AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON LINSEED AND NEEM...

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International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)

AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON LINSEED AND NEEM METHYL ESTERS BLEND

Pampana Devi supriya1, K.koteswara Rao2,Y Dhana Shekar3

1 Research Scholar,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.2 Associate Professor,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.3 Assistant Professor , Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.

*Corresponding Author:

Pampana Devi supriya , Research Scholar,Department Of Thermal Engineering, Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India.

Published: December 19, 2014Review Type: peer reviewedVolume: I, Issue : I

Citation: Pampana Devi supriya, An Experimental Compar-ative Study On The Performance Of Diesel Engine Operat-ing On Linseed And Neem Methyl Esters Blend

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEWThe world is presently confronted with double crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degrada-tion. The fact that petroleum based fuels will neither be available in sufficient quantities nor at a reason-able price in future has revived interest in exploring alternative fuels for diesel engines. Thermodynamic tests based on engine performance evaluations have established the feasibility of using a variety of al-ternatives such as CNG, LPG, alcohols, biogas and vegetable oils etc. vegetable-oil-based fuels have considerable potential as an appropriate alterna-tive. Since the fuel properties are similar to that of petroleum diesel. The major problem associated with direct use of raw vegetable oils is their viscosity. One possible method to overcome the problem of high viscosity is Tran’s esterification of oils to produce esters (com-monly known as Biodiesel) of respective oils. Bio-diesel is a non-polluting fuel made from organic oils of vegetable origin. Chemically it is known as free

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME). The esters of fatty acids derived from trans esterification of vegetable oils have properties closer to petroleum diesel fuels. These fuels tend to burn cleaner; perform compara-bly to conventional diesel fuel, and combustion is similar to diesel fuels.Diesel fuels have deep impact on the industrial economy of a country. These are used in heavy trucks, city transport buses, locomotives electrical generators, farm equipments, underground mine equipments etc. The consumption of diesel fuels in India for the period 2007-08 was 28.30 million tons, which was 43.2 percent of the consumption of petroleum products. This requirement was met by importing crude petroleum as well as petroleum products. The import bill on these items was 17,838 crores. With the expected growth rate for diesel con-sumption more than 14% per annum, shrinking crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity. In-dia is likely to depend more on imported of crude petroleum products.

HISTORY OF VEGETABLE OILS

India is importing crude petroleum and petroleum products from Gulf countries. Indian scientists searched foran alternate to diesel fuel to preserve global environment and to withstand economical crisis. So, vegetable oils from plants both edible, crude non-edible and Methyl esters (Bio-diesels) are used as alternate source for Diesel oil. Bio-diesel was found as the best alternate fuel, technically and environmentally acceptable, environmentally com-petitive and easily available

Abstract

Rapid depletion of Petroleum fuels and their demand lead man to search for alternatives fuels. At present the world is highly dependent on petroleum fuels and this results in a major drain of our foreign exchange recourses. Diesel engines are the most efficient power plants available today. Hence they are used for commercial transportation, agriculture and industrial power plants. The consumption of diesel is several times higher than petrol. Moreover the exhaust gases of these engines will cause considerable environmental pollution too. Vegetable oils are promising alterna-tives to diesel since their properties are very close. They are renewable and can be very easily produced in rural areas.

In the present context of fossil fuel crisis, the importance of alternative fuel research for the internal engines needs no emphasis. Vegetable oils can be used as an alternative to diesel since their properties are very close to diesel fuel. They are also renewable. In the present work, experiments have been carried out to assess the suitability of linseed oil and neem oil as fuels in a diesel engine. Current investigations revealed that the performance of neem oil and linseed oil are very close to diesel.


1401-1402

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PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE

INTRODUCTIONThe general morphology of oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are explained. Combustion parameters such as density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, certain number, and calorific value of all types of chosen oils and their blends with diesel oils are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending veg-etable oil with diesel and viscosity is discussed. Ef-fect of heating on viscosity of oils and their blends with diesel is studied in this chapter.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETABLE OILSThe important physical and chemical properties of lin seed oil, castor oil, palm stearin oil, mahua oil and neem oils are determinated by using Indian standard (IS-1448).Instrumentationin fuels and lu-bricants laboratory of mechanical engineering de-partment. Determination of density, calorific value, viscosity, flash point, fire point are carried out using hydrometer, bomb calorimeter, red wood viscometer and Able’s apparatus respectively.Density for all types of oils used is higher than that of diesel. Density of castor oil is 0.956 gm/cc, which is higher than that of other types of oils used. The lowest density among all chosen oils is 0.917 gm/cc.Viscosity of all types of oils used is higher than that of diesel. In which viscosity of castor oil is highest followed by palm stearin, mahua, neem and linseed oil compared to diesel.

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this project we tried to investigate the potential use of Linseed and Neem oil Methyl Esters as Bio-diesel. During the course of this project we have ac-tually prepared Lin Seed Oil Methyl Ester (LSOME)(pure bio-diesel or B100). Various experiments were conducted on LSOME and the results were record-ed. We collected the results of Neem Oil Methyl Es-ter from various journals and research papers. The results of LSOME and NOME were compared with conventional diesel. A brief introduction about the material used in this project is given below

Linseed Oil Linseed oil, otherwise known as flax seed oil are simply flax oil. Its scientific name is linumusitatis-simum, or linaceae. the yellowish drying oil is de-rived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties such as cold pressed alkali refined, sun Bleeched, sun thickened, and polymerized(stand oil) marketed as flax seed oil. Lin seed oil is the most commonly used carrier in oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as the traditional protective coating for the raw willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated, and un-processed, linseed oil is used as nutritional supple-ment. It is available in asian countries.

Linseed Tree

Canada 633,500People's Republic of China

480,000

India 167,000United States 149,963Ethiopia 67,000Bangladesh 50,000Russia 47,490Ukraine 45,000France 41,000Argentina 34,000 World 1875,018

Leading Linseed

Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeDivision MagnoliophytaClass MagnoliopsidaOrder MalpighialesFamily LinaceaeGenus LinumSpecies L.usitatissimumBinomial name Linumusitatissimum

Scientific classification

Neem OilThe scientific name of neem is azardirachtaindica. It belongs to the family meliaceae. the kernels con-tain 40% to 50% of an acrid bitter greenish yellow to brown oil with strong disagreeable garlic like odour. This bitter is to the presence of sulphur contain-ing compounds like Nimbin, Nimbidin and Nimbo sterol. It is rich in oleic acid, followed by stearic, palmitic and alcolinic acids. The oil is used for illu-mination, soap making, pharmaceuticals, cosmet-ics and medicinal fields(ayurvedic medicines). The purified oil is used in manufacturing disinfectable and emulsifieng agents which are used as insecti-cidal sprays. Neem oil is available in India and west Africa.

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NeemTree

Scientific classificationKingdom PlantaeDivision MagnoliophytaClass MagnoliopsidaOrder SapindalesFamily MeliaceaeGenus AzadirachtaSpecies A. indicaBinomial name Azadirachtaindica

Scientific classification

Composition of Vegetable Oils

Fats and oils are water insoluble hydrophobic sub-stances primarily composed of fatty esters of glycerol (triglycerides). Structurally, a triglyceride is reaction product of one molecule of glycerol (C3H8O3) with 3 molecules of fatty acids to yield 3 molecules of wa-ter and 1 molecule of triglyceride. The carbon chain length and number of unsaturated bonds varied in fatty acid chain length, the number of unsaturated bonds and interaction between the combinations. Palmitic acid (16:0), Stearic acid (18:0), Oleic acid (18:1), Linoleic acid (18:2), Linolenic acid (18:3) are commonly present acids in vegetable oils in varying percentages. Fatty acids fully saturated with hydro-gen have no double bonds. Fully saturated triglycerides are solid at room tem-perature and thus as such cannot be used as fuels. As a result they are more susceptible to oxidation and thermal polymerization. The chemical composi-tion for cotton seed and mahua oils is given in the following table

Sl.No Fatty Acid Composition

Structure Lin Seed oil Neem Oil

1 Palmitic Acid C 16:0 6% 16%

2 Stearic Acid C 18:0 2.5% 13%3 Oleic Acid C 18:1 19% 46%

4 Linoleic Acid C 18:2 24.1% 14%5 Linolenic

AcidC 18:3 0.4% --

Composition of Free Fatty AcidsProblems Associated With Vegetable Oils

The straight vegetable oils that are extracted from seed’s cannot be used in a diesel engine directly due to following reasons

• It has been observed that straight vegetable oils when used for long hours tend to choke the fuel fil-ter because of high viscosity and insoluble present in the straight vegetable oils.

• The high viscosity, poly unsaturated character and extremely low volatility of vegetable oils are re-sponsible for operational and durability problems associated with its utilization as fuels in diesel en-gines.

• High viscosity of vegetable oils causes o poor fuel atomization o large droplet size and their high spray jet pen-etration

• The jet tends to be a solid stream instead of a spray of small droplets. As a result the fuel is not distributed or mixed properly with the air required for burning in the combustion chamber. This re-sults in poor combustion accompanied by loss of power and economy. EXPERIMENTALSETUP AND PROCEDURE

The experiments were conducted on single cylinder, water cooled, kirloskar-DI. Diesel engine coupled to an rope brake dynamometer. the specifications of the engine are given in table 4.1. The engine was run at rated speed of 1500RPM.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Engine specificationBHP 5HPSpeed 1500 rpmBore 80mm Stroke 110m Compression ratio 16.5:1Orifice diameter 17mmMethod of start crank startMake KirloskarType of ignition compression IgnitionDynamometer SpecificationsType Rope brakeDiameter of brake drum 300mmDiameter of rope 16mmEffective radius of brake drums

58 mm

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(a) (b) (a) 4- Stroke diesel engine (b) Dynamometer

Description

It is a 4 stroke, vertical, single cylinder, water cooled, constant speed diesel engine which is cou-pled to rope brake drum arrangement to absorb the power produced. The engine crank started. Neces-sary dead weights and spring balance are includ-ed to apply load on brake drum. Suitable cooling water arrangement for the brake drum is provided. Separate cooling water lines fitted with temperature measuring thermocouples are provided for engine cooling. A measuring system for fuel consumption consisting of a fuel tank, burette, and a 3- way cock mounted on stand and stop watch are provided. Air intake is measured using an air tank fitted with an orifice meter and a water U- tube differential ma-nometer. Also digital temperature indicator with selector switch for temperature measurement and a digital rpm indicator for speed measurement are provided on the panel board. A governor is provided to maintain the constant speed.

Procedure

Note down engine specifications and ambient tem-perature.•Calculate full load (W) that can be applied on the engine from the engine specifications.•Clean the fuel filter and remove the air lock.•Check for fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water supply.•Start the engine using decompression lever ensur-ing that no load on the engine and supply the cool-ing water•Allow the engine for 10 minutes on no load to get stabilization.•Note down the total dead weight, spring balance reading, speed, time taken for 10cc of fuel con-sumption and the manometer readings.

•Repeat the above step for different loads up to full load.•Allow the engine to stabilize on every load change and then take the readings.•Before stopping the engine remove the loads and make the engine stabilized.•Stop the engine pulling the governor lever towards the engine cranking side. Check that there is no load on engine while stopping.

(a) Engine (b) Manometer & Temperature (c) Fuel filter (d) Loads

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Indicated thermal efficiency ηithBrake thermal efficiency ηbthMechanical efficiency ηmVolumetric efficiency ηvRelative efficiency or effective ratio ηreMean effective pressure pmMean Piston speed ŜpSpecific power output PsInlet – valve Mach Index SfcFuel – Air or Air – Fuel ratio F/A

Indicated Thermal Efficiency (Ηith)Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated power, ip, to the input fuel energy in appropriate u

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Brake Thermal Efficiency(Ηbth)

Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brake power, bp, to input fuel energy in appropriate units.

Mechanical Efficiency (Ηm)Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake power (delivered power) to the indicated power (pow-er provided by the piston)ηm = bp/ip = [bp]/[bp+fp]It can also be defined as the ratio of brake thermal efficiency to indicated thermal efficiency

Volumetric efficiency (ηv)Volumetric efficiency is defined as the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.

Where ρais the inlet density If ρais taken as the at-mospheric air density, the ηvrepresents the pump-ing performance of the entire inlet system. If it is taken as the air density in the inlet manifold, then ηvrepresents the pumping performance of the inlet port and valve only.

Relative efficiency or effective ratio (ηrel)Relative efficiency or effective ratio is the ratio of thermal efficiency of an actual cycle to that of the ideal cycle. The efficiency ratio is a very useful cri-terion which indicated the degree of development of the engine.

Mean Effective pressure (Pm)Mean effective pressure is the average pressure in-side the cylinder of an internal combustion engine based on the calculation or measured power output.

It increases as manifold pressure increases. For any particular engine, operating at a given speed and power output, there will be a specific indicated mean effective pressure, imep, and a correspond-ing brake mean effective pressure, bmep. They are derived from the indicated and brake power respec-tively. Indicated power can be shown to be

Then, the indicated mean effective pressure can be written as

Similarly, the brake mean effective pressure is given by

Where ip = Indicated power (kW)pim= Indicated mean effective pressure (N/m2)L = Length of the stroke (m)A= Area of the piston (m2)N= Number of power strokesN/2 for 4 – Stroke enginesK= Number of cylinder

Another way of specifying the indicated mean effec-tive pressure pim, may be defined as

pim=(Area of the indicator diagram)/(length of the indicator diagram)

where the length of the indicator diagram is given by the difference between the total volume and the clearance volume.

EMISSIONSEmissions Reduction with Bio-Diesel Since Bio-diesel is made entirely from veg-etable oil, it does not contain any sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons, metals or crude oil residues. The ab-sence of sulfur means a reduction in the formation of acid rain by sulfate emissions, which generate sulfuric acid in atmosphere. The reduced sulfur in the blend will also decrease the levels of corrosive sulfuric acid accumulating in the engine crankcase oil over time.

Lower Hydrocarbons Emissions Bio-diesel is comprised of vegetable oil me-thyl esters, that is, they are hydrocarbon chains of

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the original vegetable oil that have been chemically split off from the naturally occurring “triglycerides” and its one end of the hydrocarbon chain are ox-ygenated. That leads to lowering the hydrocarbon emissions.

Lower Hydrocarbons Emissions Bio-diesel is comprised of vegetable oil me-thyl esters, that is, they are hydrocarbon chains of the original vegetable oil that have been chemically split off from the naturally occurring “triglycerides” and its one end of the hydrocarbon chain are ox-ygenated. That leads to lowering the hydrocarbon emissions. Smoke and Soot Reductions Smoke (Particulate material) and soot (un-burnt fuel and carbon residues) are of increasing concern to urban air quality problems that are causing a wide range of adverse health effects for the citizens, especially in terms of respiratory im-pairment and related illness. FUEL CONSUMPTIONThe fuel consumption characteristics of an engine are generally expressed in terms of specific fuel con-sumption in kilograms of fuel per kilowatt-hour. It is an important parameter that reflects how good the engine performance is. It is inversely propor-tional to the thermal efficiency of the engine.

Sfc = Specific fuel consumption per unit time/power

Brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) and indicated specific fuel consumption (isfc) are the specific fuel consumption on the basis of BP and IP respectively.

Comparing brake specific fuel consumption and indicated specific fuel consumption of diesel with LSOME AND NOME.

brake specific fuel consumption

SL.NO LOAD DIESEL LSOMEB10

LSOMEB20

NOMEB10

NOMEB20

1 0 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞

2 2 1.0021 0.860 0.83 0.894 0.81

3 4 0.526 0.501 0.42 0.623 0.47

4 6 0.403 0.394 0.36 0.423 0.39

5 8 0.350 0.335 0.312 0.391 0.345

6 10 0.312 0.296 0.28 0.334 0.30

7 12 0.289 0.280 0.261 0.292 0.28

8 14 0.286 0.263 0.25 0.275 0.265

9 16 0.273 0.255 0.24 0.265 0.260

10 17 0.255 0.248 0.254 0.245

Indicated specific fuel consumption (kg/kwh)

SL.NO LOAD DIESEL LSOMEB10

LSOMEB20

NOMEB10

NOMEB20

1 0 0.2719 0.235 0.229 0.255 0.29

2 2 0.2491 0.213 0.196 0.234 0.20

3 4 0.2094 0.199 0.186 0.215 0.191

4 6 0.2010 0.196 0.180 0.204 0.182

5 8 0.1974 0.190 0.176 0.195 0.174

6 10 0.1929 0.189 0.174 0.191 0.168

7 12 0.1905 0.186 0.171 0.188 0.164

8 14 0.1982 0.183 0.177 0.185 0.162

9 16 0.1987 0.183 0.177 0.183 0.60

10 17 0.181 0.180 0.182 0.158

Comparison graphs of BSFCVs load of LSOME &NOME blends with Diesel

Comparison graphs of ISFC Vs load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the brake and indicated specific fuel consumption (bsfc and isfc) in case of diesel, with lsome and nome it has been found that the bsfc and isfc is decreasing for Bio-Diesel when compared to diesel.

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Brake Power, Indicated Power Comparing Brake power, Indicated Power of Die-sel with LSOME AND NOME.Comparison graphs of BP Vs Load of LSOME &NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the brake power in case of diesel, LSOME & NOME it is found the brake power is slightly equal and increasing when compared to Diesel.

Comparison graphs of IP Vs Load of LSOME &NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the indicated power in case of diesel, LSOME AND NOME it has been found that the indi-cated power is decreasing when compared to diesel.

Mean Effective Pressure Mean effective pressure is the average pressure in-side the cylinders of an IC engines based on the calculated power output. It increases as manifold pressure increases for any particular engine oper-ating on given speed and power output there will be specific indicated mean effective pressure (imep), and a corresponding brake mean effective pressure (bmep). Indicated mean effective pressure may be considered to consist of fmep and bmep, two hy-pothetical pressures. Friction means effective pres-sure is that portion of imep, which is required to overcome frictional losses.

Brake mean effective pressure is the portion, which produces use full power delivered by the engine.IMEP = BMEP + FMEPComparing brake mean effective pressure, in-dicated mean effective pressure of Diesel with LSOME & NOME

Comparison graphs of BMEP Vs Load of LSOME &NOME with Diesel

Comparison graphs of IMEP Vs Load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the brake mean effective pressure (bmep) and indicated mean effective pressure (imep) in case of diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that mep is increasing and imep is decreasing.

Air-Fuel Ratio The relative properties of the fuel in the engine are very important from the stand point of combustion and the efficiency of the engine. This is expressed ei-ther as artio of the mass of the fuel to that of the air or vice-versa. A mixture that contains just enough air for complete combustion of all the fuel in the mixture is called a chemically correct or stoichomet-ric fuel-air ratio.

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Comparing the Air-Fuel ratio of Diesel with LSOME & NOME.

Comparison graphs of A/F Vs B.P of LSOME& blends and Diesel

After analyzing the Air-Fuel ratio in case of Diesel, LSOME &NOME it has been found that Air-Fuel ratio is increasing when compared to Diesel.

Volumetric Efficiency Volumetric efficiency is defined as the volume flow rate of air into the intake system divided by the rate at which the volume is displaced by the system. This is one of the very important parameters which de-cides the performance of 4- stroke engines, 4-stroke engines have distinct suction stroke and therefore the volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine. It is to be noted that utilization of the air is what going to determine the power out-put of the engine. Hence, an engine must be able to take in as much as air as possible

Comparing the Volumetric Efficiency of Diesel with LSOME & NOME.

Comparison graphs of vol vs load of LSOME & NOMEwith Diesel

After analyzing the Volumetric Efficiency in case of Diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that Volumetric Efficiency is increasing when compared

to Diesel.

Brake Thermal Efficiency & Indicated Thermal Efficiency Indicated thermal efficiency is ratio of energy in the indicated power (IP) to imput fuel energy in appro-priate units.Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in brake power (BP) to input fuel energy in appropriate units.

Comparing the Brake thermal efficiency & Indi-cated thermal efficiency of Diesel with LSOME & NOME

Comparison graphs of Brake Effvs Load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel

Comparison graphs of indicated Effvs Load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the Brake thermal & indicated ther-mal efficiency in case of Diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that the Brake thermal efficiency is increasing, and Indicated thermal efficiency is also increasing when compared with Diesel.

Mechanical Efficiency Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of brake power to indicated power. It takes into account the mechanical losses in an engine. Mechanical losses of an engine may be further sub-divided into follow-ing groups.

i)Friction losses as in case of pistons, bearings,

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gears, valve mechanisms etc.

ii)Power is absorbed by the engine auxiliaries such as fuel pump, radiator, magneto and distributor, electric generator for battery charging, radiator fan etc.

iii)Ventilating action of flywheel.

iv)Work of charging the cylinder with fresh charge and discharging the exhaust gases during the ex-haust stroke.

Comparing the Mechanical efficiency of Diesel with LSOME & NOME

Comparison graphs of MechEffvs Load of LSOME & NOME with Diesel

After analyzing the Mechanical efficiency in case of Diesel, LSOME & NOME it has been found that the mechanical efficiency is equal when compared to DieselA slight drop of efficiency was found with methyl esters (bio-diesel) when compared with diesel. This drop in thermal efficiency must be attributed to the poor combustion characteristics of methyl esters due to high viscosity. It was observed that the brake thermal efficiency of B10 and B20 are very close to brake thermal efficiency of diesel. B20 methyl ester had equal efficiency with diesel. So B20 can be sug-gested as best blend for bio-diesel preparation.

ADVANTAGESFrom the review of literature available in the field of vegetable oil usage, many advantages are notice-able. The following are some of advantages of using vegetable oil as I.C. engine in India.•Vegetable oil is produced domestically which helps to reduce costly petroleum imports.•Development of the bio-diesel industry would strengthen the domestic and particularly the rural, agricultural economy of agricultural based coun-tries like India.•It is biodegradable and non-toxic.•It has 80% heating value compared to that of die-sel.•It contains low aromatics.•It has reasonable cetane number and hence pos-

sesses less knocking tendency.•Low sulphur content and hence environment friendly.•Enhanced lubricity, there by no major modifica-tions is required in the engine.•It is usable within the existing petroleum diesel in-frastructure (with major or no modification in the engine.

CHALLENGES

The major challenges that face the use of vegetable oil as IC engine fuels are listed below.•The price of vegetable oil is dependent on the feed of stock price.•Feed stock homogeneity, consistency and reliabil-ity are questionable.•Storage and handling is difficult (particularly sta-bility in long term storage)•Flash point in blends is unreliable.•Compatibility with IC engine material need to be studied further.•Cold whether operation of the engine is not easy with vegetable oil.•Acceptance by engine manufacturers is another major difficulty.•Continuous availability of the vegetable oil needs to be assured before embarking on the major use of it in IC engines.

TECHNICAL DIFFICULTS

The major technical areas (with respect to the use of vegetable oils as fuels in IC engines.) which need further attention are the following.

•Development of less expensive quality tests.•Study of the effects of oxidized fuel on engine per-formance and its durability.•Emission testing with a wide range of fed stocks.•Co-products development like the recovery of glyc-erol at reduced cost.•Efforts to be focused on responding to fuel system performance, material compatibility petroleum ad-ditive compatibility and low fuel stability under long term storage.•Continued engine performance , emissions and du-rability testing in a variety if engine types and sizes need to be development to increase consumer and manufacturer confidence.•Environmental benefits offered by vegetable oil over diesel fuel needs to be popularized.•Studies are needed to reduce the production cost, develop low cost feed stocks and identity potential markets in order to balance cost and availability.•Development of additives for improving cold flow properties, material compatibility and presentation of oxidation in storage etc.

CONCLUSIONS

•Researchers in various countries carried out many experimental works using vegetable oils as IC en-gine fuel substitutes.Based on the result of this

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study i.e physical and chemical properties of linseed oil and neem oil suggest that it cannot be used di-rectly as CI engine fuel due to higher viscosity and density which will result in low volatility and poor atomization of oil injection in combustion chamber causing incomplete combustion and carbon depos-its in combustion chamber.The physical and chemi-cal properties results of all blends show that of 20% straight LSOME and NOME have a value of viscos-ity and density equivalent to range of CI engine fuel,therefore it can be concluded that 20% blend for LSOME and NOME can be used to run the CI engine satisfactorily at short term basis.The use of vegetables oils as IC engine fuel can play a vital role in helping the developed world to reduce the envi-ronment impact of fossil fuel.•Transesterification process is a methos to reduce viscosity of vegetable oil with low production cost.•Blending of 20% LSOME and NOME resulted in an improvement in brake power,brake thermal efficiency,indicated thermal efficiency,volumetric ef-ficiency and mechanical efficiency•Using LSOME and NOME as fuel additive to diesel causes an improvement in engine performance and reduction in exhaust emissions.•A diesel engine can perform satisfactorily on bio-diesel blends(B20) without any engine hardware modification

REFERENCES

1. A.Siva kumar, dr d.Maheswar & dr. K.Vijaya ku-mar reddy, cpmparision of performance parameters by using fish oil and jatropha oil as biodesel, inter-national conference on ic engines(iconice), dec6-9, (2007),pp:617-619.2. Pvk.Murthy, m.V.S.Murali krishna, c.M.Varaprasad & a.V.Sita rama raju performance of high grade low heat rejection diesel engine with crude pongamia oil, international conference on ic engines (iconice),dec6-9,(2007), pp:40-43.3 S.Naga sarada, g.Sudharani, m.V.S.Muralikrishna, k.Kalyani radha experimental investigation on lhr engine with carbureted methanol and crude jetropha oil as alternate fuels,international conference on ic engines (iconice), dec6-9,(2007),pp:640-643.4.Bruwer,j.J., B.D.Boshoff, f.J.C.Hugo, l.M.Duplessis,j.Fuls, c.Hawkins,a.N.Vonderwalt, &a.Engelbert.The utilization of sunflower seed oil as renewable fuel diesel engines. In agricultural energy vol2, biomass energy/crop productin4-8, st.Joseph, mi:asae(1981).5. Yarbrough, c.M., W.A lepori, & c.R.Engler, com-pression ignition performance of sunflower seed oil as diesel fuels for alternate replacements asae paper no. 81-85(1981) St.Joseph,mi:asae6. Tahir, a.R., H.M.Lapp, & l.C.Buchannan,sunflower oil as a fuel for compression ignition engines. Veg-etable oil fuels, proceedings of the internation-al conference on plant & vegetable oil fuels ,st.Joseph,mi:asae(1982)7. Bettis , b.L., C.L peterson, d.L.Auld, d.J.Driscoll & e.D.Peterson, fuel characteristics of vegetable oil from oil seed crops in the pacific northwest agrono-

my journal,74(march/april):35-39,(1982)8. F.K.Forson, e.K.Oduro, e.Hammond-donkoh, performance of jatropha oil blends in a diesel engine with deccan hemp oil, fuel, april(2006).9. K.Pramanik,properties& use of jatrophacurcas oil and diesel fuel blends in compression ignition engine, renewable energy 28(2003) pp:239-24810. Www.Biodiesel.Com11. Dr apj abdul kalam, hon’ble president of india “dynamics of rural development“93rd indian sci-ence congress annual report 2005-2006 pp no 3412. Shri rangaraju k 2005” manufacturing of biodiesel”,agri and herbal vision,special issue on national sminar-biodiesel fuel for the future,june-july,pp25-32.13. Ramadhas as,jayaraj s,lakshmi narayana rao.K,”experimental investigation on non-edible veg-etables oil operation in diesel engine for improved performance”,national conference on advances in mechamnicalengineering,jntu,anatapur,india 2002.14. Narayan cm. Vegetableoil as fuels-prospectandretrospect.”Proceedings on recent trends in automo-tive fuels,nagarpur india,2002.

AUTHORS

Pampana Devi supriyaResearch Scholar(mtech in Thermal Engineering)Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433, Eg Dt,Ap,India.

K.koteswara Rao.Assistant professorKits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433, Eg Dt,Ap,India.

Y Dhana Shekar,Assistant Professor ,Kits, Peddapuram(M) Tirupathi Village, Divili 533-433,Eg Dt,AP, India

AN EXPERIMENTAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL ENGINE OPERATING ON LINSEED AND NEEM...

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