An Uneasy Peace. An Uneasy Peace An Uneasy Peace Nov. 1918 27 countries 5 months Neither Germany...
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Transcript of An Uneasy Peace. An Uneasy Peace An Uneasy Peace Nov. 1918 27 countries 5 months Neither Germany...
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An Uneasy Peace
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An Uneasy Peace Nov. 1918 27 countries 5 months Neither Germany
nor Russia is represented
“Big Four” dominant
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Essential Questions
What were Wilson’s Fourteen Points?Why did the Allies not agree with
Wilson?What was the Treaty of Versailles?Why did the US Senate reject it?What were some consequences of the
war?
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The Hall of Mirrors
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The Fourteen Points
Three main elements:1. New European boundaries formed from
the defeated A-H and Ottoman empires = right of all peoples to “national self-determination”
2. General principles governing international conduct
3. A League of Nations which would implement these principles and resolve future conflicts
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Article X The most controversial both at home
and abroad “members undertake to respect and
preserve as against external aggression and territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members”
U.S. critics1. Surrender of national sovereignty2. Power to declare war held by Congress
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Wilson in Paris
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The Hall of Mirrors
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Who attended/controlled the peace conference?
David Lloyd George – Great Britain
Woodrow Wilson – U.S.Georges Clemenceau –
FranceVittorio Orlando – ItalyRussia and Central Powers
were not invited
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France: George Clemenceau
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
G.B.: David Lloyd George
Hailed by the European public, Wilson found a hostile atmosphere at Versailles among the
“Big Four”
U.S.: Woodrow Wilson
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The Treaty Of Versailles Self-determination finds limited
appeal– Nine new nations in Europe– No independence for German colonies– GB, France, and Japan seize
War guilt clause and the forced reparation of $33 billion to GB and France–The seeds are sown for the rise of
the Nazi Party League of Nations is accepted
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What were Allied Motives?–Clemenceau wanted to make sure Germany never invaded France again
–David Lloyd George wanted revenge
–Orlando wanted land from Austria
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How were the 14 Points received in Paris?
Germany had surrendered on the basis of the 14 Points
At first accepted – then ignored–Self-determination limited…–Mandate system of protectorates gave Britain and France control of old German and Turkish colonies
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The Treaty Fight
Wilson’s miscalculations 1918 midterm elections
– Republicans capture Congress No Republicans with US delegation 16 extreme enemies
“Irreconcilables” Republican Henry Cabot Lodge
– Opposed to League– Offers amendments weakening League
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge
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What were Wilson’s mistakes in this process?
1st President to travel to Europe during his presidency – can’t control public opinion
Campaigned for a Democratic victory in 1918 – When he doesn’t get it, it appears that he lacks support
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Who was Wilson’s opposition at home?
Irreconcilables – 16 Senators who opposed the treaty in any form
Reservationists – Led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge – had reservations about the treaty…
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The Treaty Fight
Mutual hatred Wilson refuses
– Takes his League to the American people– 8,000 mile journey – Suffers a paralyzing stroke– Calls on Democrats to vote against Lodge’s
version– Treaty fails ratification– The US never signs the Treaty nor does it join
the League of Nations
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•Failed to take any prominent Republicans with him to the peace conference•Underestimated the Europeans
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How did Wilson respond to his opposition?
Took the Treaty and the League to the American people
8,000 mile speaking tour MidwestPacificEast
36 speeches in 23 daysSept. 25 – collapsed in Pueblo,
ColoSuffered stroke – partially
paralyzed
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Did we sign the Treaty of Versailles?
Nov. Lodge brought treaty with reservations to a vote
Wilson told Dems to vote against39 for and 55 againstCongress considered Wilson’s
treaty – 38 for and 53 againstMarch 19, 1920 – Lodge treaty –
49 for and 35 against – 7 short of necessary 2/3
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The Russian Revolution and America’s Response
Czar’s repressive and corrupt government falls
Provisional government under Kerensky stays in war
Soldiers hate the war Lenin promises “peace, land,
& bread” Bolsheviks call for a worldwide
revolution against capitalism
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Red Scare 1920 Palmer Raids
– 6,000 people in 33 cities arrested– 600 aliens deported
No evidence of a grand Communist revolution was ever discovered
By the spring of 1920, Palmer is discredited
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Red Scare The accusation of Bolshevism became a
powerful weapon. Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer uses the
1918 Alien Act to deport any immigrant found to be a member of a revolutionary organization.
1919 Palmer Raids in 11 cities – 249 people deported
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Conclusion A “second industrial revolution” Progressive movement ends Prohibition Powerful new industries of advertising
and public relations Political xenophobia and racism Overwhelming desire for “normalcy” Smoldering resentment in Germany
grows
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The Election of 1920
Possessed virtually no qualifications for president
A “return to normalcy” Biggest landslide to date Repudiated Wilson’s
idealism and progressive reform
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Legacy of the Red Scare Blatant violation of constitutional rights Deportations of hundreds of innocent
people Fuel for the fires of nativism and
intolerance
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Legacy of the Red Scare
Red-baiting continues to be an effective weapon against unions
A second government sanctioned Red Scare will reemerge in the 1950s as a powerful political force
“100% Americanism”