Anaerobic Digestion in Germany - Fujitsu
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Anaerobic Digestion in Germany Jan Liebetrau Workshop Tokyo, 27.6.2014
Transcript of Anaerobic Digestion in Germany - Fujitsu
Anaerobic Digestion in Germany Jan Liebetrau
Workshop Tokyo, 27.6.2014
Outline
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• Introduction of DBFZ
• Biogas – a short introduction of technology for agricultural residues and solid wastes
• Germany – state of technology
• Development of the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG) and lessons learnt
DBFZ – Development, Mission, Structure
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Development:
• Founded on 28th February 2008 in Berlin as gemeinnützige GmbH
• Sole shareholder: Federal Republic of Germany, represented by the
Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL)
• By the end of 2013: constant expansion of headcount and infrastructure
Mission:
The key scientific mission of the DBFZ is to provide wide-ranging support for
the efficient integration of biomass as a valuable resource for sustainable
energy supply based on applied scientific research.
Structure:
About 220 employees until 12/2013 in the
administration and the four research departments.
General Management:
Prof. Dr. mont. Michael Nelles (scientific)
Daniel Mayer (administrative)
Fig.: DBFZ
Research focus areas and structure
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The four research focus areas
• Sustainability / Sustainability assessment
• Innovative energy sources
• Demand driven technologies and master concepts for the supply of energy
• Monitoring
Department of biochemical conversion
Characterisation and
development of
anaerobic processes
System optimisation
Prozess monitoring and
simulation
Biogas technology
Mikrobiology of
anaerobic systems
(MicAS)
Biochemical
Conversion
• Substrate characterisation
• Disintegration
• Additives
• Process Development
• System optimisation and integration
• Emission measurements and Status
• Economic viability of biogas /biomethane
• Monitoring / Biogas / Biomethane plant data bank
• Policy advisory
• Understanding the microbiological process
• Process optimisation
• Process regulation and simulation
• Flexibilisation
• Efficiency analysis
• Technical assessment
• Conceptualisation
• Consultancy and evaluation
• Supportive assiatance to demonstration plants
• Composition and activities of microbial
communities- process comprehension
• Monitoring tools and microbial early warning
system
• Lignocellulosic Substrates
• Pretreatment and bio-augmentation
6 No posttreatment of digestate
Solid feeder /Infeed systems
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Fotos oben:
Jan Liebetrau
Fotos (unten v.l.n.r.):
Agritechnic Heinrichs
GmbH
(www.agritechnic.de);
Planet Biogastechnik
(www.planet-
biogas.com)
Bio-waste fermentation:
overview technologies
Source changed from: BMU: Ökologisch sinnvolle Verwertung von Bioabfällen; 2009 8
o A wide range
fermentation types is
available
o Fermentation types are
grouped according to (1)
continuous or non-
continuous processes
and (2) dry or wet
fermentation
o The choice of process
depends on the dry
matter content
Type of fermentation
Continuous Non-continuous
Wet fermentation
Substrate
DM < 8-30%
Dry fermentation
Substrate
DM < 20-45%
Dry fermentation
Substrate
DM < 30-45%
(Percolation process)
DM digestate:
5-15%
DM digestate:
20-30%
DM digestate:
20-30%
Continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR)
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o Wet fermentation with
installed mixing device
o Reliable and flexible
technology
o Reliable process biology
o Exploitation of whole energy
potential
o Concept widely applied with
numerous technologies and
brands available: e.g. Ökobit,
BTA, AAT, Strabag, AAB,
Arrowbio, Entec, Envirotec,
Envitec, Schubio, AMB Haase,
Biostab, Preseco
Foto: http://mediathek.fnr.de/media/downloadable/files/samples/g/u/guide_biogas_engl_2012.pdf
Plug flow fermentation – continuous
operation
Source: P. Weiland (2007) Technik von Biogasanlagen, FAL 10
o Exploitation of whole energy potential
o Concept widely applied with numerous
technologies/brands available: Axpo
Kompogas, Archea, Dranco (vertikal),
Strabag, Rückert
Substrate Fermenter
Biogas
Digestate
Solid
Digestate
Mixer
Solid separation Sewage water
o Continuous fermentation via vertical
plug flow method for substrates with
high TS content
o Reliable and flexible technology
Source: Renewable energy in figures, BMU 2012 / Own presentation 11
Percentage of final energy consumption generated from renewables in 2012
Total: 8.986 PJ
Biomass in the German Energy System
Energy supply from biomass in Germany 2012
Source: Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2013)
12 © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FAKULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Biogas; 17.7%
Sewage gas; 1.5%
Landfill gas; 0.3%
Biogenic share of waste; 6.9%
Biogenic solid fuels; 55%
Biogenic liquid fuels; 0.3%
Biofuels; 17.7%
total in 2012: 203.6 billion kWh
Entwicklung des Biogasanlagenbestandes
ohne Biogasaufbereitungs-, Deponie- und Klärgasanlagen
13 DBFZ 5/2014
2012 Neubau ca. 300-400 Anlagen, Neu+Erweiterung 350 MW
2013 Neubau ca. 200 Anlagen, Neu+Erweiterung 200 MW
Ende 2013
ca. 7.700 Biogasanlagen
rd. 3.400 MWel in Betrieb
Repowering
• Existing plants have potential for improvement
• Reasons for reconstruction:
• Wrong design and construction
• High costs and efficiency requirement
• Increasing legal requirements (environment and safety)
• Flexibility of output
• Replacement of equipment
• Substrate changes
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Optimierungen von Biogasanlagen
2011/2012
Häufigkeit der Umsetzung von Maßnahmen zur Anlagenerweiterung
(Mehrfachnennungen möglich); (Betreiberbefragungen DBFZ für die Bezugsjahre 2011
und 2012 im Vergleich)
15 Quelle: DBFZ, 2013
Electricity from Biogas and Biomethan
16 DBFZ 12/2013, Vorbereitung und Begleitung der Erstellung des Erfahrungsberichts 2014 gemäß § 65 EEG
Abschätzung aus der installierten Leistung
Upgrading technologies
Eingesetzte CO2-Abtrennungsverfahren, relative Einsatzhäufigkeit in %
(DBFZ-Datenbank, Stand 2/2014)
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33%
26%
26%
8%
4% 3%
Aminwäsche
Druckwasserwäsche
Druckwechseladsorption
Genosorb®-Wäsche
Membrantrennverfahren
k.A.
n= 133
Substrate input in biogas plants
Source: DBFZ Survey (2013)
18 © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FAKULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
54.3%
3.9%
41.4%
0.4%
biogas plants
renewable resources
biowaste
manure
industrial andagricultural residues
n=814
Energy crops
Biogas Generation from Biowaste in Germany
19 Source: DBFZ, Projekt Stromerzeugung aus Biomasse, 2013
• about 130 plants generating
biogas from organic waste
digestion in operation
(11/2013)
input: exclusively or
predominantly biowaste and
green waste, organic waste
and waste from the food
industry
• 75 plants use municipal
biowaste from separate waste
collection
Waste digestion plants in Germany according to state of operation and
substrate input (DBFZ database, 11/2013)
20 © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FAKULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
More recyclables than residues in
2010, Biowaste (2008): 8.4 Mill. t/a
Bioabfallvergärung Substrateinsatz (massebezogen)
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Quelle: DBFZ, Betreiberbefragung von Bioabfallanlagen, 2009/12010
22 © 2009 UNIVERSITY OF ROSTOCK | FAKULTY OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Biowaste: fertiliser and humus (Soil quality)
Marketing options for quality-controlled compost 2010
Specific costs – economy of scale
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
75 150 250 500 750 1000
Installed cap. KWel
Investment costs
€/Kwel
Investment costs €/Kwel
Source: www.fnr.de (Faustzahlen)
Source: DBFZ
Costs
10
14
18
22
26
30
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1.0001.1001.2001.3001.4001.500
Verg
ütu
ng
in
C
en
t je
kW
h
installierte Leistung der Anlage in kW
EEG-2009 EEG-2012 EEG-2014
Vergleich beispielhafter Vergütungen für Biogasanlagen nach EEG-2009, EEG-2012 und EEG-2014
(NawaRo/Gülle-Basis, inkl. Kapazitätsprämie für EEG-2014)
Source: DBFZ Hintergrundpapier 2014
Biogas – past and current situation
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10 years ago Today Perspective for farmers, climate protection
and option additional income
2 Mill ha of unused land,
All technologies have been promoted,
development unclear
Target of politics: increase of share of
renewable energies
Bioenergy as a flexible resource for heat,
power, transportation
Limited land available, as 2 Mill ha of
agricultural land are used for bioenergy
production, increasing demand on land
worldwide, public debate grows difficult
Highly flexible energy production from wind
and photovoltaic, steady production might not
be needed, cost development differs
Change of the energy system necessary
Wind an photovoltaics shows decreasing
costs, biogas not and there is limited
potential for reduction of the costs
Where to focus? Power, Biomethane, Biogas
as fuel? Long term perspective?
Renewable Energy Source Act (EEG) (2000)
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Guaranteed priority access to the grid RES
Guaranteed electricity feed in tariffs (FiT) for 20 years
Degression of feed-in-tariffs for biogas plants 1% p.a., depends on starting
year of operation of biogas plant
Small plant sizes have higher specific investment costs than large ones ->
Basic FiT according to different plant sizes (≤ 500 kWel; ≤5 MWel, >5
MWel)
Difference costs between electricity from conventional and renewable
resources paid by consumers, not by government (since 2009 regulated in
AusglMechV 2009), difference costs amounted to 2.047 €-ct/kWh in
2010
1st amendment of the Renewable Energy
Source Act (EEG) (2004)
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New regulations:
Introduction of new plant size of ≤150 kWel to promote decentralized
concepts
Annual degression of FiT increased from 1% p.a. to 1.5% p.a.
Introduction of several bonuses, difference between basic payments (plant
size) and additional payments (bonus): Energy crop bonus (e.g. energy crops,
manure), technology bonus (upgrading to biomethane since it is more
expensive, dry fermentation) and CHP bonus (excess heat utilization in
combination with defined options for heat utilization)
Impacts:
Increase of average total payments (basic tariff and bonuses)
Average installed capacity of biogas plants increased considerably
Plant number increased substantially
2nd amendment of the Renewable Energy
Source Act (EEG) (2009) I
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New regulations:
Increase of basic tariff for biogas plant ≤ 150 kWel and of some bonuses (energy
crops, CHP/heat utilization), Decrease of basic tariff for biogas plants > 150 kWel
Dry fermentation not considered innovative technology anymore (ambiguous
definition of law regarding wet and dry fermentation)
Bonus for the utilization of biowaste
Additional bonus for the utilization of manure (mass limit: at least 30% of manure)
Annual degression of FiT reduced from 1.5% p.a. to 1% p.a.
Introduction of degression of bonus payments
Progress report about development of EEG every four years as basis for amendments
2nd amendment of the Renewable Energy
Source Act (EEG) (2009) II
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Impacts:
Start of operation of new biogas plants increased from 350 in 2008 to 900
new biogas plants in 2009
Around 50 biogas plants with biogas upgrading to biomethane operating in
December 2010 (biomethane plants benefit in general from cultivated
biomass, CHP and technology bonus; FiT requirement: 100% excess heat
utilization, emission and energy demand limits, covering heat demand with
renewable energy
Increase of average payments for biogas plants compared to 2004
2nd amendment of the Renewable Energy
Source Act (EEG) (2009)
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System too complex - costs for documentation and auditing of used
substrates
Manure bonus not so effective because of the mass limit of manure
Coupling of manure and cultivated biomass (energy crops) further
concentration of maize production in regions with intensive livestock farming
and an excess of nutrients,
Additional bonus of innovative concepts or technologies are not often used
Alternative energy crops as feedstock cause in general more costs than
maize silage
Discussion about the maize production in Germany are to solve within
specific agricultural regulations (based on regional needs)
Main aspects of the amendment - EEG-2012
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• Further development of
electricity from Renewables
•Cost-based remuneration
•Substrate specific tariffs
•Incentive to integrate biogas
within the energy system
Cost reduction
Simplify the complex feed-in-tariff-
system in Germany (reduction of
additional prices (bonus))
Efficiency / fix a minimum standard
(e.g. waste heat utilization at least 60% or
60% of manure) to get the financial
support
Main aspects
3nd amendment of the Renewable Energy
Source Act (EEG) (2012) I
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New regulations and expected impact:
Separate tariff for biogas plants using biowaste -> mobilization of organic
waste and residues for new and existing plants
Increase of tariff for biomethane plants> promotion of biomethane
production
Introduction of special category for small biogas plants using at least 80%
manure
Average decrease of tariffs of 10-15%, especially for small plants and
increase of degression from 1 to 2% for basic tariff -> reduction of costs for
biogas production for consumers
New Feed-in-Tariffs (EEG-2012)
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Feed-in-tariffs
Biogas plants (excl. biowaste) Biowaste biogas plants1
Small manure plants
Installed capacity
Basic tariff
Substrate tariff I
Substrate tariff II2
Biogas upgrading/ Biomethane bonus
[kWel] [€ct/kWel]
≤ 75 14.3
6 8
≤ 700 Nm³/h: 3 ≤ 1,000 Nm³/h: 2 ≤ 1,400 Nm³/h: 1
16
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≤ 150
≤ 500 12.3
≤ 750 11 5 8 / 64
14 ≤ 5,000 11 4
≤ 20,000 6 -
-
1 Only for biogas plants using specific biowaste and post rotting process for solid fermentation residues. The
stabilized fermentation residues have to be used materially (fertil izer). The tariff is only to be combined with the bonus for biomethane production. 2 Only for selected, environmental friendly substra tes according to definition
3 Special category for manure plants until 75 kW installed capacity, not to be combined with other tariffs.
4 Electricity from manure > 500 kW 6 ct/kWh
Feed-in-tariffs
Biogas plants (excl. biowaste) Biowaste biogas plants1
Small manure plants
Installed capacity
Basic tariff
Substrate tariff I
Substrate tariff II2
Biogas upgrading/ Biomethane bonus
[kWel] [€ct/kWel]
≤ 75 14.3
6 8
≤ 700 Nm³/h: 3 ≤ 1,000 Nm³/h: 2 ≤ 1,400 Nm³/h: 1
16
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≤ 150
≤ 500 12.3
≤ 750 11 5 8 / 64
14 ≤ 5,000 11 4
≤ 20,000 6 -
-
1 Only for biogas plants using specific biowaste and post rotting process for solid fermentation residues. The
stabilized fermentation residues have to be used materially (fertil izer). The tariff is only to be combined with the bonus for biomethane production. 2 Only for selected, environmental friendly substra tes according to definition
3 Special category for manure plants until 75 kW installed capacity, not to be combined with other tariffs.
4 Electricity from manure > 500 kW 6 ct/kWh
4te Amendment EEG
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• August 2014
• Installation of limit for bioenergy (max. 100 MWel/a)
• Abatment of tariffs
• Substrate related tariffs (ESK 1 und 2)
• Biogas upgrading
• Flexibilisation of existing plants (Installation limit 1350 MW)
• Integration of RES into the market is obligatory
• Plant registration
• Existing plants are limited to their operational data
• Manure based plants and waste plants have constant tariffs
New plants wont be constructed
Existing plants have no future perspective, if EEG period (20 years for
each plant) is over
Conclusion
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German Renewable Energy Law
Successfully increasing development of electricity from Renewables
Framework changes continuously to adjust the market development with
political aims
Cost and substrate oriented renumeration
Additional tariffs for support upgrading technologies, waste materials
(e.g. manure, biowaste, straw) and waste heat utilization due to the
positive ecological effects
complex feed-in-tariff-system in Germany due to the fact of regulation in
excess
DBFZ Deutsches
Biomasseforschungszentrum
gemeinnützige GmbH
Torgauer Straße 116
D-04347 Leipzig
Tel.: +49 (0)341 2434 – 112
E-Mail: [email protected]
www.dbfz.de
Contact
Jan Liebetrau
+493412434716
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