An Introduction to Exercise An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiologyand Sport Physiology

Prepared By:Prepared By:Daniel GuzmanDaniel GuzmanDerek MaxwellDerek Maxwell

Chapter OverviewChapter Overview DefinitionDefinition HistoryHistory Responses to ExerciseResponses to Exercise ErgometersErgometers Specificity of Exercise TestingSpecificity of Exercise Testing Training PrinciplesTraining Principles Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

DefinitionDefinition

Physiology of exercise is made up of both Physiology of exercise is made up of both anatomy and physiologyanatomy and physiology

Anatomy - Study of the body’s structuresAnatomy - Study of the body’s structures

Physiology- Study of the body’s functionsPhysiology- Study of the body’s functions

DefinitionDefinition

Physiology of Exercise:Physiology of Exercise:

Is the study of how the human body adapts Is the study of how the human body adapts or alters its structures and functions to or alters its structures and functions to physical stress.physical stress.

HistoryHistory

Early explanations of physiology were either Early explanations of physiology were either vague or incorrectvague or incorrect

Microscope Microscope

HistoryHistoryThe Harvard Fatigue LaboratoryThe Harvard Fatigue Laboratory

Had the greatest impact on Physiology of Had the greatest impact on Physiology of Exercise.Exercise.

Laid the foundation for what is now modern Laid the foundation for what is now modern exercise and physiologyexercise and physiology– Nevada desert, Mississippi Delta, White MTN.Nevada desert, Mississippi Delta, White MTN.

Was the mecca of exercise physiologyWas the mecca of exercise physiology

Responses to ExerciseResponses to Exercise

Acute ResponseAcute Response How the body responds to a bout of exerciseHow the body responds to a bout of exercise

Factors that may alter an acute responseFactors that may alter an acute response Temperature, humidityTemperature, humidity Amount of noiseAmount of noise Food intakeFood intake

Acute Response TableAcute Response Table

Responses to ExerciseResponses to Exercise

Chronic AdaptationsChronic Adaptations Adaptations the body makes when challenged Adaptations the body makes when challenged

with repeated bouts of exercisewith repeated bouts of exercise Improves exercise capacity and efficiency.Improves exercise capacity and efficiency.

ErgometersErgometers

An ergometer is an exercise device that An ergometer is an exercise device that allows the amount and rate of a persons allows the amount and rate of a persons physical work to be controlled and physical work to be controlled and measured.measured.

ergo = workergo = work meter = measuremeter = measure

Types of ErgometersTypes of ErgometersThe Cycle ErgometerThe Cycle Ergometer

AdvantagesAdvantages– Ease of taking blood pressure and blood samplingEase of taking blood pressure and blood sampling– Amount of work is independent of body weight Amount of work is independent of body weight

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Legs become fatigued before the rest of the bodyLegs become fatigued before the rest of the body– Peak physiological variables are frequently lower than Peak physiological variables are frequently lower than

with other Ergometerswith other Ergometers

The TreadmillThe Treadmill

AdvantagesAdvantages– Doesn’t need to be closely monitored due to the belt Doesn’t need to be closely monitored due to the belt

speedspeed– Adaptability: everyone walksAdaptability: everyone walks

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– More expensiveMore expensive– PortabilityPortability– When the treadmill requires jogging, taking blood When the treadmill requires jogging, taking blood

pressure is difficultpressure is difficult

The Swimming FlumeThe Swimming Flume

AdvantagesAdvantages– Allows swimmers to accurately simulate their Allows swimmers to accurately simulate their

natural style while being closely observed. natural style while being closely observed.

Disadvantages Disadvantages – Very expensiveVery expensive

Specificity of Exercise TestingSpecificity of Exercise Testing

When using an ergometer for testing:When using an ergometer for testing:

Select an ergometer that most closely Select an ergometer that most closely approximates the activity of the given approximates the activity of the given individual being tested.individual being tested.

Training PrinciplesTraining Principles

SpecificitySpecificity DisuseDisuse Progressive OverloadProgressive Overload Hard/EasyHard/Easy PeriodizationPeriodization

SpecificitySpecificity

Optimal performance in a given activityOptimal performance in a given activity

Example:Example:

– A swimmer would train by swimming, not by A swimmer would train by swimming, not by running.running.

DisuseDisuse

Use it or lose itUse it or lose it

Example:Example:

– If a marathon runner stops running, he won’t be If a marathon runner stops running, he won’t be able to run marathons anymore.able to run marathons anymore.

Progressive OverloadProgressive Overload

Increasing your physical capabilities by Increasing your physical capabilities by loading beyond the point to which you are loading beyond the point to which you are normally used tonormally used to

Example:Example:– A short distance runner would run slightly longer A short distance runner would run slightly longer

distances every week until he can run a distances every week until he can run a marathon.marathon.

Hard/EasyHard/Easy

Incorporate both hard and easy workouts Incorporate both hard and easy workouts into your training routine.into your training routine.

Example:Example:– On a day following a high intensity workout, On a day following a high intensity workout,

prescribe an easy training day so that the body prescribe an easy training day so that the body can rest.can rest.

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

Research DesignResearch Design Cross-sectional research designCross-sectional research design

A large population is tested at the same time. A large population is tested at the same time. Physiological differences between groups within Physiological differences between groups within

the population are used to estimate change.the population are used to estimate change. Longitudinal DesignLongitudinal Design

Individuals are tested more than once to measure Individuals are tested more than once to measure changes over time.changes over time.

Research MethodologyResearch Methodology

Longitudinal studies are generally the most Longitudinal studies are generally the most accurate for studying a problem.accurate for studying a problem.

Cross-sectional studies are used usually Cross-sectional studies are used usually when longitudinal studies are not possible.when longitudinal studies are not possible.

ChapterChapter ConclusionConclusion DefinitionDefinition HistoryHistory Responses to ExerciseResponses to Exercise ErgometersErgometers Specificity of Exercise TestingSpecificity of Exercise Testing Training PrinciplesTraining Principles Research MethodologyResearch Methodology