An Me So Pot a Mia

8/3/2019 An Me So Pot a Mia

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Archeologists estimate that, in

ordinary circumstances, the

activity of gathering in

temperate and tropic areas

provides 75 to 80% of the total

calories consumed, withhunting providing the balance.

In existing hunting and

gathering cultures, women

usually do most of thegathering, while the men

specialize in hunting.


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Domestication can be defined as a primitive form of

genetic engineering in which certain plants and

animals are brought under human control, their

objectionable characteristics eliminated, their

favorable ones enhanced and in the case of

animals, can be induced to reproduce in captivity. --

Nagle, p. 3.


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In the Near East, many

varieties of the wildcereal grasses, wheat

and barley, shown

below were exploited as

major food sources.


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In contrast to hunting and gathering as a mode oflife, agriculture means modifying the environmentin order to exploit it more effectively. Agriculturealters both the animals and plants it domesticates.Ultimately, it changes the very landscape itself.


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Domestication of Animals


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Uruk: a substantial ceremonial hub by 3500

B.C.


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Uruk


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Th St t d U b R l ti


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The State and Urban Revolution:

In the city-state (or state), kin and tribal

loyalties are, by definition, subordinated and

replaced by political ties. What makes a city-state different from an agricultural town is the

synergy created by its people interacting with

each other on the basis of political

relationships rather than traditional blood ties.


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The Beginnings of WritingFarmers needed to keep records.

The Sumerians were very good farmers. They raised animals such as goats and cows (called

livestock). Because they needed to keep records of their livestock, food, and other things, officials

began using tokens.

Tokens were used for trade.Clay tokens came in different shapes and sizes. These represented different objects. For example, a

cone shape could have represented a bag of wheat. These tokens were placed inside clay balls that

were sealed. If you were sending five goats to someone, then you would put five tokens in the clay

ball. When the goat arrived, the person would open the clay ball and count the tokens to make sure

the correct number of goats had arrived. The number of tokens began to be pressed on the outside

of the clay balls. Many experts believe that this is how writing on clay tablets began.

A system of writing develops.

The earliest form of writing dates back to 3300 B.C. People back then would draw "word-pictures"

on clay tablets using a pointed instrument called a stylus. These "word-pictures" then developed

into wedge-shaped signs. This type of script was called cuneiform (from the Latin word cuneus

which means wedge).

Who used cuneiform?

Not everyone learned to read and write. The ones that were picked by the gods were called scribes.

Boys that were chosen to become scribes (professional writers) began to study at the age of 8. They

finished when they were 20 years old. The scribes wrote on clay tablets and used a triangular shaped

reed called a stylus to make marks in the clay. The marks represented the tens of thousands of words

in their language.


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THE ORIGINS OF WRITING: Tokens are small geometric clay objects

(cylinders, cones, spheres, etc.) found all over the Near East from

about 8000 B.C. until the development of writing. The earliest tokens

were simple shapes and were comparatively unadorned; they stood for

basic agricultural commodities such as grain and sheep. A specific

shape of token always represented a specific quantity of a particularitem. For example, "the cone ... stood for a small measure of grain, the

sphere represented a large measure of grain, the ovoid stood for a jar

of oil." (Before Writing 161). Two jars of oil would be represented by

two ovoids, three jars by three ovoids, and so on. Thus, the tokens

presented an abstraction of the things being counted, but also a

system of great specificity and precision.

With th d l t f iti l


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With the development of cities came a more complex

economy and more complex social structures. This

cultural evolution is reflected in the tokens, which

begin to appear in a much greater diversity of shapes

and are given more complicated designs of incisionsand holes.


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THE DEVELOPMENT OFCUNEIFORM: The Sumerianwriting system during theearly periods was constantly

in flux. The original directionof writing was from top tobottom, but for reasonsunknown, it changed to left-to-right very early on (perhapsaround 3000 BCE). This alsoaffected the orientation of the

signs by rotating all of them90 counterclockwise. Anotherchange in this early systeminvolved the "style" of thesigns. The early signs weremore "linear" in that the

strokes making up the signswere lines and curves. Butstarting after 3000 BC, thesestrokes started to evolve intowedges, thus changing thevisual style of the signs fromlinear to "cuneiform".


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Social and political organization:


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The King

The Governors

The Aristocracy

The Peasantry

Social and political organization:

The King:he had military powers. The Governors:they governed the territories of

the kingdom. They were generals and judges atthe same time.

The aristocracy:they were priests and traders. The peasants:the people who work the land.


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The changingrole of women.
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Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C. Sargons Empire, 2350-

2320 B.C.

The Dynasty of Ur,

2100-2000 B.C.

The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C.Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon,

1792-1750 B.C.
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Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C.

Kish was one of the twelve city-states of ancient Sumer


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Kish was one of the twelve city-states of ancient Sumer

civilization. In this city lived the famous and magnificent

Akkadian King Sargon of Agade, founder of the first Empire in

history. One of the earlier kings in Kish was Etana who

"stabilized all the lands" securing the 1st dynasty of Kish and

establishing rule over ancient Sumer and some of itsneighbors. The title King of Kishbecame synonymous with

Kind of Sumer.

Ziggurat of Kish

Grand Palace of Kish

Ruins of Kish

For thousands of years, was the religious center of
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For thousands of years, Nippur was the religious center ofMesopotamia. According to Sumerian religion, it was at Nippur

where Enlil, the supreme god of the Sumerian pantheon,

created mankind. Although never a capital city, Nippur had

great political importance because royal rule over Mesopotamia

was not considered legitimate without recognition in itstemples. Thus, Nippur was the focus of pilgrimage and building

programs by dozens of kings including Hammurabi of Babylon

and Ashurbanipal of Assyria.
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Map of

Nippur

Fragment from the Stele of the Vultures erected by


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Fragment from the Stele of the Vultures, erected by

Eannatum of Lagash. It depicts the battle of Umma

with Eannatum of Lagash defeating the king of

Umma, included is a professional phalanx. Circa

2525 B.C.
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Upper Register of the Stele of Vultures

The Standard of Ur comes to us from a royal tombs
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The Standard of Ur comes to us from a royal tombs

found in the ancient Sumerian city of Ur. In the

Standard of Ur, a chariot is shown in the top register

on the left. The Standard presents, on the top 2

registers, the aftermath of another successfulvictory for Sumer, with a procession of troops

presenting POWs to the victorious king at the center

of the top.

Sargon of Akkad unifies
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Sargon of Akkad unifies

Mesopotamia: worlds first

empire, ca. 2240 B.C.
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The Dynasty of Ur,2100-2000 B.C.


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Ziggurat of Ur Nammu
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Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon,1792-1750 B.C.


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The Law Code of Hammurapi
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Sumer, 3200-2350 B.C. Sargons Empire, 2350-

2320 B.C.

The Dynasty of Ur,

2100-2000 B.C.

The Amorite invasions, 2100-1900 B.C.Reign of Hammurapi of Babylon,

1792-1750 B.C.

Apsu: the fresh waters (male principle)
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The statue of the god

Marduk with his dragon,

from a Babylonian

cylinder seal. Marduk

killed Tiamat.

psu t e es ate s ( a e p c p e)

Tiamat: the salt waters (female principle)

Ea, the god of intelligence and

wisdom, puts Apsu in a trance

and then kills him.

These carved stone figures
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These carved stone figures,

their eyes wide with awe and

their hands clasped in

reverence, were placed in

Mesopotamian temples by

worshippers to stand inperpetual prayer on their behalf

before the god or goddess to

whom the sanctuary was

dedicated.

There were many gods.For example, Anu was the father

of the gods and the god of the

sky; Enlil was the god of the air;

Utu was the sun god and the

lord of truth and justice; Nanna

was the moon god; Inanna wasthe goddess of love and war;

Ninhursag was the goddess of

earth; and Enki was the god of

fresh water as well as the lord

of wisdom and magic.

While they served and revered thegreat gods, most people felt little

connection with these distant beings.

Ordinary people depended on a

relationship with their own personal

god - a kind of guardian angel - who
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