An Toan Phong Thi Nghiem

8/9/2019 An Toan Phong Thi Nghiem

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AN TOAAN TOAN PHON PHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM

ThS. Pham N Ngoc Han

a lat 2006

(Danh cho sinh vien nganh Hoa hoc)


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1NOI DUNG

An toan PTN gom 3 lnh vc chnh:- Quan ly va kiem soat

- Trang b cu cha va x ly s co

- Ky thuat


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2

Ti sao phi thc hin an ton?

Muc ch:

- Khong e xay ra s co, kiem soatva loai tr nguy c xay ra s co

- Bao ve tnh mang va sc khoe chosinh vien, ky thuat vien

- Bao ve c san pham, ket qua thnghiem

- Bao ve va s dung hp ly tai sancua PTN


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iem qua cac s co xay ra trong PTNth hau nh eu thay rang neu ngithao tac tuan theo ung ve ve sinh antoan lao ong, theo ung cac qui nh

ve lu tr, s dung va loai bo hoa chattrong PTN th rat t co s co xay ra, neuco th cung khong qua nghiem trong.

Chnh v qua quen thuoc vi thao tacma ngi ta bat au mat canh giac, boqua mot so quy nh th s co xay ra.

Mot so s co trong phong th nghiem 3

Mot PTN du co trang b ay u cac phng tien ve ve sinh an toanlao ong nhng neu ngi thao tac khong nam vng hoac khongtuan thu triet e cac qui nh th s co van xay ra.


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4

1. Chay no

1.1-S kien:

Mot NCS chng cat benzen trong mot hethong chng cat hoan lu. He thongchng cat co s co, hi benzen thoat ratrong tu hut, tran ra ngoai va phat chay no

do co the tiep xuc vi nguon tia la ien.PTN cha nhieu dung moi nen lan truyenrat nhanh.

Thiet hai:+ Vat chat: PTN b chay hoan toan+ Con ngi: NCS b bong nang mat tayva chan

Mot so s co trong phong th nghiem


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Trach nhiem:

ay la th nghiem n gian ma NCS a thc hien nhieu lan. V quan gian nen l la, khong chu y theo doi vi pham nguyen tac PTN

la phai luon theo doi th nghiem.PTN cha nhieu hoa chat de chay vi pham quy tac la khong ccha nhieu hoa chat de chay cat gi trong PTN.

PTN khong co he thong cha chay t ong trong tu hut trngai hoc vi pham quy tac an toan trong PTN

NCS vi pham nguyen tac an toan lao ong la khong co bao ho lao

ong ( khong mang gang tay, va eo mat na), lam viec mot mnhtrong PTN



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11.2S kien:Mot sinh vien chng cat dietyl ete trongmot bnh cau roi ra san th gian.He thong phat no, chay,

Thiet hai :Tu hut b pha huy, khong co thiet haive ngi.Nguyen nhan:Ete co cha peroxidTrach nhiem cua ngi thao tac:

-Khong kiem tra peroxid trc khi chng cat- Khong theo doi th nghiem, e chng cat gancan, nhiet o trong bnh cau tang t t, nong o

peroxid ngay cang am ac s phan huy no,toa nhiet va boc chay.



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Bien phap phong nga:

- Ete mua u e s dung, khong tr ete dai han

- e cho thoang mat, tranh boc hi tao ap suat.

- Kiem tra peroxid, neu co nhieu th loai bo.

- Khong bao gi chng cat ete en can (e lai khoang 10-15%)



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8Mot so s co trong phong th nghiem

a co nhieu PTN chay no do e hoa chatde bay hi (dung moi) trong tu lanh

thng. Hi dung moi gap tia la ien bentrong tu lanh boc chay va no. Phai sdung tu lanh chuyen biet cho PTN , acbiet cac dung moi co iem chp chay

thap di 38oC.oi vi tu lanh thng ch co the chanhat thi mot t dung moi co iem chp

chay tren 38o

C.Viec khong anh gia het hoat tnh cuahoa chat cung co kha nang dan ennhng vu chay no gay nhieu thiet hai


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S kien:Mot nhan vien th nghiem khi thao tac vi HF lam o dd HF70% len ui, mac du a ra rat nhieu nc trc khi xe cu thng

ch en benh vien, nhng van b t vong.Phong nga:HF gay bong rat nang, an sau vao tht, can phai hetsc than trong khi thao tac vi HF.

Phai co quan ao bao ho lao ong che kn mnh, mat, mat, va canphai co tai cho calcium gluc.

onat (C12H22CaO14).

Can lu y vi nhng dung dch HF loang, v luc au tiep xuc khongcam thay bong, nhng dan dan se b bong nhieu, nen khi b bongHF phai cha tr ngay.



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10Mot so s co trong phong th nghiem

S kien:Mot nhan vien PTN b TFA nho vai giottren tay, sau o b au nhc d doi

Nguyen nhan:TFA la chat de b thuy phan (trongkhong kh am) e cho HF. Chnh HF a gay bong.Phong nga:noi chung can phai hieu ro tac ong

cua hoa chat trc khi lam viec vi no- Luon luon mang gang tay, o bao ho lao ongkhi lam viec vi TFA- Can co PTN canxi gluconat e cha tr kp thi.


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S kien: Mot NCS co lap phenyl azid C6H5N3sau khi tong hp.Vai lan trc o NCS a co lap thong thao

hp chat nay vi khoi lng khoang 0,5g. Lannay NCS a tong hp gap 20 lan.Khi co quay e co lap phenyl azid t hon hpdung moi aceton:CH

2Cl

2(50:50) trong mot

bnh cau 250ml, en luc gan can, NCS nangbnh cau len t be nc gia nhiet. Bnh cau nongay.

Nguyen nhan: phenyl azid rat khong bennhiet, do tac ong nang len bnh cau co the bxoc lam phan huy hp chat azid



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QUY TAQUY TAC AN TOAC AN TOANN 12

NhNhnn n u enn u en tatacc cc babann

Khi tin hnh bi thc tp, bn cyu cu tun th nhng nguyn tc anton mt cch tuyt i. C nhng ri

ro xy ra do cc dng c th nghim,nhit, ho cht v cc phn ng hahc.

Bit r cc nguyn tc s gip gi an

ton cho bn v nhng ngi xungquanh.

HyHy nnmm nhnhngng nguynnguyn ttcc anan totonn cc bbnn vv hhiigigioo vinvin hhngng ddnn vv nhnhngng nguynnguyn ttcc anan totonn vvnhnhngng rrii roro cc thth xxyy rara phngphng trtrnhnh..


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Ch dan chung

-Phai c ao tao hoac hng dan vecac ky thuat cap cu va cac ky thuat sdung cac thiet b an toan lao ong.

-Phai hoan thanh moi cong viec mot cachchnh xac, ngan nap, khong co sai sot,khong c tien hanh d dang cong viec.

-Ch bat au cac cong viec khi a namchac tat ca cac bc cua cong viec.

-Trc khi thc hien mot thao tac mi la

can phai tm hieu can than.-Cac lo cha hoa chat trong PTN phai candan nhan co ghi ay u ten hp chat vacac ky hieu ve an toan.

QUY TAQUY TAC AN TOAC AN TOANN


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An ton PTN

Bo h v quy tc an ton

Ha cht v tn trv vn chuynha cht.

Quy tc an ton trong vn hnh mymc, in.

Cht thi phng th nghim.

Phng n khi xy ra tai nn hacht


Ch dan chung


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15QUY TAQUY TAC AN TOAC AN TOANN

Bo h v quy tc an ton o blouse.

Knh eo bo v mt.

Giy bo v kn chn. Ct tcgn gng.

Khng n, ung trong phng th

nghim.

Chp hnh cc quy nh c th ti

phng th nghim.

Khi hut hoa chat long phai dung

qua bop cao su, khong cdung mieng e hut hoa chat longbang pipet

Ch dan chung


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Khi thc hin cc th nghim v phn ng hahc lun lun eo knh bo h bo v mt.

Mang o blouse bo v qun o v thn th.

Ct tc gn gng trnh tip xc vi ha cht,la v dng c th nghim.

Khng c mang sandals v cc loi giy dp

hchn vo phng th nghim.

Ch dan chung


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Mang bao tay khi tip xc trc tip vi ha chthockhicn thit.

Lun lun c k bi thc hnh trc khi tin

hnh th nghim.

Khng a gin v lm nhng iu khng c

ch nh ca gio vin hoccnb hng dn th

nghim.

Tuyt i khng n, ung trong PTN.

Lun lun giPTN sch s.

Ch dan chung


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Bo ngay cho gio vin

hoc cn b hng dn

khi c bt k tai nn no

xy ra.

Cn bit r dng c, thit

b cp cu v tr no.

Trong nhng tr ng hpc bit cn c trang b

bo h c bit.

Ch dan chung


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X l cac tai nan thon thn

- Khi b bong nhiet: neu b bong mc onhe boi ngay dung dch KMnO4 loang hay

ru vao cho b bong, sau o boi

glycerin, vaselin. Neu b bong nang a

nan nhan en tram y te gan nhat.

- Khi b bong acid: ra cho b bong nhieulan bang nc roi ra bang dung dch

NaHCO3 2%.

- Khi b bong kiem: ra cho b bong nhieu

lan bang nc roi ra bang acid acetic,

acid citric, hay acid boric 1%.


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- Khi b bong brom: ra cho b bong nhieulan bang ru etylic roi ra bang dung

dch Na2S2O3 10% sau o boi vaselin vao

cho bong.

- Khi b bong phosphor trang: dung bong

tam dung dch CuSO4

2% e ap len vet

thng

- Khi b bong phenol: ra cho b bong

nhieu lan bang glycerin cho ti khi mauda tr lai bnh thng roi ra bang nc,

sau o bang vet thng bang bong tam

glycerin X ly cac tai nan thong thng


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- Khi ht phai kh clo hay brom:ngi bang dungdch NH3 loang roi a ra cho thoang

- Khi b au oc bi hoa chat:uong nhieu nc

neu b au oc bi acid th uong mot lyNaHCO3 2%, neu b au oc bi kiem th uong

mot ly CH3COOH 2% hay C6H8O7 2%

- Khi hoa chat ban vao mat: dung bnh tia tia

thang vao mat khoang 10 phut, neu la acid vao

mat th phai ra tiep bang dung dch NaHCO3

2%, neu la kiem vao mat th phai ra tiep bang

dung dch NaCl ang trng

X ly cac tai nan thong thng


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- Ngo oc do an phai hp chat thuy ngan:trchet phai lam cho non ra va cho uong sa co

pha long trang trng, sau o cho uong than

hoat tnh- Ngo oc v phosphor trang:lam cho nan nhan

non ra roi uong dung dch CuSO4 2%. Khong

c uong sa, long trang trng va dau m vcac chat nay hoa tan phosphor

-Ngo oc v hp chat cua ch:cho uong Na2SO410% hay MgSO4 10% trong nc am (cac chat

nay tao ket tua vi ch), sau o uong sa co

long trang trng va uong than hoat tnh.X ly cac tai nan thong thng


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-Ngo oc do an phai cac muoi tan cua bari:gaynon, cho uong MgSO4 10% hoac Na2SO4 10%

- Ngo oc v cac hp chat cua kem: gay non,

cho uong trng song trong sa-Ngo oc v hp chat aldehit:cho uong mot coc

NH3, sau o uong sa

-Ngo oc v benzen:gay non, lam ho hap nhantao, cho uong cafe



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-Khi b thng bi manh thuy tinh: gap hetmanh thuy tinh ra khoi vet thng, boi con

iod 3% roi bang vet thng lai. Neu chay mau

nhieu th cot garrot roi a i benh xa-Khi co am chay: tat het en hay bep ien

tran, phu ngon la bang khan amiang hoac

cat, neu can th dung kh CO2.

-Neu co ngi b ien giat: lap tc ngat cau

dao ien, tach ngi b nan ra khoi nguonien va lam ho hap nhan tao neu b ngat.



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nh ngha:Chay la phan ng hoa hoc co toa nhiet va phat ra anhsang.

Hien tng chay khong ch xay ra gia chat chay vi oxy ma conxay ra gia mot so chat chay vi cac chat co tnh oxy hoa khacthuoc nhom halogen, hi lu huynh, phan ng phan ra cua thuocno, axetylen

V du: C2H2 = 2C + H2 + 222,9KJ2Al + 3Cl2 = 2AlCl3 + Q

Nhng yeu to can thiet cho s chay- Chat chay- Chat oxy hoa

- Nguon nhiet Khai niem chung ve chay

AN TOAAN TOAN CHAN CHAY NOY NO TRONG PHOTRONG PHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM


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24AN TOAAN TOAN CHAN CHAY NOY NO TRONG PHOTRONG PHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM

Khai niem chung ve chay

Cac ch so nguy hiem chay noNhiet o chp chay: la nhiet o nho nhat cua chat chay ma tai o

trong cac ieu kien th nghiem, tren be mat chat chay hnh thanh

cac hi, kh co kha nang boc chay khi co nguon nhiet, nhng toco tao thanh hi, kh khong u e duy tr s chay on nh.

Nhiet o bat chay: la nhiet o nho nhat cua chat chay ma tai o

trong cac ieu kien th nghiem, no sinh ra cac hi, kh chay vi

van toc e sau khi bat chay bi nguon nhiet th chat chay van tiep

tuc chay on nh.Nhiet o t bat chay:la nhiet o nho nhat cua chat chay ma tai o

xay ra s tang ot ngot van toc cua cac phan ng toa nhiet lam

xuat hien chay thanh ngon la


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Gii han nong o di (gii han chay di): laphan the tch (khoi lng) chat chay trong honhp vi moi trng oxy hoa (% hoac g/m3) nhohn gii han nay hon hp khong co kha nang

chayGii han nong o tren (gii han chay tren): laphan the tch (khoi lng) chat chay trong hon

hp vi moi trng oxy hoa (% hoac g/m3) lnhn gii han nay hon hp khong co kha nangchay

Nang lng nho nhat gay chay:gia tr nho nhatcua nang lng co kha nang gay chay cac honhp vi oxy khong kh


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Kha nang no - chay khi tiep xuc vi khong kh, nc hoac oi vi cacchat khac

- Nhom khi tiep xuc khong kh: phosphor trang, phosphur hydro,

bot kem, bot nhom, cac sunfur kim loai kiem hay cac sunfur carbon2P + 2,5O2 = P2O5 + 1550 KJ- Nhom khi tiep xuc vi nc: cac kim loai kiem, hydrua kim loai

kiem, voi song2Na + 2H2O = 2NaOH + H2 + 366,5KJCaC2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 + 127,4 KJ

- Nhom khi tiep xuc lan nhau: cac chat nh oxy, halogen, HNO3 ,H2O2, cac peroxyt kim loai kiem, cac muoi nitrat, KMnO4, ClO3-khitiep xuc vi cac chat hu c co the t gay chay




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Phan loai chay va ky hieu


Chay cac chat chay ran: go, quan ao, giay, cacchat deo.

Chay cac chat long de chay, dau m, sn

Chay cac chat kh: CH4, H2

Cac kim loai de chay: kali, magie


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Nguyen nhan

- Chay do cac he thong ien, thietb ien- Nguy c tao thanh nong o nguyhiem

+ Pha che hoa chat (cacdung moi hu c)

+ Chay sac ky

+ S dung cac thiet bphan tch hien ai- S dung kh ot gas hoa long

- S dung cac thiet b chu ap lc- Sap xep bao quan, s dung hoachat khong ung quy nh


28O C O O G O G G


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- kim sot cc nguy c chy n do ha

cht, vic u tin l xc nh r ha cht

ang s dng v nhng c tnh ring ca

n. Hu ht ha cht u l ngun nhin

liu - mt trong 3 yu t gy chy n

- im chp chy (nhit bng chy) ca

cht lng l nhit thp nht m ti nhit

cht lng ha hi to thnh hn hp

chy vi khng kh v bc chy khi c

ngun la.


Bien phap phong chay no

28AN TOAAN TOAN CHAN CHAY NOY NO TRONG PHOTRONG PHONG THNG TH NGHIENGHIEMM


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Nhien lieu

6Toluen

-4Heptan40Du ha

24Xy len

- 18Axeton- 36Xng A72

Nhit bng chy oCHa cht

Bng 1: nhit bng chy ca mt s cht lng thng thng



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C nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng t ti imchp chy ca cht lng, chng hn nh du la khi

c phun n s bng chy ngay khi nhit xung

quanh thp hn im chp chy ca n; mt cht lng cth b nng ln ti im chp chy ca n do mt cht

khc (c im chp chy thp hn) ang chy gn n.

Cn c bit lu vn ny khi tin hnh cc cng vic

c lin quan ti cc cht d chy n.

Nu nhit cht lng t ti nhit bc la (bnh

thng ch mt vi trn im chp chy) hi chy s

tip tc c sinh ra v tip tc chy mc d tch b

ngun la.Nhien lieu



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-Khi lng ring ca hi nhin liu.

Cc hi, kh c khi lng ring ln hnkhng kh nh: xng, du ha, cacbon isunfua, axetylen

v cacbon monooxit... c th pht tn i xa

Nhien lieu



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Phn ln cc kh nhC2H2, C2H6, CH4... u d chy n

khi c nng xy thch hp v khi ngun la xut hin.

Phi c bit thn trng i vi cc kh nn lu gitrongcc bnh chu p lc, chy n c th xy ra khi bnh cha

c cc khuyt tt v thng dn n cc tai nn nghim

trng.

Nhien lieu



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Nhit - yu t th2 ca b ba gy chy n .

-a nhin liu ti im chp chy (nu im chp chy

trn nhit xung quanh)-Kch thch hn hp chy bng chy. Ngun nhit c th

l cc dng in, tnh in, phn ng ha hc, quy trnh

nhit, s ma st, ngn la trn, nhit bc x v tia la

in...

phng chy n cc ha cht l kim tra cc ngun

nhit.

Nguon nhiet



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Nhit sinh tdng in

Khi dng in i qua mt si dy c tit din khng

ln hoc cc mi ni, cc im tip xc khng cht, kt

qu hoc l te la, on mch hoc dy in nng ln.

Nhit ca dy in c th t ti im kch thch

hi chy c trong khng kh hoc gy chy cc vt liu d

bt la hay nng nhit ca cc ha cht gn tiim chp chy v chy.

Nguon nhiet



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Nhit sinh tdng in

H quang in thng c to ra khi chp trong cng

tc hoc trong hp ni do dy in b t hoc mt v

bc gia d y dng v dy m. Lm pht sinh nhit, kch

thch hi d chy gy chy. Thp nng chy bi h quang

in c th cng kch thch cc vt liu d chy, v lm

nng cc ha cht d chy.

Nguon nhiet



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Nhit sinh tdng in

Tia la in l mt trong cc ngun nhit thng gp

nht trong cng nghip, nhit ca tia la thng cao

hn rt nhiu so vi nhit bng chy ca nhin liu.

Nguon nhiet



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Nhit sinh khi pha trn ha chtKhi hai hay nhiu ha cht pha trn, nh hng kt hp

c th nguy him hn tng nhng nh hng ring r, c

th dn ti mt nguy c chy n cao hn. Chng hn:

- Vic pha trn to r a hp cht c im chy v im si

thp hn, khi s d dng kch thch hi hp cht chy.

- Khi hai ha cht phn ng c th sinh nhit, lm cho

cc ha cht b nng n nhit nguy him v p hn ngchy dy chuyn xy ra.

Nguon nhiet



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Nhit sinh do ma st

Khi hai b mt c st vo nhau c th sinh ra nhit. l

nhit sinh do sma st. Sc st ca dy cua roa vi vt

che hoc gia hai mt kim loi c th pht sinh mt

lng nhit kch thch hi chy bng chy.

Nguyn nhn sc st khng du mbi trn b mt

kim loi tip xc vi nhau. Tia la cng c th xut hinkhi mt hn gm vo giy c st vi b mt b tng.

Nguon nhiet



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Ngn la trn

Ngn la khng c che chn, bo v sinh ra bi thuc

l, dim, la hn v ng ct trong l ngun nhit rt

quan trng. Khi kt hp nhin liu v xy, chng c

th gy ra chy n

Nguon nhiet



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AN TOAO N CHAC Y NOO TRONG PHOO G ONG THG NGHIEG M

xy l yu t th3 ca b ba gy chy n).

-Nhin liu cn t nht 15% xy chy, vt qu 21%

xy c th tchy v dn ti n.

-Ngun xy:

C trong mi trng khng kh Cc bnh cha xy To ra trong cc phn ng ha hc, xy c th

thot ra khi nhit phn ho cht (thng l cht xyha).

Oxy



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Nhien lieu

KMnO4MnO4-

H2O2O2-- vi cc cht v c

NaNO2NO2-NaNO3, NH4NO3NO3-

V dHp cht cha gc

Bng 2: Mt vi ha cht c th thot ra xy khi bt nng



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Nhien lieu

400Ete sunfuaric

557Ru etylic

523Glycerin518Ru amylic

Nhit tbc chy oCTn ha cht

Bng 3: Nhit tbc chy ca mt s cht



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Bien ha hon cha no

Ve con ngi:- Phai tuan thu nghiem ngatnoi quy PTN- Han che so lng hoa chat

lu gi trong PTN- Biet phan loai lu tr hoachat- Bao am an toan he thong

ien- An toan phong chay khi sdung kh gas- An toan phong chay no khi sdung cac bnh chu ap lc



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Bien ha hon cha no

- Kiem tra he thong ong dan kh.Chu y: trc khi bat la, noi ien-Chat long de bay hi, de chay: e ni mat-Chat de phan huy, gay no: tranh bui ban, am, anh sang (H2O2,

Na2O2.- Cam nghien chat oxy hoa manh( KClO3, KNO3, NaNO3)- Lam viec vi bnh kh nen tranh va cham, co sat valse giam ap.

Khong t sa bnh



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Khng c un hoc nung

nng vt g khi khng c

phep cua can bo ptn

Gi nhng cht d chy cch

xa ngun nhit v la.

Dng mu bn tay cm nhn

nhit chnh xc hn.

Dng kp hoc khn lt tay

chuyn dng vn chuyn

nhng vt nng.

Khng c un hn hp cht

lng hoc ha cht trong mt

bnh kn khng chuyn dng.

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Bien ha hon tranh



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PhPhnng tietienn dadap chachay

-Kh carbonic: kh CO2

trong qua trnh bay hi, dong khlam lanh vung chay va bao phu vung chay di dang tuyetkho, CO2 lam giam nong o oxy cua vung chay va lamlanh vat chay xuong di nhiet o boc la. Trong phong

th nghiem hoa hoc, CO2 la mot phng tien dap chay totv CO2 khong lam hong may moc, thiet b va rat tien li khidap am chay nho ke ca thiet b ang co ien.Nhng trng hp sau khong dung CO2e cha chay:

-Khong dung CO2 e dap la cho quan ao ang chay trenngi (v tuyet CO2 se lam hai phan da h cua ngi bnan)

-Khong dung CO2 e dap la oi vi kim loai kiem, magie,nhieu chat long c kim (nh cac dan xuat cua nhom alkyl)hoac cac chat chay co kha nang tach oxy khi chay ( nhkali nitrat, peclorat, clorat, pemanganat, peoxyt).

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Ko, m cht an ton.

Hng ming vi phun ca bnh cha

chy vo ngn la.

Bp cn bm cht cha chy trong khi

vn hng vi v pha ngn la.

Di chuyn qua la sao cho cht cha chybao trm ton b khu vc chy.

SS dudunn bbnhnh chchaa chacha



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- Loi thoat hiem

- Phng tien dap tat la, bao chay, voiphun nc

- Kiem tra lng chat trong bnh chachay- Cac chat de chay lu gi trong tu lanh

- Cac thiet b tao nhiet o cao kho kiemsoat co bo phan phong nga

- Cac chat de chay khong e canhnguon nhiet

KieKiemm tratra anan toatoann chacha

36DUDUNG CUNG CU THUTHUY TINHY TINHPh i d h i h i i i


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Nguyen tac

- Phai s dung ung mac thuy tinh oi vi yeu cau cong viec

- Cac dung cu lam bang thuy tinh chu nhiet kem khong c dungcho cac cong viec un nong- Khong c un nong coc hoac bnh thuy tinh khong chu nhiettren ngon la tran hoac un trc tiep tren bep ien.

- Khong c phep lam nguoi ot ngot bnh hoac coc bang loai thuytinh nay.- Cac dung cu thuy tinh chu nhiet, neu viec un nong hoac lam lanh

qua ot ngot vi s thang giang nhiet o 150 200o

C se lam nt vdung cu- Neu un nhiet o ln hn 300oC s dung dung cu bang s hoacbang thach anh

- Trong nhng ieu kien nh nhau o chu nhiet cua dung cu thuytinh se t le nghch vi o day cua thanh dung cu.

37DUDUNG CUNG CU THUTHUY TINHY TINH


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Bien ha hon n a

- Thuy tinh la mot vat lieu gion, de gay v

khi va cham hoac uon. Neu dung lc khis dung o thuy tinh se gay v rat nguyhiem.- Cac dung cu thuy tinh khong phai che

tao e dung cho cac cong viec co apsuat cao.- Khong c un nong cac chat longtrong cac bnh hoac dung cu kn khongthong ap vi kh quyen.- Can than khi s dung thuy tinh trongieu kien chan khong, nen co tam bao

ve.- Khi lay cac dung cu ang say khongc at ngay vao cho lanh, cho am tma phai dung mieng amiang e ke lot

38DUDUNG CUNG CU THUTHUY TINHY TINH i


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Bien ha hon n a

-Khong s dung cac dung thuy tinh

co vet nt hoac st me mep canh.- Phai dung choi va hot rac quetdon, thu gom cac manh v thuy tinh,khong c dung tay nhat.

- Cac dung cu va bnh thuy tinh cokch thc ln phai dung hai tay ebng be. Cac chai lo ln co cha

chat long phai co 2 ngi khieng vadung gio e khieng. Khong xach cocac chai lo ln.- Khi gan nut cao su vao mieng bnh

can phai mang gang tay u day, boitrn mieng bnh va nut cao su bangnc hoac dau m



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Bien ha hon n a

Khng n hoc ung bng dng c

thy tinh dng cho th nghim.

Trc khi thi b cc dng c, bnh

cha ha cht thy tinh cn ra sch

chng.

Khng bao gi cm, di chuyn cc

dng c thy tinh khi cha kim tra

nng ca n.

Khong s dung thuy tinh vi HF,H3PO4 nong, dung dch kiem nong

am ac

HF,HFH3PO4



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Ra dun cu thu tinh

Trong moi trng hp th nen ra bang nc nong va xa phong. Chdung en cac dung dch ra an mon va nguy hiem khac nh dungmoi hu c, cac acid hoac kiem ac, hon hp cromic khi ra bangnc ma khong sach.

a- Ra bang cac dung moi hu c:

Dung khi ra cac chat khong tan trong nc. Cac dung moi cdung e ra la: con etylic, aceton, cloroform Cac dung moi hu ceu de chay va co hai cho sc khoe nen phai tien hanh thao tac rabang dung moi trong tu hut va xa nguon phat nhiet.

41

DUDUNG CUNG CU THUTHUY TINHY TINH


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b- Ra bang hon hp cromic:

Hon hp cromic la moi trng dung e ra rat hieu qua, tuy nhienphai chu y va than trong. Khi thao tac vi hon hp cromic phaidung gang tay cao su va knh bao ve mat.

( chuan b hon hp cromic khan: 100mL H2SO4 ac + 10gr K2Cr2O7)Khi ra bang hon hp cromic thng un nong hon hp nhiet

o 60-70oC, neu un nong qua 70oC khong ch se rat nguy

hiem ma con lam giam kha nang oxy hoa cua hon hp cromic.

Ra dung cu thuy tinh

42

DUDUNG CUNG CU THUTHUY TINHY TINH


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- Kiem tra cac vet ran nt, me mieng trc khi dung

- Ch s dung dung cu sach se va kho rao- S dung nhe nhang can than- Khi gan nut cao su vao mieng bnh can lu y phai mang gang tay

u day va phai boi trn mieng bnh va nut cao su bang nchoac dau m

Bien phap phong nga



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Bien ha hon n a

e noi cac phan dung cu trong mot thiet b

thuy tinh, thng ngi ta dung cac au noimai nham se tot hn la noi bang ong cao su.Tuy nhien kha nang b ket cua cac au noi

nham hay xay ra. e thao tac moi noi nhamhoac cac nut nham b ket chat, can thantrong h nong pha ngoai cua moi tren ngonla en con sao cho pha trong khong kp

nong. Khong c h nong neu trong bnhco cha chat long de chay. Neu noi nham bket do co ket tinh cac chat tren be mat nhamth phai tam t moi nham vai gi bang chatlong hoa tan chat ket tinh. Ch c s dungcac noi nham c mai ung ky thuat vadung m boi trn ung chung loai.

44LALAM VIEM VIEC VC VI BNH KHI BNH KH


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Kh nn cn c cha trong cc bnh

cha chuyn dng v c kim nh

cht lng bnh cha bi c quan chc

nng.

Theo tnh chat, cac loai kh c phanthanh cac loai chnh sau ay:

1- Cac loai kh de chay no ( axetylen,

hyro, cac hyrocacbon)2- Cac loai kh duy tr s chay (oxi,khong kh, clo)

3- Cac loai kh tr va khong chay (nit,argon, heli, carbonic)4- Cac loai kh oc ( amoniac,hyrosunfua, photgen, clo).

Phan loai

40

S nguy hiem khi lam viec vi cac bnh

LALAM VIEM VIEC VC VI BNH KHI BNH KH


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N u en tac

S nguy hiem khi lam viec vi cac bnh

cha kh khong ch lien quan en tnhde chay no, tnh oc hai cua cac kh trong bnh, ma con do ap suat cao.

- Khi di chuyen bnh kh khong nen lamnong, va cham, anh ri



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- Khi di chuyen phai dung xe ay- am bao an toan vi mot day buot- Neu chai kh nang phai nh giup - ng vac chai kh tren vai

- Cac bnh kh nen phai gi chat,tranh va cham, nga o

Nguyen tac


Khong c phep d ng cac bnh ne tha


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- Khong c phep dung cac bnh neu thay

tren vo bnh co cac vet h hai (nt, lom, meomop) hoac van khoa e nap kh co van e.Khi thay co ro r qua van khoa cac loai kh de

chay hoac kh oc th phai dung bien phapphong nga- Cac bnh kh phai co mot bo phan giam ap.

Khong c lay kh trc tiep t bnh makhong qua bo giam ap- Khong e cac bnh kh oxy va cac kh dechay cung mot cho. Khong e cac bnh chakh chay, kh duy tr s chay hoac cac kh octrong v tr lam viec.

Nguyen tac

43AN TOAAN TOANN IEIENN


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Nguyen tac

Trong PTN co nhieu thiet b ien: bep ien, tu say, lo nung, maycat nc, may on nhiet, may quang pho, may so mau.Neu khong thc hien ung quy nh an toan ien th se dan ennhng tac hai khong lng

44

- Kiem tra day dan cong tac cau dao cua thiet b trc khi thao

AN TOAAN TOANN IEIENN


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Kiem tra day dan, cong tac, cau dao cua thiet b trc khi thao

tac van hanh thiet b (co b bong troc vo cach ien, co phong rop/bien dang ben ngoai, o cam co long leo,?)- Khi phat hien thiet b nong bat thng, co mui khet, thiet b nongqua, phai ngng may va bao cho to ien hoac ngi phu trach.

- Thao tac cam/ thao phch cam; m / tat may ung quy nh- Khong t y thao bo cau ch, nap cau ch, cau dao.- Khong t y thao bo cac au no at bao ve- Khong treo o vat tren day dan

Nguyen tac

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Nh h h h t t


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Nguyen tac

-Nhn chung hoa chat eu oc, mc o oc tuyham lng ngi s dung.-Lu tr, s dung, thai bo eu phai theo nhngquy tac ac thu e am bao an toan, tranh nhng

tai nan co the xay ra do khong biet hay do batcan.-Nguyen tac chung la: phong hn la e xay ra roi

mi lo cu cha.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT

M


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Tac hai cua hoa chat

- Mn nga

- Suy yu sc khe lu di

- Gy ung th.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

Ha cht c th i v o cth con ngi theo 3 ng: n gh hp: khi ht thcc ha cht di dngkh, hi hay bi.

Hp th qua da: khi ha cht dy dnh vo da. ng tiu ha: do n, ung phi thc n hoc s

dng nhng dng c n b nhim ha cht. .

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

n g h hpH thn gh hp b aogm

-n gh hp trn (mi, mm, hng);

- ng th(kh qun, ph qun, cung phi)

- Vng trao i kh (ph nang), ni xy t khng kh

vo mu v ioxit cacbon t mu khuych tn vokhng kh

45HOHOA CHAA CHATTn g h hp


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ng xam nhap

Mc thm nhp cac c ht bi v o cth ph thuc vo

- Kch thc ht

-Tnh tan ca chng.

Nhng ht nh (ng knh nh hn 1/7000 mm) n vngtrao i kh. Lng ng hoc khuch tn vo mu ty theo

tan ca ha cht. Nhng ht bi khng ha tan gn nh c loi trbi b

phn lm sch ca phi.

Nhng ht bi ln hn s c lng mi gi li hoc lngng dc theo kh, ph qun, v s c chuyn ti hng v nut,

ho, hay khc ra ngoi.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

Hp th qua da

Mt trong nhng ng xm nhp ca ha chtvo cthl qua da. dy ca da cng vi s

m hi v t chc m lp di da c tc dng

nh mt hng ro bo v chng li vic ha cht

xm nhp vo cth v gy cc tn thng cho da.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

Hp th qua daHa cht dy dnh trn da c th c cc phn ng sau

Phn ng vi b mt ca da gy vim da Xm nhp qua da, kt hp vi t chc protein gy dng da.

Xm nhp qua da vo mu.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

Hp th qua da Ha cht c dung mi thm qua da

Cht d tan trong m(nhcc dung mi hu cv ph

nol) d dng thm nhp vo cth qua da bng cch- Thm vo qun o lm vic.

- iu kin lm vic nng lm cc l chn lng

da mrng hn cng to iu kin cho cc ha cht thm

nhp qua da nhanh hn.

- Khi da b tn thng do cc vt xc hoc ccbnh v da th nguy cb ha cht thm nhp vo cth

qua da s tng ln.

45HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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ng xam nhap

Qua ng tiu haNhng nguyn nhn ch yu ha cht xm nhp vo

cthqua ng tiu ha

Do bt cn cht c dnh trn mi, mm ri v tnhnut phi

n, ung, ht thuc trong khi bn tay dnh ha cht Dng thc n v ung b nhim ha cht l

Mt s ht bi tng thlt vo hng v sau theo

nc bt vo ng tiu ha

46HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Co hai loai nguy hiem:


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Moi nguy hiem

- Nguy hiem vat ly (physical hazards)- Nguy hiem sc khoe (health hazards)

Do o:

Can phai biet ang thao tac vi hoa chat g valam the nao e t bao ve mnh va bao ve ngikhac

47HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Moi nguy hiem vat ly


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g y yHoa chat co the tao nguy hiem vat ly neu la:-Chat no-Kh nen

-Nhien lieu long-Chat de chay-Chat khong ben, de phan huy

-Chat cho phan ng vi nc-Chat co tnh oxy hoa, chat gay no-Chat co the t no khong gay nguy hiem nhngkhi tiep xuc vi chat khac co the tr nen nguyhiem

Moi nguy hiem

48HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Nguy hiem cho sc khoe


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Moi nguy hiem

g y-Co the gay ung th-Gay oc hai-Gay hai cho da, cho he than kinh

-Tao nga ngay khi ng b phi nhiem nhieu lan-Chat an mon-Chat gay bien d

-Chat gay quai thai-Chat oc ve sc khoe sinh san

49HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Cac nhan tren chai,lo, ng hoa chat cho biet


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-Ten hoa chat-Tnh nguy hiem cua hoa chat-Cach s dung an toan.

Co 2 loai nhan can ban:-NFPA 704 la tieu chuan do hoi phong chongchay quoc gia (National Fire Protection

Asscociation) a ra. No xac nh bang hnhkim cng la (fire diamond) c dung e dedang xac nh cac nguy c gay nen do hoachat-HMIS la he thong nhan biet vat lieu nguyhiem (Hazardous Material IdentificationSystem)

Nhan hoa chat

50HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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Nhan hoa chat

51HOHOA CHAA CHATTMau xanh Nguy hiem cho sc khoe


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Mau o Nguy hiem chayMau vang tnh de no, khong benMau trang Moi nguy hiem ac biet, co the co

nhng ky hieu sau:

'W''W' PhaPhann ngng vvii nncc theotheo cacachch babatt ththngng'OX''OX' chachatt oxyoxy hohoaa'COR''COR' chachatt anan momonn,,acid hay baseacid hay base mamanhnh,, chachatt nguynguy hiehiemm phophongng xaxa

Cac so i t 0 en 4So cang ln th moi nguy hiem cang cao

Nhan hoa chat

52HOHOA CHAA CHATT

MaMauu xanhxanh


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4.4. PhiPhi nhinhimm rrtt ngngnn cc thth gygy chchtt hayhay chchnn thngthng didi chchngng

quanquan trtrngng (HCN)(HCN)

3.3. PhiPhi nhinhimm ngngnn cc thth gygy nnnn chchnn thngthng ttcc ththii nghimnghim trtrngng

hayhay chchnn thngthng cc didi chchngng ((khkh CloClo))

2.2. PhiPhi nhinhimm mmnhnh vv linlin ttcc nhngnhng khngkhng phphii ll phiphi nhinhimm mnmn

ttnhnh cc thth gygy nhnh hhngng sscc khkhee ttmm ththii hayhay cc thth chchnn thngthng

cc didi chchngng. (NH. (NH33))

1.1. PhiPhi nhinhimm cc thth gygy nnnn kkchch ngng nhngnhng chch gygy nnnn chchnn

thngthng didi chchngng nhnh (e.g.,(e.g., turpentineturpentine))

0.0. KhongKhong coco hahaii chocho sscc khokhoee

Nhan hoa chat

53HOHOA CHAA CHATT

MaMauu oo


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4.4. SS nhanhnhanh chchngng hohocc baybay hihi hohonn totonn

nhinhitt thngthng ththngng;; dd ddngng phphtt ttnn trongtrong

khngkhng khkh vv chchyy dd ddngng (e.g.,(e.g., propanepropane))

3.3. ChChtt rrnn hayhay llngng cc thth bbtt chchyy ddii tttt cc

cccc iiuu kikinn nhinhitt thngthng ththngng (e.g.,(e.g.,

gasolinegasoline))

2.2. PhPhii cc nungnung nnngng hayhay titipp xxcc vvii nhinhitt mimi trtrngng caocao mmii cc thth bbcc chchyy (e.g.(e.g.

diesel fueldiesel fuel))

1.1. PhPhii cc nungnung nnngng mmii cc thth bbcc chchyy(e.g.,(e.g., canola oilcanola oil))

0.0. KhngKhng chchyy. (e.g.,. (e.g., nncc))

Nhan hoa chat

54HOHOA CHAA CHATT MaMauu vavangng


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4.4. DD ddngng nn iiuu kikinn nhinhitt vv pp susutt thngthng ththngng

(e.g.,(e.g., TNTTNT))

3.3. CC thth nn nhngnhng ccnn mmtt ngungunn ttcc ngng mmnhnh banban uu,,

phphii cc nungnung nnngng kknn trtrcc khikhi bbtt nn hayhay phphnn ngng nn

vvii nncc. (e.g.,. (e.g., fluorinefluorine))

2.2. VVii nhnhngng thaythay ii vv hhaa hhcc nhinhitt caocao vv pp susutt,,

ttcc ngng mmnhnh mm vvii nncc hayhay ttoo ththnhnh hhnn hhpp nn vvii

nncc. (e.g.,. (e.g., calciumcalcium))

1.1. ThngThng ththngng nn nhnh nhngnhng cc thth khngkhng nn nhnh

nhinhitt vv pp susutt caocao (e.g.,(e.g., phosphorusphosphorus))

0.0. BBnhnh ththngng nn nhnh,, ngayngay cc ddii iiuu kikinn chchyy vv

khngkhng phphnn ngng vvii nncc (e.g.,(e.g., liquid nitrogenliquid nitrogen))

Nhan hoa chat

55HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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GiaGiaii ththchch hhnhnh kimkim ccngng llaa (fire diamond)(fire diamond)cucuaa acidacid PerchloricPerchloric

-- KhongKhong de chay di ieu kien thng

- Rat nguy hiem en sc khoe-- Co the de no neu va ap manh

-- Co tnh oxy hoa

GiaGiaii ththchch hhnhnh kimkim ccngng llaa (fire diamond)(fire diamond)cucuaa xylenexylene

xanh vang

trang

o

Nhan hoa chat

56HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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F : FLAMMABLE Cht d chy khi tip xc trc tip vi laF+ : HIGHLY FLAMMABLE hoc gn nhng ngun nhit.

C : OXIDIZING C th gy chy khi tip xc b mt vi cccht d chy hoc trong cc phn ng

E : EXPLOSIVE C th gy n khi tip xc vi ngn la hoctrong iu kin thong kh, nm hoc ch xt.

Cn c nhng can thip tc thing n khi c nhng ri ro xy

ra . Do cn ghi nhn vC HIU CC LOI K HIU !

Ky hieu

58HOHOA CHAA CHATT


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Cn c nhng can thip tc thing n khi c nhng ri ro xy

ra . Do cn ghi nhn vC HiU CC LoI K HiU !

Ky hieu

59HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Ha cht lu tr cn c dnh


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nhn r rng

Cn c cc nhn khuyn co vtnh cht ca loi ha cht trn

bao b.

Lu tr

60HOHOA CHAA CHATT

ChaChattoxyoxyhohoaa


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--TuTu chong chayChaChattdedechachayy

-Tu chong chay

-Thong gio-Bnh cha phai co day kim loai noi atChaChattananmomonn

-Chong acidChaChattoocc

-Thong gio-Thoang-Co khoa

Lu tr

61HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Lu kho hoa chat da tren phan loai


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-Ch da theo van ch cai trong cung mot loai-Khong e chung cac hoa chat khong tngthch

-Chai phai con nhan vi tat ca cac ac trng-Khong e cac chai hoa chat di bon ra-Cac hoa chat e trong cung mot ngan th nene chai ln trong, nho ra ngoai-Cac chai ng hoa chat phai c am baochat lng

Lu tr

62HOHOA CHAA CHATT

Sap xep hoa chat theo loai khi lu kho


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1. Chat gay no2A. Kh nen, kh hoa long, kh hoa tan2B. Bnh nho cha kh chu ap lc

3A. Nguyen lieu long de chay3B. Chat long de chay4.1. Chat ran de chay4.2.Chat de t phat chay4.3. Chat tao ra kh de chay khi tiep xuc vi

nc5.1. Chat oxy hoa

5.2. Hp chat peroxyt hu c6.1. Chat oc de chay6.2. Chat oc khong de chay

Lu tr

63HOHOA CHAA CHATT6.3. Chat lay nhiem

C


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7. Chat phong xa8A. Chat an mon de chay8B. Chat an mon khong de chay

Lu tr

64HOHOA CHAA CHATT- Cac chat oxy hoa dang ran tao cac chat

co mui, cac chat co the gay chay noh h l it l t l t


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nh: hypoclorit, peclorat, clorat,permanganat, nitrat, cromat, bicromat,cac peoxyt kim loai v.v

- Cac chat oxy hoa dang long, cac acid vo

c, cac chat vo c tao khoi co tnh acid(H2SO4, HCl, HNO3, oleum, H2O2 30%,Br2). Cac chat tao khoi can c baoquan trong tu hut.

- Cac loai kh hoa long, kh nen, khchay:- Cac loai kh de chay no bao quankhong cung vi cac kh duy tr s chaynh oxi, khong kh, clo.- Cho phep cung bao quan cac loai khchay vi cac loai kh tr hoac khonggay chay nh argon, heli, nit,carbonic v.v

Lu tr

65HOHOA CHAA CHATT- Cac hp chat c kim se c tach

th h h h b i


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thanh nhng nhom bao quan rieng- Cac chat long de bat la va de chay:

cac chat long de bat la co nhiet osoi di 50oC ve mua he can c baoquan ni mat me e tranh tang apsuat ben trong bnh ng.

- Cac chat ran de bat la nh: phosphor

o, lu huynh, nitroxenlulo va mot sohp chat nitro khac.

- Cac loai chat oc manh nh cac muoi

xyanua, cac hp chat arsen, metanolphai c bao quan rieng.

Lu tr

64HOHOA CHAA CHATT6.2. Chat lay nhiem

7 Ch t h


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Lu tr

7. Chat phong xa8A. Chat an mon de chay8A. Chat an mon khong de chay

66HOHOA CHAA CHATT

XXXXXXAcid voc

Dungmoihu c

Chat ph.ng vinc

Chatoc huc

Chatoc voc

Chat oxyhoa

Basekiem

Acids,hu c

Acid oxyhoa

Acid voc


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XXXXXDung moihu c

XXXXXXChat p.

vi nc

XXXXXXChat ochu c

XXXXXXChat ocvo c

XXXXChat oxyhoa

XXXXXXBasekiem

XXXXXXXAcids,hu c

XXXXXXAcid oxyhoa

c

Lu tr

66HOHOA CHAA CHATTHoa chat khong tng thch

Chromic acid nitric acid hydroxyl compoundsAcetic AcidKhong c tiep xuc viHoa chat


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Calcium hypochlorite, all oxidizing agentsCarbon (activated) .

WaterCalcium Oxide

Same as chlorineBromine

AcidsAzides

Any reducing agentArsenic materials

Nitric acid, hydrogen peroxideAniline

Acids, metal powders, flammable liquids,chlorates, nitrites, sulfur, finely divided organic

or combustible materials

Ammonium Nitrate

Mercury, chlorine, calcium hypochlorite, iodine,

bromine, hydrofluoric acid

Ammonia, anhydrous

Water, carbon tetrachloride or other chlorinated

hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, the halogens

Alkali Metals

Chlorine, bromine, copper, fluorine, silver,mercuryAcetylene

Concentrated nitric and sulfuric acid mixtures,

and strong bases

Acetone

Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds,

ethylene glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides,

permanganates

Acetic Acid

Lu tr


Khong c tiep xuc viHoa chat


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Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, chromic acid,

sodium peroxide

Hydrocarbons

Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen

peroxide, nitric acid, sodium peroxide, halogens

Flammable Liquids

AcidsCyanides

Acids, organic or inorganicHydroperoxide

Acetylene, hydrogen peroxideCopper

Ammonia, methane, phosphine, hydrogen

sulfide

Chlorine Dioxide

Ammonia, acetylene, butadiene, butane,

methane, propane (or other petroleum gases),

hydrogen, sodium carbide, turpentine, benzene,

finely divided metals

Chlorine

Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerol,

glycerin, turpentine, alcohol, flammable liquids

in general

Chromic Acid and Chromium

trioxide

Ammonium salts, acids, metal powders, sulfur,

finely divided organic or combustible materials

Chlorates

SodiumCarbon tetrachloride

Lu tr


Khong c tiep xuc viHoa chat

Nitric acid alkaliHydrocyanic Acid


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Oils, grease, hydrogen; flammable liquids, solids,or gases

Oxygen

Silver, mercuryOxalic Acid

Inorganic bases, aminesNitroparaffins

AcidsNitrites

Acetic acid, aniline, chromic acid, hydrocyanic acid,

hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable

gases, copper, brass, any heavy metals

Nitric Acid

(concentrated)

Sulfuric acidNitrates

Acetylene, fulminic acid, ammoniaMercury

Acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous),

hydrogen

Iodine

Acids, activated carbonHypochlorites

Fuming nitric acid, other acids, oxidizing gases,acetylene, ammonia (aqueous or anhydrous),

hydrogen

Hydrogen Sulfide

Copper, chromium, iron, most metals or their salts,

alcohols, acetone, organic materials, aniline,

nitromethane, flammable liquids

Hydrogen Peroxide

Ammonia, aqueous or anhydrousHydrofluoric Acid

Nitric acid, alkaliHydrocyanic Acid

Lu tr

69HOHOA CHAA CHATTKhong c tiep xuc viHoa chat

Acids (organic or mineral), avoid friction, store coldPeroxides, organic

Acetic anhydride, bismuth and its alloys, alcohol, paper,

wood, grease and oils

Perchloric Acid


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Lu tr

Reducing agentsTellurides

Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium

permanganate (or compounds with similar light metals,such as sodium, lithium, etc.)

Sulfuric Acid

AcidsSulfides

Ethyl or methyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, acetic

anhydride, benzaldehyde, carbon disulfide, glycerin,

ethylene glycol, ethyl acetate, methyl acetate, furfural

Sodium Peroxide

Ammonium nitrate and other ammonium saltsSodium nitrite

Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, waterSodium

Acetylene, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, ammonium

compounds, fulminic acid

Silver

Reducing agentsSelenides

Glycerin, ethylene glycol, benzaldehyde, sulfuric acidPotassium Permanganate

Sulfuric and other acidsPotassium chlorate and

perchlorate

Carbon tetrachloride, carbon dioxide, waterPotassium

Air, oxygen, alkalis, reducing agentsPhosphorus (white)

( g ), ,, g

70KIM LOAKIM LOAI KIEI KIEMMKim loai kiem la nhng nguyen to hoat ong manh

- Co kha nang gay chay no va an mon manh cac mo sinht


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Co kha nang gay chay no va an mon manh cac mo sinhvat.- B bong kim loai kiem nong chay rat nguy hiem v ngoai

tac ong bong nhiet con co tac ong ve mat hoa hoc.

71

- LitiLiti((khokhoiillngngriengrieng0,534g/cm0,534g/cm33,, nhienhiettoo nonongngchachayy180,5180,5ooCC)

Liti la mot kim loai nhe, co the noi tren bat c mot dung moi hu

KIM LOAKIM LOAI KIEI KIEMM


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Nguon gay nguy hiem

Liti la mot kim loai nhe, co the noi tren bat c mot dung moi huc nao. V vay khong the bao quan Li trong dau hoa, hoac cac loaidau m long. Moi trng bao quan thch hp nhat cho Li kim loai

la vaselin hoac parafin.

nhiet o thng Li tac dung cham vi oxy khong kh, nhng nhiet o cao no phan ng manh liet, va khi nhiet o cao hn iemnong chay, Li t boc chay. Liti kim loai dang bot boc chay trongkhong kh ngay nhiet phong.

72

- Vi nc lanh, Liti phan ng em du:

2Li + 2H2O = 2LiOH + H2 + 202KJ/molVi nc nong (tren 80oC) phan ng xay ra manh liet va hydro



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2Li + 2H O 2LiOH + H + 202KJ/mol- Vi nc nong (tren 80oC) phan ng xay ra manh liet va hydrothoat ra se phat no.- Vi cac ancol, Li phan ng cham hn so vi nc (ancol bac 1phan ng manh hn bac 2; ancol thap phan ng manh hn ancolcao).- Li phan ng cham vi CO2 nhiet o phong, nhng Li nong chay

co the chay trong CO23Li + 2CO2 = Li2CO3 + LiO + C

- Li tac dung vi nit nhiet o phong

6Li + N2 = 2Li3N,- Hon hp gia phoi bao Li vi cac dan xuat halogen cuahydrocarbon (CCl4, CHCl3, CH2Cl2 ) co tnh chat kch no

Nguon gay nguy hiem

73

NatriNatri((khokhoiillngngriengrieng0,97g/cm0,97g/cm33,, nhienhiettoo nonongngchachayy97,797,7ooC)C)

Trong khong kh am, mot cuc natri u ln co the t boc chay.



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o g o g a , ot cuc at u co t e t boc c ay- Natri phan ng manh liet vi nc:

Na + H2O = NaOH +1/2 H2 + 142KJ/mol.

Nhiet phan ng thng u e lam chay hyro thoat ra. Khi hoamot cuc natri nho trong nc lanh (di 40oC) th hyro khongchay, tuy nhien neu han che o linh ong cua hat Na (dung dungdch co o nht cao) hoac goi natri trong giay loc t th se bocla. ac biet nguy hiem la khi Na tac dung vi nc trong nhngtrng hp kh hyro tach ra b tch tu trong mot khong gian hep,de gay ra no hon hp hyrokhong kh.

- Vi cac ru mach ngan, natri phan ng manh lietNa + CH3OH = NaOCH3 + H2 + 201KJ/mol.

(luon phai e phong s no cua hon hp hydro khong kh)

Nguon gay nguy hiem

74

- Hon hp Na vi cac dan xuat halogen cua

hyrocarbon (tr cac dan xuat flo) se b nokhi va ap nen ep hoac un nong



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y ( ) khi va ap, nen ep, hoac un nong.- Qua trnh ieu che hon hong Na Hg cos thoat nhiet manh (nhiet o len cao hn400oC). e tranh kha nang no ban vangthuy ngan, can phai tien hanh qua trnhdi mot lp dung moi bao ve tr (v du

toluen hoac dau khoang) hay dung pheunho giot bo sung dan thuy ngan vao Na.- Hi HCl, HF, H2SO4 khan phan ng cham

vi Na, nhng s tiep xuc cua dung dchcac acid vi Na lai gay no.

Nguon gay nguy hiem

75

Kali (Kali (khokhoii llngng riengrieng 0,87g/cm0,87g/cm33,, nhienhiett oo nonongng chachayy 63,763,7ooC)C)

- Trong khong kh am, s oxyhoa xay ra nhanh en mc kali b



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g g , y y nong chay va co the boc chay. Khi tiep xuc lau vi khong kh, trenbe mat kali hnh thanh mot lp vo day gom KO2 va cac oxyt trung

gian khac. KO2 la mot chat oxy hoa rat manh, no phan ng manhliet vi nc2KO2 + 2H2O = 2KOH + H2O2 + O2

- KO2 tng tac vi cac chat kh vo c va hu c rat manh liet vaco the gay no.-- KaliKali ttngng tatacc manhmanh lieliett vvii nncc ((keke caca nncc lalanhnh)) eenn mmcchydrohydro thoathoatt rara vava bobocc chachayy ngayngay.. MoMott cucucc kalikali llnn khikhi tietiepp xuxucc vvii

nncc sese gaygay nono,, khikhi oo cacacc hahatt nhonho kalikali nonongng chachayy sese babann rara xungxungquanhquanh..

Nguon gay nguy hiem

76

-Vi cac ru, kali phan ng manh liet hn natri. ieu che cacancolat bang cach them kali vao cac ru (tr octanol,



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p gancolat bang cach them kali vao cac ru (tr octanol,benzylancol, xyclo hexanol) se gay no neu khong dung nit hoacargon uoi ky khong kh trong bnh.- Khi cho kali vao ru, phai them tng mau nho va khuay, va phaikhong che nhiet o khoi phan ng.- Khong e cac cuc kali ri vao noi lam lanh v kali tiep xuc vi

tuyet hoac bang se gay no.

Nguon gay nguy hiem


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78

HHppkimkimKaliKali NatriNatri

- Hp kim co cha 50 85% (theo khoi lng) kali co nhiet onong chay thap hn nhiet o phong. nhiet o phong hp kim la



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nong chay thap hn nhiet o phong. nhiet o phong hp kim lamot chat long nen tiep xuc mat thiet hn vi cac thuoc th so vikim loai dang ran, v the phan ng xay ra manh liet hn. Khi tiepxuc vi khong kh, hp kim nhanh chong boc chay v no de chaylot qua mang oxyt va phi be mat kim loai tran ra khong kh. Honhp gia hp kim va CO2 ran rat nhay no do va cham.

Nguon gay nguy hiem

79

LitiLitithathaii::

Co the loai bo cac manh vun liti kim loai bang cach hoa tan trongmot lng ln nc lanh. Cac mat kim loai do co kha nang phan



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ot g c a Cac at oa do co a a g p ang rat manh, v vay khong nen hoa tan vao nc ma phai dungnhng lng nho etanol phan huy dan chung di lp dung moihydrocarbon.

NatriNatrithathaii::

Cac manh vun natri (t hn 5-10gr) can c phan huy chamtrong coc s bang tng lng nho etanol en luc tan hoan toan.Dung iso-propanol co lan 2% nc e tang toc o hoa tan

Loai bo

80

KaliKalithathaii::

Cho vao kali kim loai thai mot hon hp ete dau hoa va isopropanol khan (t le 1:1)



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propanol khan (t le 1:1).Khong c phep gom cac manh kali va natri chung trong mot

bnh cha.Viec loai tr cac cuc kali a b oxy hoa nhieu cung rat nguy hiem,nhat la khi ben ngoai cuc kali a co mot lp vo mau vang. e tieuhuy cac cuc kali nay, cho chung vao coc s, rot vao o mot lpxylen, sau o them tng giot ter butanol vao.

Loai bo

81

ThaThaiibobo nhnhngngllngngllnnkimkimloaloaiikiekiemm::

Dung phng phap ot trong cac lo ac biet co trang b he thongcap khong kh va lam sach kh thai Trong pham vi phong th



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cap khong kh va lam sach kh thai. Trong pham vi phong thnghiem, khi cat cac kim loai kiem khong nen lu tr, tch tu cac

mau vun ma phai tieu huy ngay e tranh ton ong nhng lngphe thai ln cac kim loai nay

Loai bo

82

Lam khan cac dung moi bang natri kim loai:

-Dung natri e lam khan cac hydrocarbon va ete thng (ete n,kh h h kh )



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khong co cac nhom chc khac).

-Khong dung natri e lam khan cac oxyt, ete phc tap, ancol, cac

dan xuat halogen mach thang va thm, andehyt, ceton, amin.-Natri dung trong khau lam khan cuoi cung cho cac dung moi.

- Khong dung natri e lam khan cac dung moi co lan hn 0,5%

nc. Dung moi can c loai nc s bo bang cac chat lam khankhac t nguy hiem hn nh CaCl2 hoac Na2SO4.

Lam khan

83

DaDappchachayykimkimloaloaiikiekiemm::

Dap chay Liti:



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- Dung cac phng tien dap chay thong thng (nh nc, bnhbot, CO2 ) cang lam chay manh them hoac gay no. nhiet o

cao hn 250oC, liti pha huy thuy tinh, thach anh, betong, atchu la. Liti chay trong bau kh quyen nit va CO2.

- Co the dap chay liti bang cach dung kh argon hoac heli ay

khong kh khoi vung chay.

Dap chay

84

DaDappchachayynatrinatri, kali, kalivava hhppkimkimKK--Na.Na.

- Dung cat kho, Na2CO3, NaCl e dap chay nhng kim loai vahp kim nay Dung muoi th tot hn dung cat v nhiet o cao



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hp kim nay. Dung muoi th tot hn dung cat, v nhiet o caoNa va K co the tac dung vi SiO2.

- Dung bot graphit e dap chay Na, nhng khong dung cho kali,K va hp kim K-Na chay se tao thanh KO2 , KO2 phan ng vigraphit va gay no.

- Dung Argon va nit dap chay Na va K. Dung argon hieu quahn v kh nay nang hn khong kh.

- CO2 khong dap c Na va K chay nhng lai dap chay tot cac

dung moi hu c i kem vi Na chay.

Dap chay

85

- Pha loang cac dung dch acid ac ( nhat la H2SO4)

- Di chuyen cac chai lo acid ac co dung tch ln- ieu che va s dung cac loai thuoc th va dung dch co cha

ACID VAACID VA KIEKIEMM


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g g acid ac

- Thc hien nhng phan ng can un nong cac dung dch kiemac- Thc hien cac phng phap pha mau dung kiem nong chay

Nguon gay nguy hiem

86ACID VAACID VA KIEKIEMM

AcidAcid pecloricpecloric (HClO(HClO44):):

- Dung e phan huy mau, nhat la nhng mau co cha Carbon.- HClO4 c dung trong PTN thng la dung dch trong nc


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HClO4 c dung trong PTN thng la dung dch trong ncvi nong o 70-72%, tren 73% boc khoi trong khong kh va hut

am. Dung dch HClO4 co nong o di 70% co tnh oxy hoayeu, nhng tren 70% kha nang oxyhoa cua acid tang nhanh khitang nong o. Khi nhiet o cang cao, tnh oxy hoa cua acidcang manh va cang de b phan huy no.

- HClO4 co tnh acid manh va gay cac vet thng kho lanh- Khi lam viec vi HClO4ac bao gi cung eo knh va eo gang

tay

87

AcidAcid FlohydricFlohydric (HF):(HF):

-Gay cac vet bong nang, sau vao tan xng.-Ht phai hi HF nguy hiem en he thong ho hap



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p g y g p-Khi lam viec vi HF ac bao gi cung eo knh va eo gang tay

-Lam viec vi HF phai tien hanh trong tu hut.-Cac chai nha ng HF cung phai lu tr v tr rieng trong tuhut.

88

AcidAcid ClohydricClohydric ((HClHCl):):

-Gay bong da-Gay ton thng he ho hap



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-Khi lam viec vi HCl ac bao gi cung eo knh va eo gang tayva phai tien hanh trong tu hut.-Khu vc lam viec phai thong gioAcidAcid SunfuricSunfuric (H(H22SOSO44):):--Gay bong nang va an mon mo rat manh

-Kch thch ng ho hap-H2SO4 khi ket hp vi nc co mot lng nhiet hydrat hoa rat lnsinh ra, khien nc b soi ot ngot va lam cho mot phan acid tren

be mat ban toe nguy hiem. V vay pha loang H2SO4 ac phai o tt acid vao nc va khuay eu. Tuyet oi cam lam ngc lai.

89KIM LOAKIM LOAI KIEI KIEMM

Acid Nitric (Acid Nitric (HNO3)

-Lam chay da rat nhanh, hi HNO3 kch thch manh ng ho hapva mat.


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-Khi lam viec vi HNO3 ac bao gi cung eo knh va eo gang tayva phai tien hanh trong tu hut-Khu vc lam viec phai thong gio

90THUTHUY NGANY NGAN

Thuy ngan kim loai c s dung trong

phong th nghiem hoa hoc:- Trong cac nhiet keTrong cac ap ke


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- Trong cac ap ke- Trong cac phng phap phan tch

cc pho- Thuy ngan dung ieu che cac honhong vi cac kim loai va trong mot so phan ng xuc tac.

Hi thuy ngan kim loai va cac hp chatcua no rat oc, gii han nong o chophep cua thuy ngan va cac hp chattrong khong kh la rat nho (0,0025mg/m3 trong 1 ngay em).

91

Thuy ngan lam anh hng en he than kinh va

cac to chc khac.- Gay cac chan ong

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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- Giam th lc va thnh lc

- Gay mat ngu- Om yeu - Giam tr nhau au- Hoi hop

Nguon gay nguy hiem

92

Cac con ng tham nhap

- Ht th- Hap thu qua da

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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Cac trang b bao ho- Gang tay Nitrile- Knh an toan- Giay kn chan- Ao blouse

93

- Phong nga la con ng tot

nhat- Khi b o thuy ngan, phai

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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c lam sach mot cach an

toan

94

- Ngng hoat ong

- Canh phong vung nhiem thuy ngancho en khi lam sach hoan toan

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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- Nhiet o phong phai giam xuong e

giam s hoa hi

Vung b nhiem

95

Co 2 cach thu don:

- Thu don c hoc: quet don sach cachat thuy ngan vng vai.

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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- Thu don hoa hoc: x ly cac be mat

nhiem ban va x ly t e loai tr canthan cac san pham phan ng cua Hgbang cac thuoc th hoa hoc.

Thu don

96

Thu gom lng ln Hg b o ra bang

may hut chuyen dung hay bang bmchan khong

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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Thu don c hoc

97

e thu gom cac hat nho thuy

ngan co the dung cac dung cukhac:

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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- Dung giay am e tham

- Bang keo dnh- Giay cng

Thu don c hoc

98

e thu gom cac hat Hg rat nho, dung chat nhao cha hon hp bot

MnO2 va dd HCl 5% tron theo ty le 1:2. Co the loai tr cac hat Hgcc nho ke ca bui Hg bang cach dung giay am e lau. Lay mot

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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mau giay nhung vao nc, vay bt nc va lau, sau o giay lau

cho vao thung cha nap kn rot vao o dd co cha 1L KMnO4 0,1%+ 5mL HCl ac. e yen trong thung vai ngay. Khi o Hg chuyenthanh calomen Hg2Cl2 khong bay hi va t oc.

Thu don c hoc

99

Cac phng phap x ly hoa hoc eu da tren nguyen tac

- Phan ng oxy hoa thuy ngan va chuyen no thanh oxyt, clorua- Chuyen Hg ve dang t phan tan, de thu gom.T hi t h h H kh b (th i h

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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Tuy nhien ve mat hoa hoc, Hg kha ben vng (the ion hoa au cua

Hg la 10,4V, cao hn cua vang (9,39V) va Pt (9,00V)). V the tacnhan hoa hoc ch co the oxy hoa be mat Hg, va ch co hieu qua xly vi nhng hat Hg cc nho.

Thu don hoa hoc

100

KhKh bobo thuthuyy nganngan babangng dungdung dchdch FeClFeCl33 ((phng phap n

gian va tin cay nhat)Tam dd FeCl3 20% len be mat can x ly, sau o dung ban chai co

Q

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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ky e tao huyen phu Hg va e yen cho kho. Qua 1-2 ngay em,

ra can than be mat bang dd xa phong, sau o bang nc sache loai het san pham phan ng va Hg khong phan ng. Chu y:FeCl3 gay an mon manh cac thiet b bang kim loai va lam muc ogo. V vay, trc khi x ly phai bao ve nhng phan bang kim loaicua dung cu bang cach boi vaselin trc khi tien hanh.

Thu don hoa hoc

KhKh bobo thuthuyy nganngan babangng dungdung dchdch KMnOKMnO44: phng phap nay

da tren s tng tac cua Hg vi Clo cho ra calomen, la mot sanpham t tan va t oc.

2 KM O 16HCl 2KCl 2M Cl 5Cl 8H O

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN 101


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2 KMnO4 + 16HCl = 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 +8H2O

2Hg + Cl2 = Hg2Cl2(Cach pha: 2g KMnO4 + 5mL HCl ac trong 1 lit.)

Thu don hoa hoc

102

KhKh bobo thuthuyyngannganbabangngcloruacloruavoivoivava NatriNatripolysunfuapolysunfua(Na(Na22SSxx):):

phng phap nay kha hieu qua, khi x ly bang clorua voi thcalomen c tao ra, calomen se tiep tuc tac dung vi Na2Sx eh th h f th

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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chuyen thanh sunfua thuy ngan.

S dung clorua voi di dang huyen phu 2% trong nc.e ieu che Na2Sx: un nong 1 kg Na2S tinh the en 105oC, vakhuay va them 100-150g lu huynh (nghien bot) en khi c motkhoi ong the. Hoa tan khoi phan ng khoang 10lit nc..au tien x ly be mat can loai thuy ngan bang clorua voi. Sau 2,3gi ra clorua voi i va x ly tiep Na2Sx. Ra cho a x ly bangnc xa phong.

Thu don hoa hoc

103

KhKh bobo thuthuyyngannganchochocacaccthiethiettbbvava cacaccdudungngcucu thuthuyytinhtinh::

Vi cac dung cu khi lam viec co tiep xuc vi thuy ngan, trc khira bang nc phai tien hanh kh bo thuy ngan.

THUTHUY NGANY NGAN


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e tach loai thuy ngan khoi be mat nhng dung cu bang s hoac

thuy tinh, dung acid nitric loang e hoa tan:3Hg + 8HNO3 = 3Hg(NO3)2 + 2NO +4H2O

Thu don hoa hoc

104

- De chay, chay nhanh va kho dap tat

- Hi cua nhieu dung moi hu c tao vi khong kh nhng hon hpchay no.- S nguy hiem khi s dung va bao quan cac dung moi hu c phu

CACAC DUNG MOI HC DUNG MOI HU CU C


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- S nguy hiem khi s dung va bao quan cac dung moi hu c phuthuoc vao nhieu ieu kien: khoi lng va ac tnh de chay cuachat long, nhiet o, o kn cua thung ng, s co mat cua cacnguon la v.v.- Mot so dung moi hu c trong qua trnh bao quan co the hap thu

va phan ng vi khong kh tao ra cac peoxyt. Cac peoxyt hu c lanhng chat khong ben, b phan huy do va ap, ma sat, do tacong cua nhiet, ngon la.

S dung dung moi co cha cac peoxyt se rat nguy hiem do nhngpeoxyt nay co the phan huy rat manh va gay no.

Nguon gay nguy hiem

105

Phu thuoc vao nhiet o chp chay, chat long de chay c chia

lam 3 nhom:- Nhom 1: ac biet nguy hiem ( nhiet o chp chay 18oC)- Nhom 2: nguy hiem ( nhiet o chp chay t 18oC en 23OC)



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- Nhom 2: nguy hiem ( nhiet o chp chay t 18 C en 23 C)- Nhom 3: nguy hiem nhiet o cao( nhiet o chp chay t 23oCen 61OC)Cac chat long co nhiet o chp chay cao hn 61OC co kha nangchay sau khi tiep xuc vi nguon la goi la chat long de chay

Phan nhom

106

LaLammvievieccvviichachattlolongngdedebabattllaa(CLDBL)(CLDBL)

Khi lam viec vi cac chat long de bat la can gi 3 nguyen tac- Khong e hp chat de chay boc vao khong kh ( phong nga taora hon hp chay no) hoac kha nang ngau nhien hnh thanh vung



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ra hon hp chay no) hoac kha nang ngau nhien hnh thanh vung

hi am ac cua chat chay no.- Loai tr cac nguon nhiet gay chay.- Nam ky cac bien phap x ly s co xay ra e han che thiet hai timc toi thieu.

Nguyen tac

107

11 --PhoPhongng ngngaa khakha nangnang tataoo thathanhnh vuvungng

hihiaammaacccucuaacacaccchachatt lolongngdedebabatt llaa(CLDBL)(CLDBL):-Thong gio e pha loang, phong nga s



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Thong gio e pha loang, phong nga stu tap cua hi cac chat long de bat latrong khong kh.- Tien hanh cac th nghiem vi chat longde bat la trong tu hut.

- Tien hanh cac qua trnh co lien quanen viec un nong CLDBL (chng cat,ket tinh lai) phai s dung cac dung cu

tot.

Phong nga

108

- Nong o nguy hiem chay no cua cac loai hi cac CLDBL co the

at ca khi say (lam kho) trong khong kh hoac trong tu say nhnglng ln cac chat sau khi ket tinh t cac dung moi hu c. Nenlam kho trong bnh hut am hoac trong tu say chan khong



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a o t o g b ut a oac t o g tu say c a o g- Phai tuan thu nghiem ngat che o bao quan chat long de bat la.

Phong nga

109

- Bao quan CLDBL phai tuan thu cac che o nhiet o va thung

ng phai kn- Trong PTN han che bao quan cac CLDBL co nhiet o soi di50OC ( pentan, CS2, dietylete)



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( p , 2, y )- Khong e cac chai co cha CLDBL canh cac oi tng nong vaanh nang trc tiep chieu vao.- Khi CLDBL b tran o, phai nhanh chong tat cau dao tong va tatcac nguon la (en kh, en con, en dau)

Phong nga

110

11--LoaLoaiitrtr khakha nangnangboboccllaa


Trnh lm vic vi ngn lakhng c khng ch v ha cht

d chy Nu bt buc cn gim


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S tao thanh

d chy. Nu bt buc, cn gim

thiu tng lng cht chy ctrong khu vc thao tc th nghim.

Cn hn ch s bay hi ca cc

dung mi d chy ny.Ch co the un nong chat longde bat la trong cac thiet b baoam ngng tu hoan toan hi taothanh.

110

11--BaBannchachattdungdungmoimoi

Khi tiep xuc vi oxy khong kh nhiet ophong, cac peroxyt c tao ra trong cac chat cocha trong mot so cac nhom chc: axetat cac

CACAC PEROXYT TRONG DUNG MOI HC PEROXYT TRONG DUNG MOI HU CU C


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cha trong mot so cac nhom chc: axetat, cac

hp chat halogen alken, cac aldehyt, cac hpchat vinyl

Khuynh hng tao cac peroxyt khong ong

nhat cac nhom hp chat khac nhau

S tao thanh

110

22--SS coco mamatt cucuaacacaccchachattchochongngoxyoxy

hohoaa Cac dung moi tren th trng eu co cha cacchat chong oxy hoa e ngan nga viec tao thanh



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chat chong oxy hoa e ngan nga viec tao thanh

va tch luy cac peroxyt Nc trong ete cung lam cham qua trnh taoperoxyt. V vay cac chat khan thng b oxy hoa

nhanh hn cac chat co lan nc.

Ngan nga

110

Khi bao quan cac dung moi hu c phai trang

parafin nut chai e han che oxy tham vao tiepxuc vi dung moi.

Khi rot dung moi t chai se tao ra trong chai



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g g

mot khoang khong kh ang ke nen dung moi deb oxy hoa. Nen vi cac dung moi de tao peroxyt,khong nen ng trong cac chai c ln

Khi b nong va chieu sang, qua trnh oxy hoa taoperoxyt xay ra manh hn nen bao quan cho toiva mat.

Bao quan cac dung moi trong cac chai nut maico boi m va tao bau kh quyen tr

Bao quan

110

Phai tien hanh cac phep th nhan biet peroxyt



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Nhan biet

110

Dung nhom oxyt hap phu

Dung nha trao oi ion X ly bang cac muoi kim loai

Chiet bang dung dch kiem ac



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Chiet bang dung dch kiem ac

X ly bang dung dch cac chat kh vo c

Loai bo

89HHP CHAP CHAT C NHOMT C NHOM- c dung e lam sach chat xuc tac trong tong hp hu c,trung hp etylen, nhieu vat lieu cao phan t khac- Co kha nang phan ng rat cao vi cac dung dch am ac- Co hiem hoa chay no cao

C h h h h d d i d d d h


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- Cac hp chat c nhom thng s dung di dang cac dung dch

co nong o khac nhau trong xang, hydrocarbon. Nguy c chayphu thuoc vao nong o cua chung.- Cac hp chat c nhom tinh khiet dang long rat de gay chay no

- Tnh chat bat la cua hp chat c nhom giam khi tang so nguyent cacbon trong cac goc hyrocacbon hay them clo vao phan t

Nguon gay nguy

89

- Khi tien hanh moi cong viec co s du6ng dung dch hp chat cnhom can phai eo knh hoac mat na bao ve- Khong lam viec vi dung dch cac hp chat c nhom tren banlam viec co trai hoac phu cac vat lieu chay c.

C th t i h h t h h i ti h h d b

HHP CHAP CHAT C NHOMT C NHOM


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- Cac thao tac vi hp chat c nhom cap phai tien hanh d bau

kh quyen tr.- Khi lam viec vi hp chat c nhom la phai say that kho cac dungcu th nghiem

Phng phap lam viec

89

- Khong c dung nc, bnh bot va cac chat dap chay co gocCO

2e dap chay cac hp chat c nhom.

- Cac chat dap chay co goc CO2 dung dap chay cac dung dch cnhom that loang hoac cac dung dch c nhom co nhom alkyl t C7tr len

HHP CHAP CHAT C NHOMT C NHOM


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tr len.

- Chat dap chay tot nhat la bot silicagen co tam tetraflobrometan(50% khoi lng)

Dap chay hp chat c nhom

111GIA NHIEGIA NHIETT

Cac dung cu gia nhiet bang ien thung b

chap mach, ho quang ien, lp cach ien bocchay.Nguyen nhan:


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Cac nguon gay nguy hiem

- nhiet o vung lam viec qua cao- Co mat cac chat de chay- Che o truyen nhiet cha ung- Cau truc day ot cua thiet b gia nhiet khong

thch hp- ...

112

KhiKhidudungngnncceegiagianhienhiett((khikhicacannnhienhiettoo ddii100100ooC):C):

- Khong c dung noi cach thuy e tien hanh nhngcong viec vi cac dung moi khan tuyet oi

- Trong cac trng hp khi ieu kien th nghiem khong

GIA NHIEGIA NHIETT


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Chat tai nhiet

c co mat hi nc.- Dung dung dch cac muoi vo c e m rong vung nhiet o lamviecHan che:

- An mon thanh noi- phai thng xuyen bo sung lng nc e gi nong o

co nh

113

KhiKhidudungngdadauusiliconsilicon eegiagianhienhiett((khikhicacannnhienhiettoo cc250250OOC)C)

Cac loai dau nay ben oxy hoa nhiet o cao va tr ve mat hoahoc. Mot so loai dau silicon khi un nong en 300oC ma vancha phan huy. Khong c phep un nong hn nhiet o boc

GIA NHIEGIA NHIETT


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chay cua dau tai nhiet. Mot so loai dau khoang cung c dunglam chat tai nhiet song ch nen dung cac loai dau co nhiet oboc chay cao khong di 300oC.

Chat tai nhiet

114

DuDungngglyceringlycerineelalammchachatttataiinhienhiett..

So vi cac loai dau khoang, glycerin co u iem la trong suotva hoa tan trong nc nen de ra dung cu. Ve nhc iem,glycerin khong phai la chat tr ve mat hoa hoc, khi tng tac vichat oxy hoa manh de boc chay Glycerin rat hao nc khi hap

GIA NHIEGIA NHIETT


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chat oxy hoa manh de boc chay. Glycerin rat hao nc, khi hapthu nc, nhiet o soi va nhiet o boc chay cua glycerin b giamot ngot Glycerin nguyen chat soi 290oC

Glycerin cha 1% nc soi 240oC Glycerin cha 2% nc soi 210oCKhi un nong lau dai ( 100-150oC) glycerin b phan huy thanh

cac chat de boc chay va nhiet o boc chay cua no giam xuong.Khi un nong tren 200oC glycerin b phan huy manh.

Chat tai nhiet

115

NguyenNguyentatacckhikhidudungngchachatttataiinhienhiett

-Ch c phep dung cac chat long tinh khiet ( khong cha cactap chat hoac chat ban) lam cac chat tai nhiet.

-Nghiem cam un nong qua gii han hoac un nong en boc

GIA NHIEGIA NHIETT


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khoi hay bay hi manh chat long tai nhiet.-Khi un phai kiem tra nhiet o noi chng .

-e un nong noi chng cach chat long, khong c phep dung

loai bep co ngon la tran hoac cac nguon nhiet khong ieuchnh c o nong.

-Khi can un nong en nhiet o gan nhiet o gii han cua chat

tai nhiet th phai dung noi chng kn.

Chat tai nhiet


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117

- No cac dung cu thuy tinh

Khi to r a schnh lch p sut, cc thit b chn khng chu titrng c1MPa nn dng cc dng c thy tinh khng chuyn dng hoc c

khuyt ttd b vv mnh vbay ra vi tc ln.

Sc n v nng lng bay ca mnh v ph thuc vo p sut v

HEHE CHAN KHONGCHAN KHONG


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Sc n v nng lng bay ca mnh vph thuc vo p sut vdung tch ca h chn khng

Cac nguon nguy hiem

118

-Khi tien hanh cac cong viec dung en chan khong eu phai s

dung knh hoac mat na bao ve.-Tat ca cac thiet b chan khong eu phai c che chan bangli. Cac bnh hut am hoac bnh bunsen dung hut chan khongeu phai c quan bao ve bang tui vai hoac khan hoac dan



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eu phai c quan bao ve bang tui vai hoac khan, hoac danbnh bang bang keo trong.

-Tat ca cac thuy tinh c dung cho he thong phai kiem tra:khong c co vet nt, bot bong. Cac noi nham va van khoacan c lam sach va boi mot lp m chan khong mong.

Bien phap an toan

119

-Khong c dung cac loai bnh ay bang e

lap rap thiet b chan khong (tr nhng loaibnh a c che tao chuyen dung e lamviec ap suat thap nh bnh bunsen, tisenco..



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-Trc khi bat au cong viec tren thiet b alap rap, can th lai o kn va kha nang chung cua thiet b khi tao chenh lech ap suatcc ai e co cac bien phap phong ngatrc.

Cac nguon nguy hiem

119

-Khi can un nong hoac lam lanh cac phan

thiet b, au tien can th tao chenh lech apsuat trc, sau o mi un nong hoac lamlanh. Khong c un nong cac chi tiet thuytinh cua thiet b chan khong bang ngon la



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tinh cua thiet b chan khong bang ngon latran. Khong c dung oxy long hay khongkh long e lam lanh, v nhng chat nay cokha nang oxy hoa cao, de gay chay no.

Cac nguon nguy hiem

120

Chng cat la phng phap tach hoac

tinh che cac chat tren c s khac nhauve nhiet o soi.

- Nt v dung cu cat bang thuy tinh

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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- S co khi s dung bep ien, en kh,en dau

- S co mat nhng lng ang ke

CLDBL- Chng cat co ap suat ( cat chan khong,loi cuon bang hi nc)

Cac nguon nguy hiem

121

Chng cat thong thng la chng cat ap suat kh quyen

CaCaccnguyennguyentatacc- Khi chon bnh cat phai tnh toan sao cho mc chat long trongbnh cat khong vt qua 2/3 the tch bnh, e chat long soi manh

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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khong trao sang bnh hng hoac that thoat hi vao khong kh gaynguy hiem.

- Dung sinh han lam nguoi bang nc oi vi cac chat long soi

nhiet o 140 -150o

C. Vi cac chat long soi nhiet o cao hnphai dung sinh han lam nguoi bang khong kh, e tranh cho sinhhan khong b nt khi chenh lech nhiet o.

-

Chng cat thong thng

121

Chng cat thong thng la chng cat ap suat kh quyen

CaCaccnguyennguyentatacc- Khi un nong bnh cat phai dung noi chng cach chat long. unnong bnh cat trc tiep bang bep ien se nguy hiem v s thay

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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oi nhiet o cua cac vung bnh se rat l, de gay nt bnh.- Khong dung noi chng cach thuy e chng cat cac dung moi cocha kim loai kiem, cac hyrua va cac chat lam kho khac co kha

nang phan ng manh vi nc.

Chng cat thong thng

122

BieBiennphaphappphophongngngngaa

- Ch rot chat long can chng cat vao bnh cat sau khi a lap rapxong thiet b.- Trc khi bat au gia nhiet, cho vao bnh cat vai vien a bot(manh s hoac gom v), neu chng cat ma khong cho hat tao soi

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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vao rat nguy hiem.-Ch gia nhiet noi chng sau khi a chuan b xong tat ca cac thaotac, ke ca dan nc vao sinh han.

-Can phai theo doi nhiet o noi chng e khong b qua nong.Nhiet o lam viec cua noi chng phai cao hn nhiet o soi cuachat long khoang 20-30oC. S chenh lech nhiet o nay tuy thuoc

vao toc o cat mong muon, o bay hi, nhiet o soi va nhieu yeuto khac.

Chng cat thong thng

123

BieBiennphaphappphophongngngngaa

-Can phai luon theo doi sinh han. Neu trong sinh han hi chat

long khong ngng tu het, chng to sinh han qua nong, can nhanh

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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chong giam cng o soi cua chat long bang cach ha thap nhieto noi chng hoac bo sung vao o mot t chat tai nhiet nguoi.

-Ch thao bo cat sau khi a lam nguoi hoan toan.

Chng cat thong thng

124

Khi chng cat chan khong phai tuan theo quy tac an toan giongnh chng cat thng, tuy nhien phai tuan theo cac bien phapphong nga nh khi lam viec vi cac he thong tao chan khong.

BieBiennphaphappphophongngngngaa- Khi lam viec vi cac thiet b chan khong phai eo knh hoac

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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mang mat na bao ve.- Khi chng cat di chan khong, khong c un qua nong chatlong cat. e gia nhiet bnh cat phai dung noi chng cat chat long

co lap nhiet ke. e khong lam hi b qua nong, mc chat long cuanoi chng khong c cao hn mc chat long un cat trong bnh.- Trc khi lap thiet b e chng cat chan khong phai xem xet

toan bo cac chi tiet thuy tinh kem theo. Neu dung cu co khuyet tatth khong c s dung

Chng cat chan khong

125

-Ca bnh cat va bnh hng phai la bnh cau ay tron. Khong cdung cac loai bnh ay bang trong thiet b chng cat chan khong.-e soi eu trong chng cat chan khong, khong dung cac hat taosoi (a bot) ma phai dung mao quan hut khong kh (hoac kh tr)suc qua lp chat long trong bnh cat.

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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-Sau khi lap rap bo chng cat va trc khi nap nguyen lieu vaobnh cat phai kiem tra o kn cua he thong trong vong vai phut.-Khi thiet b chng cat a san sang hoat ong th nap chat long

can cat vao bnh cat va bat may bm hut chan khong. Mao quanphai tao cac bot kh that nho mn, sau o mi bat au gia nhiet eun nong noi chng. Khong c tao chan khong trong bnh cat

khi trong bnh ang co chat long nong v khi o co the lam chatlong ban sang bnh hng.

Chng cat chan khong

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- Sau khi tao chan khong, khong c lam thay oi bat c motieu g trong he thong thiet b ( v du van chat lai ngoam gi,nang hoac ha thiet b v.v.)-Sau khi chng cat xong phai tien hanh cac thao tac, th t sau:

+ Ha noi chng thap xuong e cho bnh cat nguoi i

CHCHNG CANG CATT


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+ Can than cho khong kh vao he thong qua mot van khoarieng va tat may bm hut chan khong.+ Khi thiet b a nguoi th thao thiet b, bat au t bnh hng.

Chng cat chan khong

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- Lu tr hoa chat tai phong thnghiem- Pha che hoa chat, thuoc th- Thai bo cac dung dch hoachat, thuoc th, mau kiem

XX LYLY CACAC CHAC CHAT THAT THAI RA TI RA T PHOPHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM


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nghiem, san pham hong- Cac s co khac bat can trongqua trnh thao tac

Nguon goc phat sinh

128XX LYLY CACAC CHAC CHAT THAT THAI RA TI RA T PHOPHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM


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Dan nhan

129

- Nc thai co cha cac kim loai nang nh Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fec thu gom vao thung cha. Kiem hoa en pH 8-9, se ket tuacac hydroxyt

- Phan nc trong em trung hoa roi xa thai



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- Phan ket tua em be tong hoa roi chon lap an toan- Neu la lng nhieu, co the thu hoi tng san pham, cac san phamc tai s dung cho nhieu muc ch

V du: Cd2+ + S2- CdS dung trong nau thuy tinhNi2+ + SO42- NiSO4 dung cho dung dch maZn2+ + SO

4

2- ZnSO4

dung trong phan bon vi lng

X ly kim loai nang

129

- Dung dch co cha anion CN- c thu gom va lu gi rieng.Tuyet oi khong o lan axit vao e tranh tao HCN rat nguy hiem



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X ly dung dch cha CN-

129

- Nc thai co cha cac kim loai nang nh Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe

c thu gom vao thung cha. Kiem hoa en pH 8-9, se ket tuacac hydroxyt

- Phan nc trong em trung hoa roi xa thai



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- Phan ket tua em be tong hoa roi chon lap an toan- Neu la lng nhieu, co the thu hoi tng san pham, cac san phamc tai s dung cho nhieu muc ch

V du: Cd2+ + S2- CdS dung trong nau thuy tinhNi2+ + SO42- NiSO4 dung cho dung dch maZn2+ + SO

4

2- ZnSO4

dung trong phan bon vi lng

X ly kim loai nang

130XX LYLY CACAC CHAC CHAT THAT THAI RA TI RA T PHOPHONG THNG THNGHIENGHIEMM

XX lyly cacaccdungdungdchdchcoco ttnhnhacidacidvava coco ttnhnhkiekiemm

- Cac dung dch co tnh acid phai thu gom vao bnh nha. Trunghoa bang kiem en moi trng pH 9. Tach can lang cha kim loainang e x ly rieng (nh tren). Phan nc trong c trung hoa


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An Toan Phong Thi Nghiem

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