Anabolism of carbohydrates
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Transcript of Anabolism of carbohydrates
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GLUCONEOGENESIS
Biosynthesis of glucose
3 – 4 carbon noncarbohydrate precursors
Enzymes located in the cytosol
Gluconeogenic organsLiver
Kidney cortex
Fates Catabolism by nervous tissue
Utilization by skeletal muscles
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GLUCONEOGENESIS
SUBSTRATES GLUCOGENIC AMINO ACIDS
LACTATE
GLYCEROL
PROPIONATE
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PRECURSORSGLUCOSE
Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate
GLYCEROL
PYRUVATE
Glycerol 3 - phosphate Phosphoenolpyruvate
Oxaloacetate
ALANINE
LACTATE
Other amino acids
PROPIONATE
SUCCINYL-CoA
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CORI CYCLESKELETAL MUSCLE LIVERBLOOD
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
2 LACTATE
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
2 LACTATE
6 ATP2ATP
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1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate
3 - Phosphoglycerate
2 - Phosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde 3 - phosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
GLUCOSE
DHAP
Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate
PYRUVATE
OXALOACETATE
PEP
PYRUVATE
LACTATE
OAA
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GLUCOSE - ALANINE CYCLESKELETAL MUSCLE LIVERBLOOD
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
2 ALANINE
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
2 ALANINE
6 ATP2ATP
2NH2
2NH2
UREA
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2 Oxaloacetate
Glucose 6 - phosphate
GLUCOSE
2 PYRUVATE
Fructose 6 - phosphate
Fructose 1,6 - bisphosphate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
2GTP
2ATP
2ATP
2NADH2NADH
1
2H2O
H2O 3
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BYPASS REACTIONS
PYRUVATE to PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATEPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE
Generates OXALOACETATE
Mitochondrial matrix
ATP – Dependent
BIOTIN – dependent
ACETYL – CoA – positive allosteric activator
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BYPASS REACTIONS
PYRUVATE to PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE
Decarboxylation and phosphorylation
Cytosol
Reversible
GTP – Dependent
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PEP CARBOXYKINASE
CH2
C O
C O
O
CH2
C O
C O
OP
CO2
OXALOACETATE
C O
O
PEP CARBOXYKINASE
PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE
PP
G
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BYPASS REACTIONS
FRUCTOSE 1,6 – BISPHOSPHATE to FRUCTOSE 6 - PHOSPHATE
FRUCTOSE 1,6 - BISPHOSPHATASE
LIVER
KIDNEY
SKELETAL MUSCLE
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BYPASS REACTIONS
GLUCOSE 6 – PHOSPHATE to GLUCOSE
GLUCOSE 6 - PHOSPHATASE
Irreversible
Hydrolysis
Endoplasmic reticulum of the liver
Absent in the brain and skeletal muscle
Requires Mg+
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SUMMARY of REACTIONSREACTANTS PRODUCTS
Pyruvate + CO2 + ATP +H2O Oxaloacetate + ADP + Pi
Oxaloacetate + GTP Phosphoenolpyruvate + GDP
Phosphoenolpyruvate 2 – phosphoglycerate
2 – phosphoglycerate 3 - phosphoglycerate
3 – phosphoglycerate + ATP 1,3 – bisphosphoglycerate
1,3 – bisphosphoglycerate + NADH Glyceraldehyde 3 – PO4
Glyceraldehyde 3 – PO4 Dihydroxyacetone PO4
G3-P + DHAP Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate
Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate Fructose 6 – phosphate
Fructose 6 – phosphate Glucose 6 – phosphate
Glucose 6 – phosphate GLUCOSE
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O
HOCH2
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
O
HOCH2
O
HOCH2
O
O
14 glycosidic bond
(16)glycosidic bond
GLYCOGEN
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GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
GLYCOGENESISPhosphorylation of glucose
Requires activated glucose UDP – Glucose
UDP – Glu pyrophosphorylase
GLYCOGENIN 332 amino acids
Self-glucosylating enzyme
Glycogen primer
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GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE ReactionGLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
HO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OH
O
HO HO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OHO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OH
O
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OHO
PP
U
O
GLYCOGENINGLYCOGEN + 1
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
HO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OH
O PP
U
O
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GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
UDP - GLUCOSE
Glucose 1 - PO4
GLUCOSE 6 – PO4
GLUCOSE
ATP
ADP
UTP
PPi
GLYCOGEN
(Glucose)n
(Glucose)n +1
HEXOKINASE
UDP-Glc PYROPHOSPHORYLASE
PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE
GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE
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1, 6 – glycosidic bond
Branching enzyme amylo 1,4 1,6 transglycosylase
Transfers terminal residues
6 -7 residues
BRANCH Formation
OOOO
O
O
O O O O
BRANCHING ENZYME
O14
O
OOO
OOO
O
O
O
O
OO
O
O
O
O
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GLYCOGEN SYNTHESIS
O
O
O
O
O
O
OOOO
O
O
O O O O
O14
O
OOO
OOO
O
O
O
O
O
O
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GLYCOGEN DEGRADATION
GLYCOGENOLYSIS Phosphorolysis
Requires inorganic phosphate 1, 4 – glycosidic bond
Glucose 1 - phosphate
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HO HO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OHO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OH
O
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OHOO
GLYCOGENGLYCOGEN - 1
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
HO
O
CH2OH
14
HO
OH
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
PHPO4
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Amylo 1 – 6 Glucosidase
DEBRANCHING ENZYME
O14
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
GLUCAN TRANSFERASE
O
O
O
O
O
OO
O O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE
O
O
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GLYCOGENOLYSIS
PHOSPHORYLASE
GLUCAN TRANSFERASE
1,6 GLUCOSIDASEP
P
P
H2O
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GLYCOGEN METABOLISM
Glycogen breakdown requires the interplay of GLYCOGEN PHOSPHORYLASE,
OLIGOTRANSFERASE, and – 1, 6 GLUCOSIDASE
Glycogen is synthesized by a different pathway involving GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE and a
BRANCHING ENZYME.
SYNTHESIS and DEGRADATION are RECIPROCALLY REGULATED.
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CARBOHYDRATES
HMP Shunt
Glycolysisoxidized
Energy Structure
function
TCAC
releasingGluco-
neogenesissubstrates
STARCH
Monosaccharides
Glycogen
as
areOrganic
compounds
Polyhydroxyl alcohols
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
derivatives
classified as
precursors of
Amylases and Oligosaccharidases
hydrolyzed
Hexose Transporters
Absorbed by