An Ontology Engineering Approach to Gamify Collaborative Learning Scenarios
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Transcript of An Ontology Engineering Approach to Gamify Collaborative Learning Scenarios
An Ontology Engineering Approach to Gamify Collabora7ve Learning Scenarios
Geiser Chalco1, Dilvan A. Moreira1, Riichiro Mizoguchi2, and Seiji Isotani1
20th Interna@onal Conference on Collabora@on and Technology, 2014
1University of São Paulo, Brazil. [email protected], {dilvan, sisotani}@icmc.usp.br
2Japan Advanced Ins@tute of Science and Technology, Japan. [email protected]
• Introduc@on: – Concept of Gamifica@on – Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
• Approach: Ontological Engineering – Ontological Structure to Describe Gamified CL Scenarios
• Applica@on of Ontological Structure • Conclusions and Future Research
Outline
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 2
Games are part of our life
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 4
Source: Entertainment SoUware Associa@on's (2014) & Huffingtonpost (2014)
Games are part of our life
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 5
Source: Entertainment SoUware Associa@on's (2014) & Huffingtonpost (2014)
Why does everyone enjoy playing games?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 6
Engagement
Sa@sfac@on of psychological needs
Solve problems
Why does everyone enjoy playing games?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 7
Engagement
Sa@sfac@on of psychological needs
Solve problems
Games are problem-‐solving ac7vi7es (finding a way to destroy the other)
(feeling successful)
Why does everyone enjoy playing games?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 8
Engagement
Sa@sfac@on of psychological needs
Solve problems
Games are problem-‐solving ac7vi7es (finding a way to destroy the other)
(feeling successful)
Games are problem-‐solving ac7vi7es approached with a playful a@tude (voluntary)
Game Elements (endogenous)
Why does everyone enjoy playing games?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 9
Engagement
Sa@sfac@on of psychological needs
Solve problems
Games are problem-‐solving ac7vi7es (finding a way to destroy the other)
(feeling successful)
Games are problem-‐solving ac7vi7es approached with a playful a@tude (voluntary)
Game Elements (endogenous)
must probably solve more problems to gain points and to feel more
successful
Leaderboards
What is Gamifica@on?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 15
The use of game design elements in non-‐game contexts (Deterding et al. 2011)
Playful Design Pervasive Games
Serious Games Gamifica@on
What is Gamifica@on?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 16
The use of game design elements in non-‐game contexts (Deterding et al. 2011)
Playful Design Pervasive Games
Serious Games Gamifica@on Gaming
Playing -‐ Playfulness
Rule-‐base systems that are design to
be playful
What is Gamifica@on?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 17
The use of game design elements in non-‐game contexts (Deterding et al. 2011)
Playful Design Pervasive Games
Serious Games Gamifica@on Gaming
Playing -‐ Playfulness
Rule-‐base systems that are design to
be playful
Elements Whole
How to use game elements in non-‐game applica@on
What is Gamifica@on?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 18
The use of game design elements in non-‐game contexts (Deterding et al. 2011)
Playful Design Pervasive Games
Serious Games Gamifica@on Gaming
Playing -‐ Playfulness
Rule-‐base systems that are design to
be playful
Elements Whole
How to use game elements in non-‐game applica@on Design of: • Game interface • Game mechanics • …
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 21
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 22
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo7vates a person to con@nue using a gamified applica@on
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 23
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 24
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 25
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
(Hamari, et al. 2014)
Results Nro Studies
All tests posi@ve 2
Posi7ve results in part of the tests
13
Only descrip@ve 7
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 26
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
(Hamari, et al. 2014)
Results Nro Studies
All tests posi@ve 2
Posi7ve results in part of the tests
13
Only descrip@ve 7
Context is an essencial
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 27
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
(Hamari, et al. 2014)
Results Nro Studies
All tests posi@ve 2
Posi7ve results in part of the tests
13
Only descrip@ve 7
Context is an essencial
Does Gamifica@on really work?
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 28
Many uses of gamifica@on are incorrect or poorly designed (Webb, 2013)
Reason: misconcep@on about what mo@vates a person to con@nue using a game or gamified applica@on
(Hamari, et al. 2014)
Results Nro Studies
All tests posi@ve 2
Posi7ve results in part of the tests
13
Only descrip@ve 7
Context is an essencial
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
29
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
30
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
31
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
32
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
33
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
34
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
35
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
36
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
WIN!
37
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
WIN!
38
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
WIN!
Tests
39
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
WIN!
Tests
40
Problem: Gamifica@on in CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Instruc@onal Designer
CSCL Script (IMS-‐LD)
CL Ac@vi@es (interac@ons)
CL Scenario
LA LB
LC
nega@ve aitudes
degrade dynamics
nega7ve learning outcomes
+ demo7va7on
• Neglect his personal skills to complete a task as it was requested • Sense of obliga@on imposes by the script
Efficien
t+
Bene
ficial +
I don’t want to game points… I want to
Make social connec@on
Explore new challenges
WIN!
Tests
Context and needs of learners change
41
Approach: Ontological Engineering
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 42
Ontologies (Structures)
Knowledge Bases
(Models)
Best Prac7ces and Theories of Gamifica7on
Describe informa@on
Support for the development of
Instr. designer/ teacher/researcher
Ø design gamified CL scenarios Ø evaluate the prac@ces and theories Ø es@mate and calculate the benefits
Ontology-‐aware systems
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 43
Gamifed CL Scenario
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 44
Gamifed CL Scenario
Modeling of Learner's
Development
Learner Growth Model
(Isotani & Mizoguchi, 2007)
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 45
Gamifed CL Scenario
Modeling of Learner's
Development
Learner Growth Model
(Isotani & Mizoguchi, 2007)
Formation of Effective
Groups
Learners
Effec@ve Groups
(Isotani et al., 2009) CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 46
Gamifed CL Scenario
Modeling of Learner's
Development
Learner Growth Model
(Isotani & Mizoguchi, 2007)
Formation of Effective
Groups
Learners
Effec@ve Groups
(Isotani et al., 2009)
Design of CL Scenarios
LA LB
Tutor Tutee
ü Learning Strategies ü Learning Goals ü Group Goals ü Roles
(Isotani et al., 2013)
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
47 Sept. 9, 2014
Modeling of Learner's
Development
Formation of Effective
Groups
Design of CL Scenarios
Apply Gamification
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
LA LB
Tutor Tutee
“the use of game design elements in non-‐game …”
Gamifed CL Scenario
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Unlockable System
Point System
Badge System
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
48 Sept. 9, 2014
Modeling of Learner's
Development
Formation of Effective
Groups
Design of CL Scenarios
Apply Gamification
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
LA LB
Tutor Tutee
“the use of game design elements in non-‐game …”
• What game mechanics must be used to mo7vate the learners?
Gamifed CL Scenario
Only: design of game mechanics
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios
Unlockable System
Point System
Badge System
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 49
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 50
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 51
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 52
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 53
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
• Game mechanics(GM): inputs (CL scenario) -‐> output (gaming)
Game mechanics
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 54
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
• Game mechanics(GM): inputs (CL scenario) -‐> output (gaming)
Game mechanics
Point System
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 55
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
• Game mechanics(GM): inputs (CL scenario) -‐> output (gaming)
Game mechanics
Point System Social Connec@on
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 56
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
• Game mechanics(GM): inputs (CL scenario) -‐> output (gaming)
Game mechanics
Point System Social Connec@on
demonstrate mastery relatedness
LA LB
Mo@va@on and Game Mechanics
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 57
Mo@va@on is the process used to allocate energy to maximize the sa7sfac7on of needs (Pritchard & Ashwood, 2008).
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
change or intensify his needs
The proper combina@on of different game elements provides an adequate environment for all learners.
• Game mechanics(GM): inputs (CL scenario) -‐> output (gaming)
Game mechanics
Point System Social Connec@on
demonstrate mastery relatedness Every GM is Customized (ind.needs) -‐> Increase his liking for CL Ac@vi@es
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
I-‐mot goal: Individual mo@va@onal goal
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 58
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Ind. motivational goal
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
Sa@sfac@on of needs
*
An individual mo7va7onal goal represents the expected changes on the mind of a learner using game mechanics.
*
Game mechanics
I-‐mot goal: Individual mo@va@onal goal
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 59
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Ind. motivational goal
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
Sa@sfac@on of needs
*
An individual mo7va7onal goal represents the expected changes on the mind of a learner using game mechanics.
*
• Amo@va@on -‐> External Reg. • (External Mot. -‐> Intrinsic Mot.)
• External Reg. -‐> Introjected Reg. • Introjected Reg. -‐> Iden@fied Reg. • Iden@fied Reg. -‐> Integrated Reg. • Integrated Reg. -‐> Intrinsic Reg.
Self-‐determina@on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2010)
Game mechanics
I-‐mot goal: Individual mo@va@onal goal
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 60
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Ind. motivational goal
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
Sa@sfac@on of needs
*
An individual mo7va7onal goal represents the expected changes on the mind of a learner using game mechanics.
• Sa@sfac@on of Autonomy • Sa@sfac@on of Relatedness • Sa@sfac@on of Competence
• Sa@sfac@on of Purpose • Sa@sfac@on of Mastery
*
• Amo@va@on -‐> External Reg. • (External Mot. -‐> Intrinsic Mot.)
• External Reg. -‐> Introjected Reg. • Introjected Reg. -‐> Iden@fied Reg. • Iden@fied Reg. -‐> Integrated Reg. • Integrated Reg. -‐> Intrinsic Reg.
Self-‐determina@on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2010)
Self-‐determina@on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2010) Pink Dan (2011)
Competence Relatedness Autonomy Purpose
Autonomy Mastery
Game mechanics
Player Role: Playing style (Ind. Pers. Trait)
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 61
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits) Models of:
• 7 Player Types (Laws, 2002) • 4 Player Types (Bartle, 2004) • 8 Player Types (Marczewski, 2013) …
Player Role: Playing style (Ind. Pers. Trait)
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 62
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits) Models of:
• 7 Player Types (Laws, 2002) • 4 Player Types (Bartle, 2004) • 8 Player Types (Marczewski, 2013) …
The playing styles are individual personality traits that define the preferences of a person when he/she is playing a game.
Player Role: Playing style (Ind. Pers. Trait)
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 63
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits) Models of:
• 7 Player Types (Laws, 2002) • 4 Player Types (Bartle, 2004) • 8 Player Types (Marczewski, 2013) …
The playing styles are individual personality traits that define the preferences of a person when he/she is playing a game.
user-‐orienta5on (interac5ng with others)
system-‐orienta5on (exploring the game)
Interac5on-‐orienta5on (interac5ng inside)
act-‐orienta5on (having influence outside)
(Socializer)
(Explorer) (Achiever)
(Killer)
(Bartle, 2004) 4 Player Types
Player Role: Models of player types
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 64
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
Mo@va@on stage Necessary condi@on
*
Psychological need Necessary condi@on
*
Playing style Desired condi@on
* Player Role
A Player Role defines the necessary and desired condi7ons that a learner must have to play a player type.
Y<=I-‐mot goal: Mo@va@onal strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 65
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
The Y<=I-‐mot goal is the mo7va7onal strategy that will be used by game elements to enhance the learning strategy employed by a learner in focus.
Motivational Strategy
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Enhance (learning strategy)
Y<=I-‐mot goal: Mo@va@onal strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 66
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
The Y<=I-‐mot goal is the mo7va7onal strategy that will be used by game elements to enhance the learning strategy employed by a learner in focus.
Motivational Strategy
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Enhance (learning strategy)
influence the de
sign of
Y<=I-‐mot goal: Mo@va@onal strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 67
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
The Y<=I-‐mot goal is the mo7va7onal strategy that will be used by game elements to enhance the learning strategy employed by a learner in focus.
Motivational Strategy
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Enhance (learning strategy)
Learner I-‐player role
influence the de
sign of
Y<=I-‐mot goal: Mo@va@onal strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 68
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
The Y<=I-‐mot goal is the mo7va7onal strategy that will be used by game elements to enhance the learning strategy employed by a learner in focus.
Motivational Strategy
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Enhance (learning strategy)
Learner You-‐player role
Learner I-‐player role
influence the de
sign of
Y<=I-‐mot goal: Mo@va@onal strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 69
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
LA LB
Player Role
The Y<=I-‐mot goal is the mo7va7onal strategy that will be used by game elements to enhance the learning strategy employed by a learner in focus.
Motivational Strategy
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Enhance (learning strategy)
Learner You-‐player role
Learner I-‐player role
I-‐mot goal I-‐mot goal
*
influence the de
sign of
I-‐gameplay: Gameplay Strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 70
Gameplay
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
Player Role
Motivational Strategy
LA LB
The gameplay strategy is the ra@onal arrangement among player roles, mo7va7onal strategies and game mechanics.
I-‐gameplay
P-‐Player Role Primary focus
1
Y<=I-‐mot goal S<=P-‐mot goal 1
Game mechanics What use *
I-‐gameplay: Gameplay Strategy
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 71
Gameplay
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
Player Role
Motivational Strategy
LA LB
The gameplay strategy is the ra@onal arrangement among player roles, mo7va7onal strategies and game mechanics.
I-‐gameplay
P-‐Player Role Primary focus
1
Y<=I-‐mot goal S<=P-‐mot goal 1
Game mechanics What use *
Models of Player Types
classify & decide
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 72
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
CL process *
Y<=I-‐goal Learning Strategy
*
Gamified CL Scenario
is a
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 73
Enhance
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
CL process *
Y<=I-‐goal Learning Strategy
*
Gamified CL Scenario
is a
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 74
Enhance
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
CL process *
Y<=I-‐goal Learning Strategy
*
Gamified CL Scenario
Player Role
Mo@va@on stage Necessary condi@on
*
Psychological need Necessary condi@on
*
Playing style Desired condi@on
*
is a
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
From CL Scenario To Gamified CL Scenario
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 75
Enhance
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
CL process *
Y<=I-‐goal Learning Strategy
*
Gamified CL Scenario
Player Role
Mo@va@on stage Necessary condi@on
*
Psychological need Necessary condi@on
*
Playing style Desired condi@on
*
is a
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
the proper player types and game mechanics for each learner
Applica@on
LA LB
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 76
Applica@on of Ontological Structure
(Socializer) (Killer)
(Explorer)
Player Types (Bartle, 2004)
(Achiever)
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 77
Player Role
Mo@va@on stage Necessary condi@on
*
Psychological need Necessary condi@on
*
Playing style Desired condi@on
*
Enhance Y<=I-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Gamified CL Scenario
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 78
Player Role
Mo@va@on stage Necessary condi@on
*
Psychological need Necessary condi@on
*
Playing style Desired condi@on
*
Enhance Y<=I-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Gamified CL Scenario
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal Mo@va@onal Strategy
*
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 79
Applica@on
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
LA LB
psychological needs
N2 N1
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
(1) Select the scenarios that sa@sfy the learners’ needs by looking the ind. mot. goal
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 80
Applica@on
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
LA LB
psychological needs
N2 N1
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
sa7sfies
Sept. 9, 2014
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 81
Applica@on
LA LB
psychological needs
N2 N1
(2) Checking the necessary condi@ons to play a player type, and seing the priority using the desired condi@ons
Sept. 9, 2014
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 82
Applica@on
LA LB
psychological needs
N2 N1
ok
more priority
ok
ok
ind. pers. traits
I2 I1
sa7sfies
Sept. 9, 2014
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
(3) Seing the player type if no one constraint is violated in the mot. strategy
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 83
Applica@on
LA LB
more priority
Sept. 9, 2014
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 84
Applica@on
LA LB
more priority
Sept. 9, 2014
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
(4) Seing the proper game mechanics using the structure gameplay
An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 85
Applica@on
LA LB
more priority
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 86
Applica@on
LA LB
psychological needs
N3 N1
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 87
Applica@on
LA LB
ok
more priority
ok
ok
ind. pers. traits
I3 I1
psychological needs
N3 N1
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
I1: system-‐orienta@on I2: ac@ng-‐orienta@on I3: interac@ng-‐orienta@on
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 88
Applica@on
LA LB
more priority
Conclusions and Future Research
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 89
• We proposed an ontology engineering approach to overcome the difficul@es to apply gamifica@on in CL scenarios;
• We made the connec@on among psychological needs, playing styles and game mechanics to define our ontology;
• We shown an example of applica@on using the current version of our approach;
Gameplay
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
Player Role
Motivational Strategy
Conclusions and Future Research
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 90
• We proposed an ontology engineering approach to overcome the difficul@es to apply gamifica@on in CL scenarios;
• We made the connec@on among psychological needs, playing styles and game mechanics to define our ontology;
• We shown an example of applica@on using the current version of our approach;
Gameplay
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Playing styles (Ind. traits)
Player Role
Motivational Strategy
Affective states
Game dynamics
Game interfaces
• Future works: We will complete the modeling of Gamified CL Scenarios, including:
• Design of game dynamics • Design of game interfaces • Design of game models • …
• Challco, G. C., Moreira, D., Mizoguchi, R., & Isotani, S. (2014, January). Towards an Ontology for Gamifying Collabora@ve Learning Scenarios. In Intelligent Tutoring Systems (pp. 404-‐409). Springer Interna@onal Publishing.
• Schell, J. (2008). The Art of Game Design: A book of lenses. CRC Press. • Deterding, S., Dixon, D., Khaled, R., & Nacke, L. (2011, September). From game
design elements to gamefulness: defining gamifica@on. In Proceedings of the 15th Interna5onal Academic MindTrek Conference: Envisioning Future Media Environments (pp. 9-‐15). ACM.
• Webb, E. N. (2013). Gamifica@on: When It Works, When It Doesn’t. In Design, User Experience, and Usability. Health, Learning, Playing, Cultural, and Cross-‐Cultural User Experience (pp. 608–614). Springer.
• Hamari, J., Koivisto, J., & Sarsa, H. (2014, January). Does Gamifica@on Work? -‐ A Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Gamifica@on. In System Sciences (HICSS), 2014 47th Hawaii Interna5onal Conference on (pp. 3025-‐3034). IEEE.
• Isotani, S., & Mizoguchi, R. (2007). Deployment of ontologies for an effec@ve design of collabora@ve learning scenarios. In Groupware: Design, Implementa@on, and Use (pp. 223–238). Springer.
References
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 91
(Istoani et al. 2009)
• Isotani, S., Inaba, A., Ikeda, M., & Mizoguchi, R. (2009). An ontology engineering approach to the realiza@on of theory-‐driven group forma@on. Interna@onal Journal of Computer-‐Supported Collabora@ve Learning, 4(4), 445–478.
• Isotani, S., Mizoguchi, R., Isotani, S., Capeli, O. M., Isotani, N., De Albuquerque, A. R., ... & Jaques, P. (2013). A Seman@c Web-‐based authoring tool to facilitate the planning of collabora@ve learning scenarios compliant with learning theories. Computers & Educa5on, 63, 267-‐284.
• Pritchard, R., & Ashwood, E. (2008). Managing mo5va5on: A manager's guide to diagnosing and improving mo5va5on. Psychology Press.
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Self-‐Determina5on. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. • Pink, D. H. (2011). Drive: The surprising truth about what mo5vates us. Penguin.. • Laws, R. D. (2002). Robin's Laws of good game mastering. Steve Jackson Games. • Bartle, R. A. (2004). Designing virtual worlds. New Riders • Marczewski, A. (2013). Gamifica5on: a simple introduc5on. Andrzej Marczewski.
References
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 92
(Istoani et al. 2009)
Ontological Structure for CL Scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 94
CL Scenario
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐goal
W(A)-‐goal
Learning Strategy *
Learner I-‐role
Learner You-‐role
I-‐goal
CL process *
G
W(L)-‐goal Common goal
*
Interact Parern Teaching-‐learning process
*
I-Role (Role Concept)
Learning Strategy (Context)
depend on
Learner (Potential Player)
playing
I-Role-1 Geiser (Role-playing thing)
Learning by Teaching Tutor
(Role-Holder) Tutor-1
The model of roles (Mizoguchi et al., 2007) proposes the division of Role in: • Role Concept • Poten@al Player • Role-‐playing thing • Role Holder
I-‐mot goal: Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 95
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Self-‐determina@on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2010) … from … to
LA LB
I-‐mot goal
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on Ini@al stage
Goal stage Mo@va@on stage
Mo@va@on stage
is a is a
Sa@sfac@on of need
*
I-‐mot goal: Sa@sfac@on of needs
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 96
Behavior
Needs Satisfaction
Game elements
Game mechanics
Ind. motivation goal
Self-‐determina@on Theory (Deci & Ryan, 2010)
LA LB
I-‐mot goal
Internaliza@on of mo@va@on
is a is a
*
Ini@al stage
without need
Psychological need Goal stage
Sa@sfac@on of need
Purpose
Autonomy Mastery
Competence Relatedness Autonomy
Pink Dan (2011)
Applica@on of Ontological Structure
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 97
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Learning Strategy *
Mo@va@on Strategy *
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Applica@on
N1: mastery N2: relatedness N3: autonomy
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
Enhance
Gamified CL Scenario
LA LB
(2) checking the necessary condi@ons to play the player roles and seing the priority of scenarios employing the desired condi@ons
psychological needs
N2 N1
Can play
ind. pers. traits
I2 I1
Set priority
I1: interact-‐orienta@on I2: user-‐orienta@on I3: system-‐orienta@on
Can play
Set priority
psychological needs ind. pers. traits
I3 I1 N3 N1
Applica@on of Ontological Structure
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 98
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Learning Strategy *
Mo@va@on Strategy *
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Applica@on
S1: Scenario for socializa@on S2: Scenario for achievement S3: Scenario for explora@on
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
Enhance
Gamified CL Scenario
LA LB
(3) checking the constraint for all learners, and seing the player type if no one constraint is violated in the selected scenarios
Can play
Set player role S1 à S2
S3 à S2
priority stack for LA
priority stack for LB
Selected scenarios
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 99
more priority
less priority more priority less priority
ok ok ok
ok ok ok ok
ok
ok
L(A)
L(A) L(B) L(B)
L(B) can’t play the socializer role
Applica@on of Ontological Structure
Sept. 9, 2014 An Ontology to Gamify CL Scenarios 100
Y<=I-‐goal
I-‐mot goal
Y<=I-‐mot goal
Learning Strategy *
Mo@va@on Strategy *
Learner I-‐player role
Learner You-‐player role
I-‐mot goal * G
Applica@on
S1: Scenario for socializa@on S2: Scenario for achievement S3: Scenario for explora@on
Gameplay strategy I-‐gameplay *
Game mechanics What use
*
Enhance
Gamified CL Scenario
LA LB
S1 à S2
S3 à S2
priority stack for LA
priority stack for LB
achiever
explorer
Se@ng
(4) seing the proper game mechanics for all learners using the selected scenarios and player types