An Endangered Zenati Dialect: Exploring the Use of some Surviving Lexical Words among Beni Zidaz Old...
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Transcript of An Endangered Zenati Dialect: Exploring the Use of some Surviving Lexical Words among Beni Zidaz Old...
An Endangered Zenati Dialect: Exploring the Use of some Surviving Lexical Words among Beni Zidaz Old
People in Beni Snous
Ms. ADDER Fatima Z. Tlemcen
Univ.
Outline *Introduction
*The Purpose of the Study *Beni Snous: A Brief Geo-historical
Background
*Origins of Beni Snous Inhabitants *What is an Endangered Language ?
*Degrees of Endangerment *Research Design & Methodology
*Data Analysis & Interpretation *Conclusion
Introduction
-A brief overview about the Berber
varieties in North Africa & Algeria
-Arabizing Berbers
--The maintenance of these varieties in
many regions
The Purpose of the Study :
Exploring the use and the nature of
some surviving Tamazight words
in Beni Snous
in correlation with age
Beni Snous: A Brief Geo-historical
Overview -Geographical Location :
Beni Zidaz - Beni Snous, South-west of Tlemcen
-Important Historical Facts: Pre-roman era
Roman era During Ottomans
French occupation Post-independence era
Origins of Beni Snous Inhabitants
B.S: Berber Zenati Tribe
Canal, J. : members of a Zenati
tribe
Destaing, E. : occupied by Beni
Habib tribe
Ibn Khaldoun: it belongs to Beni
Koumia
What is an Endangered Language?
An Endangered Language is a language /
linguistic variety that is at risk of falling
out of use as its speakers die out or
shift to speaking another language .
Degrees of EndangermentDegree of Endangerment
Grade
Speaker Population
Safe 5 The language is used by all ages, from children up.
Unsafe 4 The language is used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.
Definitely Endangered
3 The language is used mostly by the parental generation and up.
Severely Endangered
2 The language is used mostly by the grandparental generation and up.
Critically Endangered
1 The language is used mostly by very few speakers, of great-grandparental generation.
Extinct 0 There exists no speaker.
Research Design & Methodology-Informants
-Basic Data Gathering Instruments: Semi-structured Interviews +
Recordings
-The Structure of the Interview
Data Analysis & Interpretation
Speaking B.Z.T: with whom?
-Among old people: grandparents and parents
-No adults or children speaking it
Speaking B.Z.T: Where?
Maintenance of words related:
*To agriculture & commerce *Kitchen utensils
*Names of clothes & colours *Food
*Animals *Words related to weather and water
Dialectal Arabic Gloss B.Z Tamazight English Gloss
[zra] [tNme:n] “Barley”
[gam] [Nrdan] “Wheat”
[jarat] [ jBkkraz] “He plows”
[jaAd ] [ jataad] “He mows ”
[jneN] [jattakas ] “ He picks up”
[jbi:] [snu:zan] “He sells ”
[jaGrN] [jasN] “He buys ”Table 1. B.Z Tamazight Words Related to Agriculture & commerce
DA Gloss B.Z Tamazight Nbr
of inf.
English Gloss
[ mNlqa] [tWanFa:jBt ]-
[tNanFa:jBn ]
(pl.)
5 “ Spoon(s) ”
[qadra ] [ tWjdu:rt] 1 “A cooking-
pot”
[ ka:nu:n] [tWfa'qqunt ] 1 “Traditional fire
place”
[lamna:Ab ] [Nnja:n](pl.) 5 “ Stones by
which the fire
place is built”
Table 2. B.Z Tamazight Maintained Words of Kitchen Utensils
D A Gloss B.Z Tamazight Nbr of
inf.
English Gloss
[bja ] [WmB'llal] 5 “White”
[kal] [WbBrka:n] 5 “Black”
[mAr] [Wzu'gga:
]
4 “Red”
[Ar] [Wzi:za] 4 “Green”
[fAr] [Wwra:] 4 “Yellow”
Table 3. B.Z Tamazight Maintained Words of Colours
D A Gloss B.Z Tamazight English Gloss
[ubz ] [ Wro:m] “ Bread”
[lBm ] [Wjsu:m ] “Meat ”
[ be:A]-[be: ] [tWmalla:lt ]-
[tNmalla:li:n]
“An egg ”/
“eggs”
[ lali:b] [ WN] “ Milk”
[lasal ] [tNmmN] “Honey ”
[lban] [ WN
Wssama:m]
“Buttermilk”
[kabu:ja ] [ ta:sa:jBt] “Pumpkin ”
[ddqi:q ] [Wran ] “Flour ”
[karmo:s ] [ta:za:rt] “ Figs”
[Nnab ] [Wsammu:m ] “Grapes”
[urGaf] ['Ia:ga] “Artichoke”
Table 4. B.Z Tamazight Maintained Words of Food
Yet, some food names (both vegetables and fruits) fell out of use and are currently substituted by the local Arabic words as: DA Gloss English Gloss DA Gloss English Gloss
[baAA] “potatoes” [falfal] “pepper”
[Falba:n] “peas ” [ta'ffa:] “apples”
[lu:bja] “beans” [u:] “peaches”
[zro:dNja] “carrots” [maGma:G] “apricots”
[bala] “onions” [llu:z] “almonds”
D A Gloss B.Z Tamazight English Gloss
Sing. Pl.
[ ArbA:n] [ Wjru] “Skunk”
[lqanfu:d ] [NnsN ] “A hedgehog
”
[ lqa] [ 'mmoG] “A cat”
[kalb ] [WjdN] “ A dog”
[lugni:na] [tWqni:nat] [tNqna:jan]“Rabbit(s)”
[aFla] [tWsakku:rt ] [tNsakkuri:n]“Partridge(s) ”
[ro:f ] [tNzmart] [NzmWri:n]“Ram(s)”
D A Gloss Tamazight Gloss English Gloss
Sing. Pl.
[dFa:Fa ] [tjae: ]
[jazNAn]“Hen(s) ”
[farro:F][aqu:l] “A cock ”
[fallu:s ][Gi:Gu ]
[NGi:Gwan]“Chick(s)”
[ma:ma ][tWma:mat ]
[tNmami:n]“Dove(s)”
[ baqra][tWfuna:st ]
[Nfuna:san]“Cow(s) ”
[mA:r ] [ Wju:l] “ A
donkey”
[ bal] [Wsardu:n] “A mule ”
DA Gloss Tamazight Gloss English Gloss
Sing. Pl.
[awd] [ NjjBs] “A horse ”
[maza ] [ a:t][tNBAn]
“Goat(s) ”
[allu:f ] [Nlaf ][Nlfa:n]
“Pig(s) ”
[ sba]
and [nnmar]
“Lion”
and “tiger”
Table 5. B.Z Tamazight Names of Animals
DA Gloss B.Z Tamazight English Gloss
['nnu ] [tbi:ka ] “Rain ”
[talF] [ Wdfal] “Snow”
[GGams] [tfu:jBt] “Sun”
[lbard] [WAmme:d] “Cold”
[li:n ] [e:] -
[tNA:wan]
“Source ”/
“sources”
[lma] [Wma:n] “Water”
[lwa:d] [NzAr] “River”
Table 6. B.Z Tamazight Words Related to Weather and Water
Conclusion
-B.Z Tamazight is a ‘Severely Endangered
Language’
-Domains of use: more and more limited
-Absence of intergenerational transmission
-Further profound research is intended in this
area for determining the real level of
endangerment.
-A future dictionary of the language