a.S. (Первая всеобщая перепись россииской империи. Тбилис-ская губерния.С.-Петербург, 1905. с. 155-182).

magram isic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Tbilisi am dros ukve aRar iyo saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi, is ruseTis imperiis kavkasiis samefisnacvlos dedaqala-qi iyo, amierkavkasiis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli centri. qarTvelebs xeli ar miuwvdebo-daT arc saqalaqo cxovrebis regulirebaze, arc mig-raciis nakadebze, arc saqalaqo cxovrebis politikis gansazRvraze. mefis reJimi yvelafers akeTebda ise, rasac mas ruseTis imperiuli interesebi karnaxobda. sabWoTa imperiis Seqmnis Semdegac, didi xnis manZil-ze Tbilisi amierkavkasiis politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli centri iyo, rac aseve gulisxmobda imas, rom qarTvelebi ver akontrolebdnen saqalaqo politikas. roca `amx. epifancevi~ saubrobs Tbilisi-

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dan somxebis miTiur gasaxlebaze, mas araviTari do-kumenti ar mohyavs amis dasamtkiceblad. Tu gaasax-les, maSin ratom iyo 1930 wels TbilisSi 320 aTasian mosaxleobaSi 102 912 somexi? (ix. statistikur-ekono-mikuri cnobari 1925-1930, tfilisi, 1931, gv. 5). is faq-tebi, rasac `amxanagi epifancevi~ iSveliebs, marTlac moxda TbilisSi, magram mxolod eqsploatatoruli klasebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT da maSin qalaqidan gaasaxles ara marto somexi burJuaziis warmomadgen-lebi (isini procentulad metni iyvnen), aseve qarTve-li, rusi, germaneli da a.S. kapitalistebi. amasTan, Cven aRvniSneT, rom sabWoTa xelisuflebis pirvel wlebSi qalaqebSi Tavmoyriliiyo iyo somexi ltol-vilebis didi umravlesoba, romelTa miReba-dabinave-ba dedaqalaqs ar SeeZlo da xelisuflebam isini re-gionebSi (maT Soris javaxeTSi) gadaanawila. ai, es aris simarTle...

dRes mizani is ki ar unda iyos, rom saqarTve-los istoriuli provinciebi samcxe-javaxeTi saqar-Tvelos CamovaciloT, an iq gankerZoebisa da separa-tizmis axali kera – somxuri bantustani SevqmnaT, aramed uzrunvelyoT, rom am kuTxis mosaxleoba uf-ro aqtiurad Caebas saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomi-kur procesebSi, daemsgavsos `Tbilisel somxebs~ da rogorc saukuneebis manZilze, axlac mxardamxar viS-romoT Cveni cxovrebis ukeT mowyobisaTvis (es pro-cesi ki ukve dawebulia. magaliTad, Cems gverdiT mcxovrebma somexi ojaxis meTaurma regionidan Tbi-lisSi Camosvlis momentSi saerTod ar icoda qarTu-li ena, dRes is ukve Cinebulad metyvelebs qarTu-lad, xolo misi vaJi saqarTvelos umaRles saswavle-belSi qarTul enaze eufleba teqnikuri mecnierebis safuZvlebs. ai es aris marTlacda civilizebuli ga-dawyveta erovnuli sakiTxis).

m e g r e l e b i. Tavis virtualur apokalif-sSi `amx. epifancevi~ did yuradRebas uTmobs megre-lebs – dasavleT saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi mcxov-

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reb qarTvelebs, romlebsac mouwodebs separatistu-li tendenciebis gaZlierebas da avtonomiuri erTeu-lis Seqmnas. saqarTvelos istoriuli Taviseburebaa (da ara marto saqarTvelosi), rom feodaluri daquc-maceba mis politikur sxeulze didxans SemorCa (ase iyo germaniaSi, italiaSi). samegrelo uZvelesi droi-dan saqarTvelos feodalur monarqiaSi Sedioda ro-gorc misi mniSvnelovani nawili da organulad iyo CarTuli mis politikur da ekonomikur cxvovrebaSi. ukve X saukuneSi cnobili, warmoSobiT megreli him-nografebi, romelTa qarTuli sagaloblebi dRemdea Semonaxuli – ioane minCxi da stefane Wyondideli moixseniebian rogorc `naTesaviT qarTveli~ (родом грузины);

gvian Sua saukuneebSi aq arsebobda naxevrad da-moukidebeli samTavro (formalurad emorCileboda imereTis samefos), romelic, marTlac, ruseTis impe-riis SemadgenlobaSi saqarTveloze ufro gvian (1857 w.) Sevida. isic marTalia, rom saqarTvelos am kuT-xis mcxovreblebs gaaCniaT sakuTari ena – megruli ena, romelsac iyeneben yoveldRiur saojaxo urTier-TobaSi. `amx. epifancevs~ am faqtis gafetiSebiT surs dividendebi moipovos da moiTxovs am kuTxis avtono-mias. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi imuqreba saerTaSoriso sanqciebiT, radgan Turme saqarTvelo arRvevs evro-kavSiris xelSekrulebas regionaluri enebis Sesaxeb.

megrelebi qarTvelebi ar ariano – amtkicebs `amx. epifancevi~! (am sisuleles Cinebulad acamtve-rebs Cvens mier zemoT ukve damowmebuli rusuli sta-tistikuri krebulis amonaridic).

modi vuTxraT es epifanceviseuli `simarTle~ cotne dadians (samegrelos mTavarTa warmomadge-nels), romelmac XIII saukuneSi gansacvifrebeli gmi-roba Caidina – monRolebis winaaRmdeg SeTqmuli qar-Tveli Tavadebis jgufidan dampyroblebma mxolod cotne dadiani ver daapatimres. Sepyrobili qarTve-lebi qalaqis moedanze gaaSiSvles da Tafli wausves

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– mwerebs rom daekbinaT-daegeslaT. cotne dadianma es rom gaigo, ki ar daimala, aramed saswrafod gae-Sura Tavis ZmebTan, TviTonac gaSiSvlda da megobre-bis gverdiT dajda. am simamaciT ise gancvifrdnen monRolebi (`amxanag epifancevis~ boRmiT avsebul Tvalebs ra ganacvifrebs!), rom dauyovnebliv gaanTa-visufles rogorc citne dadiani, ise misi SeTqmuli megobrebi. am istoriaze izrdeboda sruliad saqar-Tvelo, rogorc dasavleTi, ise aRmosvleTi saukunee-bis manZilze...

vuTxraT es `simarTle~ dutu megrels – XIX sa-ukunis qarTvel poetsa da sazogado moRvawes, rome-lic werda:

`qarTl-kaxeTi, imereTi, guria da samegrelo, yvela Cemi samSobloa, sayvareli saqarTvelo~.

vuTxraT es `simarTle~ did konstantine gamsa-xurdias, romlis maRalmxatvrulma qarTulma sali-teraturo enam moajadova rogorc qarTveli, ise ara-qarTveli mkixveli?

vuTxraT es `simarTle~ aTasobiT xelovnebis, kulturis moRvawes samegrelodan, romlebic erTian qarTul kulturas aSenebs?

saerTod istoriaSi bevri ram SeiZleba. Zalis gamoyenebiT moxerxda da germanuli qalaqi dancigi polonur gdanskad gadaiqca, kantis mSobliuri qala-qi kenigsbergi – kaliningradad (rusuli mmarTvelim elitis fantaziis daSretas miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom roca ufro gamorCeuli da mniSvnelovani komu-nisti beladebis saxelwodebis mqone qalaqebs saxeli gadaarqves, mainc dRemde SeinarCunes stalinis mari-onetis m. kalininis saxelobiT germanuli qalaqi). amitom, Zalis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba avtonomiac Seq-mna, miwac waglijo da moigono amisi gasamarTlebe-li sabuTi.

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samegrelosagan separatizmis safrTxobelis Seq-mnis mcdeloba ar axalia, Zvelia. amas jer kidev me-fis ruseTi cdilobda, roca moisurves jer megruli anbanis gamogoneba scades rusul alfavitze, Semdeg bibliis Targmnac gadawyvites, rasac win TviTon Tbilisis rusuli sasuliero seminariis xelmZRvane-loba aRudga, im argumentirebuli mizeziT, rom ga-Wirdeboda am enaze bibliis filosofiuri siRrmee-bis zusti gadmocema (ix. Tbilisis sasuliero semina-riis arqivi, saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio ar-qivi, f. 440, aR. 2, s. 5, furc. 44.).

sabWoTa xelisuflebis wlebSi iyo samegrelos gankerZoebis da aq avtonomiuri erTeuli Seqmnis mcdeloba (amis Sesaxeb ix.: a. dauSvili, decentrali-zaciis procesebi saqarTveloSi XX s. 20-30-ian wleb-Si. almanaxi `klio~. Tb., 2000. #9, reziume rusul enaze). garkveulma Zalebma, romelsac kremlis zogi-erTi lideri (magaliTad, m. kalinini) TanaugrZnobda kidec, daiwyo moZraoba samegrelos avtonomiisaTvis, adgilobriv enaze wignebisa da Jurnal-gazeTebis ga-mosacemad. magram adgilobrivi mosaxleoba, samegre-lodan gamosuli qarTveli inteligencia gamovida amis winaaRmdegi. axalgazrda konstantine gamsaxur-diam, diomide Tofuriam, mixeil kvaracxeliam da sxvebma saprotesto werilebi gamoaqveynes respubli-kis presaSi, romelSic werdnen: `samegrelo ganuyofe-li nawilia saqarTvelosi rogorc ekonomikurad, ise kulturulad. samegrelos xalxi mudam yofila da aris mWidrod dakavSirebuli mTel qarTvel xal-xTan... xelovnurad gamoyofili nawili ver icoc-xlebs da mokvdeba... yoveli megreli, romelic Tavis moqmedebaSi ar xelmZRvanelobs faruli piradi inte-resebiT, Tavis samSoblo enaT Tvlis mxolod da mxolod qarTul enas. swavlobs am mSobliur enas~ (gaz. `komunisti~. 1925 w. 16 seqtemberi. cnobili soci-al-demokrati (menSeviki) diomide Tofuria aRniSnav-da maSin, rom am qmedebas `nikolozis imperialistu-

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ri politikis suni udis da es batonebi aSordias po-litikur memkvidreebs warmoadgenen~ (gaz. `komunis-ti~, 1925 w. 15 seqtemberi).

aq gaiJRera gvarma – aSordia. es ubeduri pirov-neba, nikolozis specsamsaxuris davalebiT cdilob-da ganecalkevebina samegrelo danarCeni saqarTvelo-sagan da amisTvis gaeZlierebina is barierebi, rac is-toriuli ganviTarebis Taviseuburebebma, feodaluri daqucmacebulobis kanonebma gaaCina saqarTvelos mravaltanjul miwaze. aseTma, aSordias msgavsma, gva-rebma `amxanag epifancevis~ TxzulebaSic gaiJRera...

uxeSi samxedro Zala is argumentia, romelic zogjer TiSavs eris erTian organizms. uxeSma sabWo-Ta samxedro Zalam gaTiSa didi germania or nawi-lad, Camoacala mas aRmosavleTis prusia, dancigi. magram ukvdavma erovnulma sulma (roca amis istori-uli pirobebi Seiqmna) kvlav aaRorZina nanatri sa-xelmwifoebrivi erTianoba. roca genialuri bismarki daSlil-daqucmacibuli germaniis samTavroebisagan erTian germanul saxelmwifos qmnida, man Cinebulad ganaxorciela `kulturkamfi~ _ brZola erTiani kul-turisaTvis, radgan istoriulad gankerZoebul, da-qucmacebul germaniaSi, romlis miwebi sxva saxelmwi-foebs hqonda mitaceuli, enobrivi gansxvavebac arse-bobda, religiuric, magram swored didi ZalisxmeviT moxerxda yvela am faqtoris nivelireba. amas hqvia erovnuli konsolidacia. da rogorc zemoTac aR-vniSneT, `amxanagi epifancevi~ cudi studentiviT er-TmaneTSi urevs erovnuli konsolidaciis process da ZaldatanebiT asimilacias. urevs, radgan es mas ase sWirdeba, is cudi diplomati da aseve metad cudi istorikosia...

a W a r l e b i. is rom `amxanagi epifancevi~ cu-di istorikosia, yvelaze kargad Cans aWaris magaliT-ze, mis mosaxleobze gamoTqmul SexedulebebSi. es ZirZveli qarTuli kuTxe (istoriuli samxreT-dasav-leT saqarTvelo) mudam saqarTvelos mefeebis mmar-

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TvelobaSi iyo. gaZlierebulma TurqeTis saxelmwi-fom, romelmac advilad gadaylapa bizantiis upirve-lesi qristianuli imperia, saqarTvelos miwebsac da-epatrona, zogi mTlianad miierTa (samxreTi da sam-xreT-dasavleTi saqarTvelo), zogzec hegemonia gaav-rcela (afxazeTi, imereTi, guria). TurqeTis saxel-mwifos SemadgenlobaSi 300 weli iyvnen aWaris, axal-cixis, axalqalaqis qarTveli mosaxleoba, ra Tqma unda, Zalmomreobis Sedegad, TurqeTis religiuri politikis gamo, qarTvelobam miiRo mahmadianoba. mag-ram aWaris mosaxleobam bolomde SeinarCuna qarTu-li ena, qarTuli gvarebi da xsovna erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifosi. amitomac mudam iyo ltolva saqarTve-losken. amaze miuTiTebs aWareli mamuliSvilebis: ximSiaSvilebis, abaSiZeebis, miqelaZeebis da sxvaTa da sxvaTa intensiuri moRvaweoba saqarTvelosTan kvlav SesakavSireblad.

roca ruseTis imperiam aWara-baTumis (mTlianad samxreT saqarTvelos) teritoriebis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita, am saqmeSi qarTvelebi rusebs Tavidanve amoudgnen mxarSi. omis kavkasiis frontze qarTuli miliciac ibrZoda, romlis rigebSi 30 aTasi kaci iyo gaerTianebuli. ai, rogor mimarTa aWarisTvis meb-rZol jariskacebs rusma generalma oklobJiom: `dae gaxsovdeT, rom Tqven win gadaSlilia mindvrebi da mTebi Zveli qristianuli saqarTvelosi, romlis aTa-sobiT milicieli da molaSqre amJamad Cvens rigebSi dgas da saerTo mters ebrZvis~ (ix. S. megrelaZe, sam-xreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tb., 1963, gv.116.). ra samwuxaroa, rom es WeSmariteba kargad icoda mefis Sovinistur skolaSi gazrdilma rusma generalma da es ar icis sabWoTa internacionalis-tur skolaSi gamozrdilma `amxanagma epifancevma~.

am omSi Tavi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCines qarTvel-ma generlebma da oficrebma: zaqaria WavWavaZem, aleq-si qavTaraZem, mixeil amirejibma, polkovnikma efrem musxeliSvilma da mravalma sxvam.

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ise, rom aWara-baTumis SemoerTebisaTvis bevrma qarTvelma gaiRo sisxli da miaCnda, rom am SemTxve-vaSi ruseTis xelmwife asrulebda georgievskis traqtatis saidumlo muxlebs, rac iTvaliswinebda qarTveli xalxisaTvis istoriis bedis ukuRmarTobiT dakarguli teritoriebis dabrunebas.

magram, rogorc yovelTvis, ruseTis administra-cias male daavawyda general oklobJios Segonebani da yvelanairad xels uSlida qarTvelTa erovnul konsolidacias am kuTxeSi, aferxebda qarTuli sko-lebis gaxsnas, aZnelebda qarTveli saeklesio moRva-weebis saqmianobas da yvelanairad axalisebda ~rusu-li partiis~ hegemonias. istorias axsovs `qarTvel maswavlebelTa saqme~, rac mefis oxrankam SeTxza aWaraSi moRvawe qarTveli pedagogebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic cdilobdnen aWaris mosaxleobis ZiriTadi, qarTul enaze molaparake nawilisaTvis miewodebinaT Sesabamisi literatura, aRedginaT adgilobriv mo-saxleobaSi qarTuli cnobiereba (amis Sesaxeb. ix. o. gogoliSvili, socialuri da erovnuli moZraoba sam-xreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi meoce saukunis pirvel mesamedSi, sadoqtori disertaciis xelnaweri, baTumi, 2002).

brest-litovskis (1918 w.) separatistuli xelSek-rulebiT bolSevikurma ruseTma daTmo es teritori-ebi, magram sabolood, kudSekvecili, magram mainc es teritoriebi (baTumi da baTumis olqi) saqarTvelos daubrunda. es aRiarebulia moskovisa da yarsis xel-SekrulebebiT.

sabWoTa periodSic ki bolSevikuri ruseTis im-periulad moazrovne nawili yovelnairad cdilobda adgilobrivad gaeRvivebina antiqarTuli tendenciebi. iqmneboda proeqtebi aWaris uSualod ruseTis fede-raciasTan mierTebis, saqarTvelodan misi mowyvetis da a.S. (amis Cinebuli magaliTia rusi diplomatis k. iustis saidumlo mimowera, romelic bolo wlebSi

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gamoqveynda (ix. aWara rusi diplomatis TvaliT, k. iustis moxseneba. Tb.,1998 gv.15.)

ruseTis imperiulma xrikebma ukve 1925 wels aWa-raSi daZabuloba Seqmna. metad sainteresoa am krizi-sis ganmuxtvis Semdeg, cnobili qarTveli bolSevikis m. oraxelaSvilis baTumSi gamosvlis dros gakeTebu-li moxsenebis erTi amonaridi: `baTumi proletaria-tis keraa, proletariatis batonobis safuZveli – ki misi diqtaturaa. proletariatma unda moimxros gle-xoba. Tu es ase ar iqna, maSin diqtatura daiSleba da baTumis kuTvnilebis sakiTxi ara cakSi, aramed sxva adgilze gadaiWreba~ (xazgasma Cvenia – a.d.) (aWa-ris saxelmwifo arqivi, f. r-4, s. 249, furc.17.). m. ora-xelaSvilis es Zunwi fraza iwvevs varauds, rom 1925 wels `baTumis kuTvnilebis~ sakiTxi saqarTvelos sa-sargeblod kidev ar iyo gadaWrili da Tu saqarTve-lo da aWara `WkuiT ar iqnebodnen~ misi kuTvnilebis sakiTxi sxvagan gadawydeboda. Cveni varaudiT es kremlis kuluarebi unda yofiliyo (amis Sesaxeb.: a. dauSvili, qedis incidenti, krebuli `ruseTis kolo-nialuri istoriis sakiTxebi.~ wigni 2, 2007. reziume inglisur enaze).

aWaraSi, komunistur gadatrialebamde, arsebobda sami mimarTuleba: prorusuli, proTurquli da pro-qarTuli. aqedan yvelaze susti (materialuri resur-sebiT,) qarTuli mimarTuleba iyo, magram is Zlieri iyo swored sulierad, qarTuli erTianobis ideiT da man mraval gamocdas gauZlo: nikolozis oxrankis xrikebs, komunistebis TvalTmaqcobas da damoukide-beli saqarTvelos politikuri moRvaweebis uniWobas.

is rac aWaraSi XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi faq-tobrivad iyo, Tu ara feodaluri partikularizmis axali saxiT aRorZinebas, sxvas verafers davarqmevT. baTumis begebis pirdapirma STamomavalma as. abaSiZem isargebla saqarTvelos Seqmnili politikuri viTa-rebiT da metad originaluri reJimi Seqmna, ignorire-bas ukeTebda saqarTvelos centralur xelisufle-

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bas, avtonomiuri respublika sakavSiro biujetSi ar ixdida gadasaxadebs, `aWaris lideri~ gamoxatavda udier damokidebulebas respublikis parlamentisa da misi dedaqalaqis mimarT (Tavisi mmarTvelobis sakmaod xangrZliv periodSi as. abaSiZe TbilisSi arc erTxel ar Camosula), rusi samxedro konsul-tantebis daxmarebiT raRac gaurkveveli daniSnule-bis razmebs wvrTnida. aba warmovidginoT ruseTis si-namdvileSi, rom TaTarstanis prezidenti Samievi ar Cavides moskovSi, Seqmnas TaTarstanisagan raRac auRebeli cixe-simagre, ar gadaixados sakavSiro ga-dasaxadebi, is xelisufali aRar iqneba meore dResve (rogorc cnobilia, ukve aRarc aris).

a. abaSiZis reJimi, aseTi poziorobis miuxedavad, mfarvelobda qarTul kulturas, mecnierebas, xelov-nebas, TamaSobda mecenatobas. magram saqme imaSia, rom aTeizmis batonobis wlebma am kuTxeSi minimumamde daiyvana mahmadianuri religiis zegavlena – aWaris ganmasxvavebeli niSani, xolo erTianma qarTulma skolam sabolood SeaduRaba sruliad saqarTvelos-Tan baTumi da misi olqi. amitomac ase advilad mox-da 2006 wels baTumSi xelisuflebis Canacvleba da aq erTiani qarTuli interesebis ganmtkiceba.

ra Tqma unda, jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli, am kuTxis mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri, politi-kuri aqtivizaciisaTvis. magram informaciisaTvis isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom aWareli (qobuleTeli) z. noRaideli XX saukunis 90 wlebSi xan saqarTvelos finansTa ministri iyo, xan premier-ministri, dRes ki centraluri xelisuflebisadmi opoziciurad ganwyi-bil erT-erT Zlier dajgufebas xelmZRvanelobs.

`b o r C a l~. Rimilis momgvrelia zogierTi rusi da sxva juris qarTvelTmoZule istorikosis mcdeloba qarTuli toponimika araqarTuli formiT daamkvidron: soxumi _ `soxum~, cxinvali _ `cxinval~, TiTqos es ucvlides Sinaars toponimis qarTul fu-Zes, Zirs. am SemTxvevaSi borCalo (ase hqvia da ase

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damkvidrda es toponimi) ar aris qarTuli Ziris mqo-ne toponimi da is XVII saukunemde saqarTvelos miwa-ze arc arsebobda da arc aravis gaego, sanam iranis Zlierma politikurma moRvawem Sah-abasma I-ma 1604 wels saqarTvelosTvis warTmeul debedis xeobaSi borCalus Turqmanuli tomi ar Caasaxla. am SemTxve-vaSi iranisaTvis elis, borCalus Turqmenuli tomebi saqarTvelos istoriul teritoriaze imave funqcias asrulebdnen, rasac mogvianebiT ruseTis imperatore-bi daakisreben: germanelebs, estonelebs, somxebs, berZnebs, duxaborebs da a.S. rogorc wesi, sasazRvro teritoriebze imperiis interesebis gamomxatveli da gamtarebeli eTnosi unda Casaxldes.

XVIII saukuneSi qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma (Teimu-razma, erekle II-m) moaxerxes am teritoriebis ukan dabruneba. istoriaSi isic ki aris cnobili, rom borCalos momTabare tomi, erekle II-s dros apirebda ukan, samSobloSi dabrunebas, xolo ereklem ukan mo-abruna – isini samefo domenSi Sediodnen da erekle II-s mimarT gansakuTrebuli erTgulebiT gamoirCeod-nen. maT `borCaloel TaTrebs~ eZaxdnen – isini ar iyvnen azerbaijanelebi, isini iyvnen Turqmenebi, maTi ena Turqul-azerbaijanuls uaxlovdeboda.

saerTod, ruseTis imperiis demografiulma po-litikam es rigioni _ qvemo qarTli, Zlier aaWrela – XIX saukuneSi man aq Casaxla TurqeTidan gamoqceu-li somxebi, berZnebi, germaniidan Camosuli kolonis-tebi, ruseTidan gadmosuli duxaborebi da a.S. am is-toriuli qarTuli miwidan – qvemo qarTlSi (es ter-mini Zalian aRizianebs `amxanag epifancevs~ da mis me-gobrebs, magram es istoriuli simarTlea, ase ewode-boda am kuTxes istoriul analebSi Zvelad da ase vuwodebT dRes). ruseTma Seqmna borCalos distancia Tbilisis mazris SemadgenlobaSi, xolo 1880 wlidan – borCalos mazra Tbilisis guberniis Semadgenloba-Si. davimaxsovroT – ara erevnis, an ganjis gubernias-Tan, aramed swored Tbilisis guberniasTan, saqarTve-

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los virtualur teritoriul sazRvrebSi. es kuTxe mefis mTavrobas arcerT etapze ar miuerTebia azer-baijanis mazrebisa da guberniebisaTvis. gamodis, rom mefis ruseTis politikosebi ukeT grZnobdnen teri-toriebis kuTvnilebis sakiTxs, vidre maTi Tanamed-rove `demokrati~ Tanamemamuleebi.

roca erTiani ruseTis imperia daiSala da sa-qarTvelom scada damoukidebeli politikis warmoe-ba, teritoriuli pretenziebiT mas mezoblebi aeSal-nen – amaSic araferia gasakviri, mimdinareobda I msoflio omi, romelic swored teritoriebis gadana-wilebas iTvaliswinebada, da roca didi da Zlieri saxelmwifoebi stacebdnen istoriul miwa-wyals er-TmaneTs, patara qveynebmac moindomes erTmaneTis xar-jze teritoriebis gafarToeba – 1918 wlis dekember-Si somxeTis axladSeqmnilma burJuaziulma saxelmwi-fom scada borCalos misakuTreba, magram ver SeZlo. inglisis Carevis Sedegad borCalos gaiyo sam nawi-lad – samxreTs somxebi akontrolebdnen. CrdiloeTs – qarTvelebi, xolo Sua – istoriuli lore, rome-lic sul mudam saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi iyo, ga-mocxadda neitralur zonad. metad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom swored am neitralur zolSi-loreSi moxda cnobili provokacia, roca qarTuli sajariso nawilebis winaaRmdeg (es qarTuli sajariso nawile-bi `neitralur zolSi~ gaCnda somxeTis burJuaziul saxelmwifosTan SeTanxmebiT, romelsac 1920 wels TurqeTis okupacia daemuqra) `ajanyeba~ daiwyo pro-rusulad ganwyobilma somxurma mosaxleobam.

rogorc uaxlesi samecniero ZiebiT dasturdeba, am teritoriaze somxeTis kompartiis centraluri ko-mitetis miTiTebiT (ra Tqma unda rkp (b) cekas karna-xiT) adgilobrivma somxebma daiwyes `komunisturi re-volucia~ da mouwodes `dasaxmareblad~ XI armiis na-wilebs. roca adgilobrivi somxebis ajanyebis warmate-bis Semdeg, komunisti ruseTis mxridan, gadawyda saqar-

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Tvelos axali okupacia, borCalos centrSi – Sula-verSi Seiqmna saqarTvelos revoluciuri komiteti.

momdevno Tveebis movlenebma kidev ufro aur-dau-ries saqme – qarTvelma bolSevikebma, rusi komunisti liderebis mdumare TanxmobiT, somxeTs gadasces lore – qarTuli `komunisturi revoluciis~ akvani, riTic dauSves udidesi danaSauli `revoluciuri warsuli-sadmi~ (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT erovnuli istoriis wi-naSe), magram gamoaaSkaraves komunisturi somxeTis mta-cebluri buneba da is angareba, ramac 1918 wlis omi, 1921 wlis lores provokacia gamoiwvia.

am ambebze didxans imitom SevCerdiT, rom 2004-2005 wlebSi moskovis socialur-politikuri istori-iis centralur saxelmwifo arqivSi muSaobis dros aRmoCnda axali dokumenturi masala, romelic na-Tels fens somxeTis kompartiis ZirgamomTxrel muSa-obas demokratiuli saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg swored am istoriul provinciaSi. roca am provokaciaze mi-diodnen somexi komunistebi imedovnebdnen, rom jil-dod miiRebdnen imas, rac ver miiRes daSnakebma - sa-qarTvelos istoriuli provincia lores.

aseTi gulmodginebis gamo somexi komunistebi centrma _ moskovma marTlac daajildova – somxeTs gadaeca lore (amis Sesaxeb ix. al. dauSvili, lores prokacia, `analebi~. 2005 #1. rezume rusul da in-glisur enebze).

amrigad, saqarTvelom ukve Seasrula Tavisi `in-ternacionalisturi~ misia _ somxeTs gadasca Tavis istoriuli teritoria. amasTanave, imave periodSi, azerbaijansac gadaeca saqarTvelos istoriuli te-ritoria – saingilo. ise rom saqarTvelo Tavis me-zoblebTan pinaTelia. amierkavkasiaSi erovnuli Tan-xmobis gulisaTvis saqarTvelo wavida teritoriul danakargebze. modi exla sxva wavides teritoriul danakargebze amierkavkasiaSi erovnuli Tanxmobis mi-saRwevad...

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didi xnis ganmavlobaSi borCaloelebs TaTrebs (Turqebs) eZaxdnen. ase iyo mTeli 20-iani wlebis man-Zilze, TaTrebs eZaxdnen mesxeT-javaxeTis gamahmadia-nebul yofil qarTvelebsac. magram 30-ian wlebSi, ro-ca sabWoTa sistema ganmtkicda, da momavali, II msof-lio omisaTvis mzadeba daiwyo, moxda mahmadiani mo-saxleobis anbanebis slavur grafikaze gadayvana. Tur-qeTis mxridan SesaZlo pretenziebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT amierkavkasiaSi mcxovreb yvela mahmadians azerbaijanloba daabrales (es sabWoTa saxelmwifos konsolidaciisaTvis gadadgmuli nabiji iyo da amis gageba SeiZleba). azerbaijanelebi gaxdnen borCalus tomis memkvidreebic – uaRresad mSromeli, kanonmor-Cili mosaxleoba, romelic saqarTveloSi mudam iT-vleboda da dResac iTvleba centraluri xelisufle-bis ZiriTad da mTavar dasayrdenad. axla `amxanagi epifancevs~ gamogonili mizezebiT unda TbilisTan ekonomikurad organulad da intensiurad dakavSirebu-li es regioni aabuntos, antiqarTulad ganawyos, da amitomac uZebnis mokavSirebs stambulsa Tu baqoSi, magram albaT esec uSedego mcdeloba iqneba.

`xuTwignSi~ SedarebiT sustad aris ganxiluli s v a n e b i s sakiTxi romelTac avtori aseve ar mi-iCnevs qarTvelebad da imedovnebs, rom isini serio-zul problemebs Seuqmnian saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebas. magram sastikad cdeba, radgan svanebi qarTvelebs Soris gamoirCevian samSoblos gansakuT-rebuli siyvaruliT da erTgulebiT – mTeli Sua sa-ukuneebis manZilze, maSinac ki roca erTiani saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifo daiSala, svanebi icavdnen qar-Tul civilizacias, qarTuli eris sulier saganZurs, svaneTis taZar-monastrebSi gadamalul qarTul erov-nul simdidres da dResac qarTveli eris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis avangardSi dganan.

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom svaneTis sofel lahilis XIII s-is xatis qarTul warweraSi miTiTebu-lia: `wminda mTavarangelozo muxerisao... adiden me-

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feni bagrationni, dadianni da didebulni da eTobi-li saqarTvelo da eTobili svanni da xevi latalisa da aRaSene maSenebeli Seni sofeli lailisa~ (Святой архангел... возвеличь царей Багратионов, Дадианов (= мегрель-ских владительных князей) и дидебулов (= великих вельмож) и Единую Грузию и Единых Сванов и округ Латала и блогослови благослователя твоего села Лаили).

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom aq warmodgenili koncefcia erTiani feodaluri saqarTvelos socia-lur struqturaze romelime ganaTlebul, warCinebul svans ki ar ekuTvnis aramed ubralo svanur sofels da amdenad sruliad cxadi unda iyos, rom es Temi qarTveli xalxis da saqarTvelos Semadgeneli orga-nul nawilad Tvlis ara mxolod Tavis Tavs da, ra Tqma unda, mTels svaneTs, aramed samegrelosac!

SedarebiT mokled, erT abzacSi avtori ganixi-lavs q i s t e b s (CaCnebs, CeCnebs), romlebic aseve saqarTvelos kuTvnil kavkasionis ferdobze cxovro-ben. avtori am Temas ver Slis im gulmodginebiT, rac SeimCneva opusis sxva adilebSi. es dabneuloba, ra Tqma unda, aixsneba gasagebi mizeziT: CeCneTi es xom ruseTis sircxvilia, sadac ruseTis mxedrionma XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi, sakuTari teritoriu-li mTlianobis gadarCenis gulisaTvis, regionSi aTasobiT bavSvi da mozardi gaJlita, moawyo arnaxu-li genocidi, orjer gadawva da gaaverana CeCnebis dedaqalaqi – grozno, Caidina eniT auwereli vanda-lizmi. aseTi agresiuli mmarTveli politikuri gun-dis damcvel `amx. epifancevs~ sindisi sada aqvs?

arafers ambobs avtori qarTvel e b r a e l e b -z e, romlebic saqarTveloSi ukve 2600 welia cxov-roben. esec gasagebia, ra unda Tqvas rusma avtorma, ebraelebis pogromebiT cnobili ruseTis ukeTurma Svilma, qarTveli ebraelebis uflebebze? aqac vlin-deba rusi Sovinist-antisemitis pozicia, romelic iZulebulia uyuros Tu rogor sazRaprod gamdid-rdnen da kvlavac mdidrdebian ebraelebi ruseTSi.

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mravali saukunis manZilze ebraelebma qarTvele-bis mxardamxar zides cxovrebis mZime tvirTi da, ro-ca amis SesaZlebloba miecaT, teritoriebi ki ar wag-lijes mezoblebs, avtonomiis Seqmna ki ar moiTxoves, adgnen da mSvidad wavidnen Tavis samSobloSi, iq da-iwyes axali cxovreba da dResac mowiwebiT igoneben saqarTveloSi gatarebul saukuneebs da udidesi mad-lierni arian qarTveli xalxis im Zmobisa da siyva-rulisaTvis, rasac isini grZnobdnen saukuneebis man-Zilze – saqarTvelo msoflioSi erTaderTi unikalu-ri qveyanaa, sadac istorias ar axsovs ebraelTa dis-kriminaciis, Seuracxyofis, darbevis arcerTi faqti.

avtori aseve arafers ambobs saqarTveloSi kom-paqturad mcxovreb b e r Z n e b z e, romlebic aseve uxsovari droidan cxovrobdnen, magram kompaqturad XVIII-XX saukuneSi Casaxldnen, bevri maTgani Turqe-Tidan gamoiqca I msoflio omis periodSi da somex ltolvilebTan erTad saqarTveloSi aRmoCnda. niSan-doblivia, rom roca ltolvilTa raodenobiT Sewu-xebuli saqarTvelos sabWoTa mTavrobam TxovniT mi-marTa saberZneTis xelisuflebas, gaeyvanaT berZeni moqalaqeebis nawili samSobloSi, maTgan sastiki ua-ri miiRes (ix. saqarTvelos prezidentis arqivi, f.14, aR. 1. s. 431. furc. 5.), xolo saqarTvelos xelisufle-ba iZulebuli gaxda walkaSi, soxumSi, respublikis sxva qalaqebSi Caesaxlebina isini.

arafers ambobs amx. epifancevi r u s e b z e, u k r a i n e l e b z e, sxva eTnikur jgufebze. sa-erTod saqarTveloSi kompaqturad 13 eri da gafantu-lad kidev 87 eTnosis warmomadgeneli cxovrobs. ra Tqma unda, irealuria yvelas Seuqmna sasaTburo pi-robebi, skola, Teatri, opera da a.S. mTavaria maT Se-uqmna demokratiuli cxovrebisaTvis aucilebeli vi-Tareba, rac saxelmwifos erTianobas ar daemuqreba da uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos zeaRmaval ganviTare-bas. asea yvela mowinave demokratiul qveyanaSi.

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roca regionSi hegemoni ruseTi iyo, gansakuTre-biT 50-iani wlebis meore naxevridan, xruSCovis uRim-Ramo mmarTvelobis droidan, daiZaba saerovnebaTaSo-riso urTierTobebi sabWoTa kavSirSi, yovelnairad xeli eSleboda saqarTvelos mosaxleobis konsoli-dacias. Cveni oponenti arc imdenad uwignuria da aRi-arebs – saqarTveloSi qarTuli ena yvelam unda ico-deso (ix. opusi #.2, furc. 3), magram rogor iswavlis saqarTvelos moqalaqe araqarTveli qarTul enas, Tu amis pirobebi, amis aucilebloba ar Seiqmna. gana ame-rikaSi Casuli rusi (albaT ukve aTeul aTasi) moiT-xovs avtonomias da saxelmwifo skolas rusul ena-ze? gana los-anJelesSi mcxovrebi somexi mosaxleoba ar flobs inglisurs? ar monawileobs amerikis eko-nomikur, sazogadoebriv da kulturul cxovrebaSi (dRes ukve bevrs aRar axsovs, rom legendaruli ame-rikeli kino-reJisori ruben mamuliani mcxeTis raio-nis sofel muxridan iyo da saqarTveloSi yofnis dros man teleekranidan siyvaruli gaumxila qar-Tvel xalxs).

ai, swored es qarTveli xalxi ki Ó`amx. epifan-cevs~ saerTod gamorCa mxedvelobidan, ra uWirs mas, ra ulxins? saerTod SemCneulia, saqarTveloSi erov-nebaTaSoriso urTierTobebis kritikis mosurne ada-mianebs mudam aviwydebaT saqarTvelos ZiriTadi eT-nosi _ qarTveli, misi interesebi, misi saxelmwifoeb-rivi ganviTarebis kanonebi. zogjer am kritikosebis (maT Soris `amx. epifancevis~) alogikuroba xandaxan iqamdec ki midis, rom cdiloben daatkicon – qarTve-li mxolod imisTvis gaCnda dedamiwaze, rom mis te-ritoriaze Semoxiznuli adamianebis cxovrebisa da yofis pirobebis gaumjobesebaze unda izrunos. ra-tom? rogor? mas dedamiwaze sacxovreblad sul ara-feri ekuTvnis? ufalma sabaoTma, roca miwebs arigeb-da, qarTvelebs saerTod araferi uboZa? roca mezo-beli erebi sxva xalxebis kuTvnil milionobiT ki-lometr miwas amayad floben, maT wiaRiseul simdid-

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res unamusod gankargaven da misi `dmplomiani laqie-bi~ sxva xalxebs kolonializms abraleben – gana es samarTliani damokidebulebaa faqtebisa da movlene-bisadmi? rogor SeiZleba kolonializmi daabralo xalxs, romelic TviTon kolonia iyo da saSinel erovnul Cagvras ganicdi;da, romelmac yvela dam-pyrobelisagan udidesi Seuracxyofa aitana, gauZlo, xSirad apatia kidec (maT Soris rusebsac – amis Se-saxeb ix. winamdebare krebuli, m. samsonaZe, rusuli mmarTvelobis dasawyisi saqarTveloSi), sxvebiviT ar miutovebia is urTulesi istoriuli gamocdis dros da berlinis reixstagzec xom gamarjvebis droSac rus egorovTan erTad qarTvelma _ qanTariamac aaf-riala _ esec Cveulebrivi, qarTvelis tradiciuli mdgomareobaa...

epifancevebi saqarTvelos arasodes aklda: gavix-senoT vostorgovebi da ianovskebi, puriSkeviCebi da denikinebi, sitinebi da iustebi, sxvebi da sxvebi _ rom-lebic saqarTvelos kolonizatorobas abralebdnen, qarTvelobis moSla-amogdebas apirebdnen, daSla-da-qucmacebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, magram amaod...

ukve vasruleb, mkiTxvelo, sul cota darCa... me Cemi werilis dasawyisSi aRvniSne, rom `amx.

epifancevis~ winamdebare opusebs aSkarad aklda is simwvave, is RvarZli, rac ufro reliefurad mis Sar-Sandel TxzulebebSi SeimCneoda. ginda giTxra mkiT-xvelo ratom moxda ase?

`amxanagi epifancevi~ saqarTveloze rom lapara-kobs, mudam mxedvelobaSi aqvs Tavisi sayvareli sam-Soblo _ didi ruseTi, amitomac ver aris iseTi dama-jerebeli, rogoric SarSan.

aba, modi CavuRrmavdeT mis Semdeg braldebebs, rasac is saqarTvelos `mini-imperias~ uyenebs:

«Империя – это государство, вектор развития которого нап-равлен на то – чтобы распространить свое влияние как можно дальше на другие народы, територии и государства»,

es xom ruseTia!

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«Неважно по каким причинам – в борьбе ли за ресурсы – в попытке ли обезопасить границы, стремясь получить новые тер-ритории для расселения коренного этноса, отвечая на призивы других народов о помощи и т. д.»

es xom ruseTia! «Выбырается организация, ставится на содержание государ-

ства и, начиная с этого моменнта, она по сути является не выра-зителем интересов этноса, а рупором власти».

esec xom didi ruseTia! diax, ruseTia, romelic mudam iyo `didi impe-

ria~ da amis damtkicebas leqsikonebis moSvelieba arasodes Wirdeboda, isedac cnobili iyo da aris mTeli msofliosaTvis ruseTis imperiuli ambiciebi Tu pretenziebi. ruseTma saxeli gaiTqva ebraelebis pogromebiT, CeCnebisa da Crdilo kavkasielebis Jle-tiT, ukrainelebisa da belorusebis, yazaxebisa, TaT-rebis, baSkirebis da sxva eTnikuri jgufebis asimi-laciiT, CrdiloeTis xalxebis (evenkebi, nivxebi da a.S.) fizikuri da moraluri ganadgurebiT.

dRes aseTi eris warmomadgeneli saqarTvelos brals sdebs sxva erebis Cagvrasa da SeviwroebaSi. marTlac sad aris uflis samarTali?!

did ruseTs didi bodiSi aqvs mosaxdeli mTeli msoflios winaSe im saSineli eqsperimentisaTvis, rac leninma da trockim Tavs moaxvies ara marto Tavis qveyanas, aramed mTel msoflios da komunizmis qime-rul ideas adevnebulebma, lamis ufskrulSi gadaCe-xes igi. ruseTis komunisturma saxelmwifom Zalis gamoyenebiT uxeSad iZalava erebze, jer `gaawiTla~, gza-kvali auria, aSimSila, `gulagSi~ gamoketa, ger-manelebs Seaxoca, tyvilebiT gabera da mere, roca erT dRes, `socializmiT TamaSi~ mobezrda, arc ki SeuTaxmda vinmes, ise miangr-moangria stalinis Seq-mnili saxelmwifo – sabWoTa respublikebis kavSiri. yovelive amis Semdeg, roca yofili sabWoTa respub-likebi sxva gzas daadgnen, surT axal cxovrebas ewion, axali megobrebi da mokeTeebi moZebnon, gul-

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mosuli bavSviviT cecxliT da maxviliT daatyda Tavs Tavis yofil `debsa da umcros Zmebs~ da sicoc-xle gaumwara maT – ai, swored es aris namdvili ru-seTi.

qarTvels ver daabraleb sxva eris Cagvras, es nonsensia _ ers, romelsac Tavis wmindanebad hyavs somexi SuSnaki, ebraeli sidonia, arabi abo, sparseli evstaTe, roca misi genialuri Svili, ukvdavi SoTa rusTaveli ukve XIII saukuneSi umReroda xalxTa me-gobrobas – is xalxi ar SeiZleba iyos mCagvreli. qarTveli mxolod sTxovs da zogjer moiTxovs ki-dec, rom pativi scen mis kanonier uflebebs, daicvan da Seasrulon misi konstitucia, daelaparakon sa-xelmwifo enaze (raoden sasiamovnoa, rom saqarTve-loSi axladCamosuli amerikeli diplomati filip emleri qarTvelebs qarTul enaze esaubreba, maSin _ roca saukuneebis manZilze qarTvelebis, uzbekebis, yazaxebis, somxebis, tajikebis, litvebis, latviale-bis gverdiT, mezoblad mcxovrebi rusi or sityvas ver abamda im xalxis mSobliur enaze, romelTa gver-diT cxovrobda, xolo TviTon aucileblad moiTxov-dnen rusuli enis unaklo codnas).

erovnebaTaSorisi urTierToba rTuli proble-maa. mas ver gadawyvets Teatralizebul, erovnul kostumebSi gamowyobili eTnikuri umciresobebis (TaTrebis, baSkirebis, yalmuxebis, koriakebis, udmur-tebis) momReralTa gundebis (naxevarze meti rusi erovnebis warmomadgeneli rom aris) mier fredi mer-kuris `Cempionis~ ostaturi Sesruleba. es ver mou-tans gamarjvebas ruseTs verc vankuverSi da verc erovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobebis saqmeSi. magram es Cveni saqme ar aris, yvelam Tavis did problemebs mo-uaros.

dasasruls minda ramdenime aSkara tyuilSi vam-xilo `amx. epifancevi~:

1. is cdilobs ise warmadginos viTareba, TiTqos saqarTveloSi rodesma arsebobda ajanyebuli osebis

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winaaRmdeg mebrZoli valiko juRelis saxelobis qa-laqi. es didi sicruea – saqarTveloSi 30-ian wlebSi marTlac arsebobda qalaqi juReli (dRevandeli zes-tafoni), magram mas es saxeli ewoda cnobili bolSe-vikis simon pilates Ze juRelis sapativsacemod, ro-melic jer vladikavkazis partiuli organizaciis erTerTi xelmZRvaneli iyo, xolo saqarTvelos ga-sabWoebis Semdeg – Tbilisis partiul organizacias Tavkacobda.

2. ukve ugunurebamde mivida i.b. stalinis gvariT spekulireba. jugaSvili jugaevi ar aris, arc araso-desi yofila. kaxeTSi (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aris sofeli juRaani, sadac misi winaprebi cxovrob-dnen). `juR~ – es qarTuli Ziria (juReli = q. juRas (julfas) macxovrebels). stalinis ojaxSi, rom qar-Tuli erovnuli suliskveTeba ar yofiliyo, mas mSoblebi aucileblad gadaukeTebdnen gvars rusul motivebze, es XIX saukunis dasasruls gavrcelebuli tradicia iyo, gansakuTrebiT qarTvel Tavadaznau-rebSi: ColoyaSvilebi _ Colokaevebi, andronikaSvi-lebi _ andronikovebi, arayiSvilebi _ arakCeevebi, ci-ciSvilebi _ cicianovebi da a.S. da a.S.

3. erT-erT Tavis opusSi (# 2, gv. 8) `amxanagi epifancevi~ qarTvelebis nacionalistobisa da Sovi-nistobis dasamtkiceblad argumentebs iSveliebs, ma-galiTad aseTs: «Мы не должны уступать родной земли спус-тившемуся с Кавказских гор бескультурному и не имеющему прошлого племени» (`axalgazrda iverieli~, 1989 wlis 29 aprili),  «Разве не было бы луще, чтобы армяне вернулись к своей земле, а азербаиджанцы ражмножались на своей земле» («Молодежь Грузии», 1990 wlis 14 aprili)  «Должен про-изойти другой Сумгаит, чтобы гость ушел на родину, что ли?» (там же). Cven SevamowmeT wyaro da aRmoCnda, rom `amxa-nagi epifancevi~ aSkarad cruobs. `axalgazrda iveri-elis~ mis mier damowmebul nomerSi aRniSnuli cita-ta ar aris, samagierod aris saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi

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asirielebis (es eTnosi `amxanag epifancevs~ aSkarad `gamorCa~ avtonomiis momTxovnelTa CamonaTvalSi) mi-marTva: `saqarTvelos keTilo xalxo! 9 aprilis tra-gediam TbilisSi da stiqiurma ubedurebam aWaraSi yvelas gvatkina guli... gaumarjos damoukidebel sa-qarTvelos. alifaSa rostomoRli, dursun kurbanovi, sabin guSnarovi, abibas velievi...~. rac Seexeba «Молодежь Грузии»-s `amxanag epifancevis~ mier miTiTe-bul nomers, dasturdeba, rom im dRes gazeTi saer-Tod ar gamodioda da verc verafers aseTs ver da-beWdavda (rusma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba is advilad ga-daamawmos, radgan es gazeTi aucileblad iqneba mos-kovis centralur biblioTekebSi).

Cven ar SevudgebiT `amxanag epifancevis~ opusis yvela cdomilebis gasworebas – es Zalian Sors wag-viyvans da gvinda vurCioT `amx. epifancevs~: ufro obieqturad da yovlismomcvelad Seiswavlos kavkasi-is istoria da qarTvelologia, magram kidev ufro gamorCeulad izrunos ruseTSi erovnebaTaSoriso urTierTobis problemaze: xom SeiZleba los-anJeles-sa Tu niu-iorkSi ijdes vinme `amxanagi epifansoni~ da adgendes gegmas – ukve Seiqmna pirobebi ruseTis Soreul aRmosavleTSi, monRoloiduri rasis warmo-madgenlebisagan axali damoukidebeli saxelmwifos Seqmnis da varaudobdes, rom mas CineTs an monRo-leTs miuerTebs, an fiqrobdes Tu rogor Camoyalib-des CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi erT dros ukve arsebuli mTielTa erTiani saxelmwifo da rogor gamocxaddes misi damoukidebloba TurqeTis proteqtoratiT (xom cxovroben CeCnebis, inguSebis, Cerqezebis, adiReele-bis warmomadgenlebi TurqeTSi), adgendes konkretul gegmas rogor sabolood daubrundes kurilia – ia-ponias, aRmosavleT prusia (kaliningradis olqi) – germanias, karelia – fineTs, mis istoriul mflo-bels da a.S. da a.S. inglisSi ityvian xolme: `SuSis saxlSi roca zixar, sxvas qvebs nu esvri!~.

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kidev ufro meti, roca `amx. epifancevi~ ase guldamwvari dardobs saqarTvelos eTnikur umcire-sobebze (romelTa warmomadgenloba sinamdvileSi zojer 50-60 aTas kacs ar aRemateba), ratom ar ixo-kavs loyebs 5 milioniani TaTrebis, baSkirebis, ud-murtebis da ruseTis `didi imperiis~ SemadgenlobaSi ZaliT CarTuli xalxebis damoukideblobis gulisaT-vis? magram es problemebi ruseTs jer kidev win aqvs da misi gadaWris gzebs aSkarad ver xedavs (aravin daijerebs, rom swori gadawyvetilebaa, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi axali federaluri okrugis Seqmna eTniku-ri rusiT saTaveSi, romelsac unda daemorCilnon `kavkasiis suverenuli xalxebi~.)

amrigad, dadasturebulia _ `amxanag epifancevs~ ainteresebs erovnebaTaSoriso urTierToba, magram ara sakuTar samSobloSi, aramed mezobel qveynebSi. vurCevT daanebos Tavi im saqmes, rac man ar icis (an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, kargad mainc Seiswavlos is) da vTavazobT misTvis ufro saintereso, aqtualuri da problemuri Temebis Seswavlas, magaliTad aseTs:

1. ratom garbian ruseTis gavlenis sferodan, TiTqos keTrovans gaurbodnen, dasavleTSi: germani-asTan, safrangeTTan da amerikisaTan ruseTis `yofi-li megobrebi da mokavSireebi~?

2. ratom ver monaxes ruseTis mmarTvelma Zaleb-ma stalinuri socializmidan Tavisufal sabazro urTierTobaze gadasvlis optimaluri gza, ise rom ar daengriaT ase wvalebiT da uzarmazari msxver-pliTa aSenebuli qveyana – sabWoTa kavSiri? xom moa-xerxa es CineTis saxalxo respublikam? da Tanac ro-gori warmatebiT!

3. ratom acxadebs ruseTis propaganda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas teroristul moZrao-bad? gana SeiZleba teroristi iyos mTeli eri? maga-liTad, CeCeni?

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4. aris raime msgavseba putinis mier ganxorcie-lebuli groznos operaciasa da saakaSvilis mier Ca-tarebuli cxinvalis operacias Soris?

5. ra Tvisebrivi gansxvavebaa normanebis, prusie-lebis, holStinieli germanelebis, ebraelebis, qar-Tvelebisa da somxebis ruseTs Soris da rodis gax-deba ruseTi namdvilad rusuli?

dasasruls, kidev erTxel minda Sevaxseno Zvir-fas `amxanag epifancevs~: saxelmwifoebs Soris gar-Tulebas zogjer obieqturi, xolo ufro xSirad su-bieqturi mizezebi apirobeben. maTSi brali, Zalian xSirad, xelisufalT miuZRvniT, nu viqnebiT maTi in-teresebis brma gamomxatvelebi, davfiqrdeT im kar-gzec, rac Cvens xalxebs akavSirebdaT da jer kidev akavSirebT. marTalia, mavani cdilobs qarTvelebs daumkvidros saxeli nacionalistis, Sovinistis, me-zobelT moZulis imiji, magram, damijereT! maqsim gorkize ukeT veravin Seafasebs saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebs. xolo es didi mwerali ase mimarTavda qarTvelebs: `Tqveni qveynis ulamazesma bunebam da Tqvenma romantikulma sifaqizem – swored am orma Za-lam momca biZgi, rom mawanwala literatori gavmxda-riyavi~.

ai ase, `amxanago epifancev~ _ morCa kino.

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msoflio istoria

nana xazaraZe, nana baxsoliani

ricxviTi saxelebis aRmniSvneli

luviuri ieroglifebi

Zv. w. XVI saukuneSi mcire aziaSi mcxovrebma, xe-Tebis monaTesave luvielebma originaluri damwer-loba Seqmnes, romlis amokiTxvas mecnierebma aTwle-ulebi moandomes. luviuri ieroglifebis semantikuri kodebis amoxsnasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebulma mra-valwlianma kvleva-Ziebebma im mniSvnelovan daskvnam-de migviyvana, rom ara mxolod am damwerlobiT Ses-rulebuli Zv. w. II-I aTaswleulebiT daTariRebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, aramed Tavad luviuri ierog-lifuri niSnebi Zveli anatoliis xalxebis istorii-sa da kulturis istoriis rekonstruqciisaTvis Zvir-fas sainformacio wyaros warmoadgens. am originalu-ri damwerlobis Semqmnelebi amomwurav informacias flobdnen mcire aziis xalxebis istoriisa da kul-turis Sesaxeb [1, 11 da Smd.].

sadReisod 500-mde luviuri ieroglifia cnobi-li. specialur samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmu-li Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, es damwerloba Tavdapir-velad sakulto daniSnulebis iyo. sakancelario xe-Turi lursmulisagan ganxsvavebiT, luviur-ierogli-furi religiur monumentur damwerlobas asaxiereb-da. gvianxeTur xanaSi (Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli meoTxedi) igi sekularizacias ganicdis. mkvidrdeba samSeneblo da miZRvniTi xasiaTis warwerebis Seqmnis tradicia. yizil-daRis, yara-daRis, burunqaias mTia-neTSi, yara-Tefeze (kilikia), qarxemiSSi (CrdiloeTi siria, dRev. jerablusi) mefe-mTavrebi (xarTafu, azi-Tavada, iaririsi, qaTuvasi...) analebis tipis werilo-

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biT Zeglebs qmnian. dRevandeli kululus binadarni tyviis firfitebze sameurneo-sagadasaxado daniSnu-lebis dokumentebs adgenen [2, 8-9, 31-32...; 3, 33-37].

ieroglifur-luviuri epigrafikuli Zeglebis gavrcelebis CrdiloeTi sazRvari alaja-huiuqTan ga-dis, aRmosavleTi hinesTan, zemo mesopotamiaSi, xolo samxreTi – hamaTze, siriaSi. Tumca, am damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli qvaze amokveTili calkeuli warwerebi sipilosSi, yarabelSi, kviprosze, babilonSi, iranSi da sxva punqtebSia aRmoCenili. am warwerebis raode-noba 300-ze metia, 800-s aRemateba sabeWdavebze moTav-sebuli ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebis raodenoba. xeTebis droindeli sabeWdavebi, romlebmac umTavre-sad anabeWdebis saxiT moaRwies Cvenamde, xSirad ore-novania. isini, ZirTadad, xeTi mefeebis saxelebs, ti-tulaturebsa da genealogiebs gvacnoben (boRazqoi, tarsusi, ugariTi). xeTuri xanis ieroglifur-luviu-ri warwerebi xeTi mefeebis kldeSi nakveT reliefeb-zedacaa dadasturebuli, sadac mefeebis gamosaxule-bebi da msxverplSewirvis scenebia aRbeWdili. zog-jer ieroglifur-luviuri warwerebi RvTaebaTa saxe-lebs gvacnobs, zogjer ritualuri xasiaTis teq-stebs [4, 17].

ieroglifur-luviuri ena lursmuli luviuris monaTesavea. Zveli anatoliis es ori ena A da B liki-urTan, pisidiurTan, likaonurTan, sideturTan erTad Zveli indoevropuli enebis anatoliur (xeTur-luvi-uri) jgufis luviur qvejgufadaa miCneuli [5, 14]. rogorc wesi, luviuri ieroglifi Ria marcvlis sa-xiTaa warmodgenili - xmovani an Tanxmovani-xmovani (Tumca gvxvdeba gamonaklisebic, rodesac ierogli-furi niSani romelime aso-bgeras Seesabameba. ierog-lifur-luviur logogramebsa da determinativebs zogjer fonetikuri komplementebi axlavs, romlebic sityvis fuZis bgeriT Semadgenlobas da fleqsias gvacnobs [6, 9].

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arsebobs luviuri ieroglifebis klasifikaciis ramdenime versia. em. laroSis mier SemuSavebuli sak-maod argumentirebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT, lu-viuri ieroglifebi funqciis gaTvaliswinebiT, SesaZ-loa aT jgufad daiyos. ieroglifuri niSnebis pirve-li jgufi adamianebTan, mis sxeulTan, socialur statusTan, sxvadasxva qmedebebTan dakavSirebul cne-bebs asaxierebs (me, adamiani, Tavi, xeli, fexi, terfi, qali (saSos saxiT), deda, qalbatoni, dedofali, mefe, didi mefe, bavSvi, vaJi, ufliswuli (qali, vaJi), Zma, gmiri, Zlieri, mrisxaneba, saubari, aReba, dadeba, mi-tana, Tayvaniscema, ritualis aRsruleba da a. S.), me-ore – cxovelebs (ZaRli, cxeni, saxedari, iremi, xari, cxvari, kurdReli, lomi...), mesame – mcenareebs (puris TavTavi, broweuli, yurZnis mtevani, maradmwvane xe ea...), meoTxe – mnaTobebs, bunebis movlenebs, lan-dSafts (ca, mze, mTvare, eqvsqimiani da mravalsxivia-ni varskvlavebi, elva, miwa, dablobi, mTa, mdinare, wyali, wyaros saTave, aRmosavleTi, dasavleTi...), meS-vide – WurWels, merve – simboloebs (RvTaebis, qal-RvTaebis, mefis, qurumis, mosamarTlis aRmniSvneli simboloebi...), mecxre – ricxvebs, geometriul figu-rebs (erTi, ori, sami, oTxi, xuTi, eqvsi, Svidi, rva, cxra, aTi, asi...), meaTe jgufSi jer-jerobiT daudge-neli semantikis ieroglifebs aerTianeben.

rogorc vxedavT, am originaluri damwerlobis Semqmnelebi amomwurav informacias flobdnen mcire aziis florasa da faunaze, bunebriv simdidreebze, meurneobaze da yofaze, samxedro saqmeze, arqiteqtu-raze, sazogadoebis socialur struqturaze, xaTebis, luvielebis, xeTebis kosmogoniur da kosmologiur rwmena-warmodgenebze.

amjerad, Cveni kvlevis obieqti em. laroSis mier mecxre jgufad gamoyofili (ix. zemoT) ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebia, radgan isinic damate-biT sayuradRebo informacias gvawvdian im ZvelaRmo-savluri sazogadoebis codnis donis Sesaxeb, rome-

48

lic am damwerlobiT sargeblobda. aqve davZenT, rom arcerT sadReisod cnobil ieroglifur-luviur epi-grafikul ZeglSi ricxviTi saxeli ar mowmdeba*, garda kululuSi gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmoCenili warweriani tyviis firfitebisa, romlebic sameurneo-sagadasaxado aRricxvis mizniT iyo Sedge-nili [3, 33-37].

gansxvavebiT Sumeruli, aqaduri, xeTuri ricxvi-Ti saxelebis sistemebidan, sadac ricxviTi saxelebi raodenobiTi, rigobiTi, jerobiTi, gamanawilebeli da wilobiTi jgufebis saxiTaa warmodgenili, [7, 41-45; 8, 59-64...] kululus tyviis firfitebze mxolod raodenobiT ricxviT saxelebs vxvdebiT. magram es ga-remoeba sruliad ar gamoricxavs varauds, rom sxva analogiur werilobiT ZeglebSi, romlebmac rigi ga-remoebis gamo Cvenamde ver moaRwia, ricxviTi saxele-bis sistema iseTive srulyofili iyo, rogorc es ze-moxsenebul lursmul damwerlobebSia. SesaZloa, CvenTvis saintereso informaciis nakleboba imiTac iyos ganpirobebuli, rom, rogorc varaudoben, ierog-lifur-luviuri damwerlobiT Sesrulebuli dokumen-tebi xeze funjiTa da Savi saRebaviT iwereboda da am mizeziT saukuneebs ver gauZlo.

kululuSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmo-Cenil tyviis firfitebze, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mxolod raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi dasturde-ba. 1-dan 9-mde aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi verti-kaluri xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, aTeulebi – horizon-taluriT. rac Seexeba aseulebs, romelsac firfiteb-ze mravalgzis vxvdebiT, maT cecxlsaCxreki formis figurebi ganasaxierebs. ieroglifur-luviuri ric-

* Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT Zv. w. II aTaswleuliT daTa-riRebul, k. bitelis mier xeTebis Zvel dedaqalaq xaTu-saSi aRmoCenil ricxviTi saxelebis Semcvel fragmentebs, romelTa interpretacia dRemde ar xerxdeba.

49

xviTi saxelebis gadmocemisas, am damwerlobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel erT Taviseburebasac vadasturebT. asze meti mrgvali ricxvebi asis aRmniSvneli ierog-lifis ganmeorebiT xorcieldeba (200, 300, 400), xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dokumentis avtors esaWiroe-ba iseTi raodenobrivi ricxvis warmoCena, rogoricaa 141, 232 da a. S. igi aseulis aRmniSvnel figuras qve-moT jer aTeulebis (horizontalur) da bolos erTe-ulebis (vertikalur) xazebs umatebs. igive meordeba iseTi ricxviTi saxelebis dawerilobisas, rogori-caa: 15, 32, 68...

ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebis fo-netikuri amokiTxva jer-jerobiT ar xerxdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, gamonakliss oTxisa da cxris (mi, nu) aRmniSvneli luviuri ieroglifebi warmoadgens. xe-Turi da luviuri lursmulis, A da B likiuris msgavsad 4-isa da 9-is aRmniSvneli fonetikuri wakiT-xva akrofonul principzea damyarebuli.

zemoaRniSnulis sailustraciod, gvianxeTuri xanis aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi mdebare Tabalis

teritoriaze, dRevandel kululuSi aRmoCenil tyvi-is firfitebze Sesrulebuli dokumenturi Canawere-bidan fragments moviyvanT. dokumentSi saubaria Taba-lis qalaqebis (Tivarali, zemo Tuna, qvemo Tuna da Tuna, asahaialara, sunavara, muraTi, sunaqaTa, ahaTi-kukurai, arusalisi) mcxovrebTaTvis gaweuli Sromis anazRaurebis mizniT gacemuli cxvrebis raodenobis

Tabali asuruli lursmuli da ieroglifur-luviuri werilobiTi Zeglebis monacemTa konteqtsSi didi kapado-kiis samxreT-dasavleT seqtorSi, dRevandeli gurun-Sah-ri-pozandidan (mdinare sei-hanis zemo dinebidan) dasavle-TiT, dRevandeli pozandi-zeive-bori-Cifliqis xazidan CrdiloeTiTa da Crdilo-dasavleTiT, dRevandeli sul-Tanxani-kaiseri-suvasa-topadadan aRmosavleTiT (mdinare halisidan, dRevandeli yizil-irmakidan aRmosavleTiT) mdebareobda. [9, 25-61]

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Sesaxeb. (aqve davZenT, rom kululus warweris sxva fragmentebSi xarebisa da qeris raodenobacaa miTiTe-buli).

ieroglifur-luviuri teqsti [10, 148] ase gamoi-yureba:

obverse

reverse

kululus tyviis firfita II

ieroglifur-luviuriteqstis qarTuli Targmani:

32 cxvari muvahisma nis misca. 68 cxvari lalisma parasaTas (?) misca kukisTvis. 140 cxvari 7 qandakebas miveciT qalaq asahaiala-

raSi 40 cxvari nunus 30 cxvari 3 nacvals 30 cxvari miveciT kulis, Tumisis, TuTus, (mama-

kacebi?) qalaq sunavaraSi. 20 cxvari saTanus 40 cxvari...(?) 4 20 cxvari...(?) 2

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100 cxvari 5 qandakebas qalaq muraTSi 20 cxvari kvisais, paluss, qalaq sunaqaTaSi. 100 cxvari 5 qandakebas qalaq TivaralSi 20 cxvari 2 monadires 141 cxvari 3 qandakebas, qalaq ahaTikukuraiSi 15 cxvari maT misces qalaq arusalisis...(?) 200 cxvari aTivararss 20 cxvari...(?) 14 cxvari qalaq asailaraidan ... (?) brZanebiT mo-

itanes. ieroglifur-luviuri ricxviTi saxelebis isto-

riis rekonstruqcia, masalis simwiris miuxedavad, ki-dev erTxel gviCvenebs, rom luviuri ieroglifebis semantikuri kodebis Seswavla perspeqtiulicaa da aucilebelic.

N. KHAZARADZE, N. BAKHSOLIANI

LUWIAN HIEROGLYPHS DENOTING NUMERALS

Results of our labour-intensive research of many years conduc-ted for the purpose of study of the given hieroglyphic Luwian written monuments and reconstruction of semantic codes of separate hierog-lyphic signs (hieroglyphs representing animals, plants, interiors and exteriors of ancient Anatolian architectural monuments, heavenly bo-dies, etc.) unequivocally demonstrate that not only hieroglyphic Luwi-an inscriptions, but also separate hieroglyphic signs should be consi-dered as a source of information of primary importance. The results of study of the hieroglyphic Luwian system of numerals lead to the same conclusion.

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damowmebuli wyaroebi da literatura

1. n. xazaraZe, wyaroTmcodneobiTi da istoriografi-uli Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2009.

2. n. xazaraZe, luviuri ieroglifebis samyaroSi Tbi-lisi, 2006.

3. n. baxsoliani, tyviis firfitebi kululudan, is-toriisa da eTnologiis institutis Sromebi, VIII, Tbilisi, 2008.

4. Laroche E., Les Hieroglyphes Hittites, Paris, 1960. 5. Языки Азии и Африки, I, Москва, 1976. 6. Meriggi P., Manuale Di Eteo Geroglifico, Parte I: Grammatica,

Roma, 1966. 7. j. SaraSeniZe, Sumeruli enis gramatika, Tbilisi,

2005. 8. i. tatiSvili, aqaduri ena, Tbilisi, 2009. 9. n. xazaraZe, ZvelaRmosavluri da qarTvelologiu-

ri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2001. 10. J. D. Hawkins, The Kululu lead strips economic documents in Hi-

erogliphic Luwian, AnSt, vol. XXXVII, London-Ankara, 1987.

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merab kalandaZe

aleqsandre orbeliani dasavleT evropis istoriografiis sakiTxebze

albaT, arafers ar gadavaWarbebT Tu vityviT,

rom aleqsandre orbelianis saxiT saqme gvaqvs far-To diapazonis istorikosTan. is Zalian kargad ic-nobda ara marto saqarTvelos warsuls, aramed aseve Caxeduli Cans dasavleT evropis axali istoriis sak-vanZo sakiTxebSi. es, cxadia, Zalian kargia da misi wvlilis Rirseulad warmoCenisaTvis, albaT, es sav-sebiT sakmarisi iqneboda, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom al. orbelianis damsaxureba gacilebiT didia, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.

aq, ra Tqma unda, vgulisxmobT imas, rom aleqsan-dre orbelianis daintereseba mxolod msoflio is-toriis didmniSvnelovani movlenebiT ar amoiwurebo-da. mis nawerebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs evropeli isto-rikosebis, saxeldobr, ingliseli istorikosis edu-ard gibonis (1737-1794) da misi Tanamemamulis tomas babington makolis (1800-1859) moxsenieba. vfiqrobT, es ar iyo SemTxveviTi da imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom aleqsandre orbeliani dainteresebas iCenda dasav-leT evropis istoriografiis sakiTxebisadmi. aq faq-tobrivad is axal ampluaSi warmogvidgeba da cdi-lobs gaerkves evropul istoriul azrovnebaSi, gaec-nos mis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs. amas im droi-saTvis didi mecnieruli da SemecnebiTi datvirTva gaaCnda da imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze seriozul wingadadgmul nabijad gvevlineba.

istoriografiis sakiTxebze yuradRebis gamaxvi-leba sainteresoa da imaze unda migvaniSnebdes, rom aleqsandre orbelianis Caxeduloba dasavleT evro-pis axali istoriis sakiTxebSi zedapirul xasiaTs ki ar atarebda, aramed saukeTeso uaxles gamokvle-vebs eyrdnoboda. amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs. al. or-

54

belianis msjelobis Zlieri analitikuri muxtis ga-saRebi, Cveni azriT, swored aq Zevs. Cvens xelT arse-bul mcire informaciaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba viva-raudoT, rom al. orbelianma kargad icoda misi Ta-nadrouli evropuli istoriografia. es, ra Tqma un-da, al. orbelianis rogorc istorikosi – publicis-tis kidev erTiERirsebaa.

am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs misi sain-tereso polemisturi werili `platon ioseliansa~, sadac is imowmebs eduard gibonis naSroms [1.86] da meore werili `qarTvelebis Zveli dro~, romelic da-ibeWda 1861 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ da aq is moixse-niebs makolis naSroms [2.214].

es mwiri informacia, Cveni azriT, sainteresoa da misi wayrueba, ugulvebelyofa, cxadia, swori ar unda iyos. aqedan kargad Cans, Tu raoden mravalfe-rovani iyo dasavleT evropis istoriis sakiTxebiT al. orbelianis dainteresebis wre. is kargad icnob-da ara marto msoflio istoriis didmniSvnelovan movlenebs, aramed im periodis evropul istoriogra-fias. es Zalian mniSvnelovania. aleqsandre orbelia-ni, ar iyo viwro empirikosi istorikosi da Teoriu-li sakiTxebis mimarT garkveul dainteresebas amJRav-ndebda. es imdroindeli qarTuli istoriografiis fonze seriozuli wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. misi mecnieruli da SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba imaSi mdgoma-reobda, rom qarTul sinamdvileSi aRniSnuli Temati-kiT dainteresebis pirveli Tu ara erT-erT pirvel mcdelobas warmoadgenda. qarTuli istoriografia araTu maSin, aramed dResac ar aris ganebivrebuli istoriografiuli xasiaTis naSromebiT. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ed. gibonze qarTul enaze dRemde araferi ar gagvaCnia.

a) al. orbelianis Tvalsazrisi eduard gibonis Semoqmedebaze. iseT koloritul figuraze da Tval-saCino istorikosze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rogorc eduard giboni iyo, sakmaod mravlismetyveli faqtia

55

da uwinaresad xazs usvams al. orbelianis farTo ga-naTlebas, did erudicias.

cxadia, ed. gibonisadmi al. orbelianis damoki-debulebaze metad mwiri informacia gagvaCnia, magram es masala TavisTavad sainteresoa da saSualebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom aleqsandre orbeliani ic-nobda ed. gibonis