An Emergency Dental Kit Encasement for Use on Extraterrestrial Missions

8/8/2019 An Emergency Dental Kit Encasement for Use on Extraterrestrial Missions

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Mr. John Greenewald, Jr.

Dear Mr. Greenewald:

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DEC 8 2010

This is in response to your email dated November 27, 2010, received in this office November 29,2010 (enclosure 1) requesting document AD0634466.Document AD0634466, entitled An Emergency Dental Kit Encasement for Use onExtraterrestrial Missions is approved for public release and provided at enclosure 2. For yourinformation, we have initiated action to have the document processed in order to enable it to beviewed and/or downloaded in full text through the DTIC Online Public Technical Reportswebsite at http://\vww.dtic.mil/dtic/search/tr/index.html. Once that process is completed(approximately 1 to 2 weeks), you can visit the above site and follow the instructions below: Inthe "Search for" box, type the full document number as it' s written above (AD0634466), thenclick the "Search" button; last, in the Accession Number field, click on the link "View Full Text(pdf)".To date, there are no assessable fees for services from the Defense Technical Information Center(DTIC). Please understand that other members of the public may submit a FOIA request forcopies ofFOIA requests received by this office, or the names of those who have submittedrequests. Should such occur, your name and, if asked for, a copy of your request will bereleased; however, your home address and home telephone number will not be released. Otherprivate citizens who have obtained your name by using such a request may contact you;however, correspondence from the Defense Department about your request will be on officialletterhead. Please contact me at (703) 767-9204 if you have any questions. Thank you for your .interest in obtaining information from DTIC.

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Akers, Kelly CIV OTIC RFrom:Sent:To:Subject:

Dear Sir,

John Greenewald, Jr. [email protected]]Saturday, November 27, 2010 12:28 PMFOIAFOIA REQUEST

This is a non-commercial request made under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act 5 U.S.C. S 552. Pursuto the U.S. OPEN Records Act of 2007, my FOIA requester status as a "representative of the news media"-- a statusentitling me to full waiver of your agency's records-processing fees incident to your fulfilling this request. For exampleof my various publication credits in this regard, I refer you to my radio network, and my own personal radio show(syndicated on FM and AM stations) at http://www.blackvaultradio.com. My internet websitehttp://www.theblackvault.com which holds a vast government document database, along with many freelance articlethat I have written, which have also been published in magazines and websites, including OpEdNews.com, UFOMagazine, FATE Magazine, and others.Additionally, I agree to pay fees up to ten dollars.I respectfully request a copy of:

Accession Number:AD0634466Title: AN EMERGENCY DENTAL KIT ENCASEMENT FOR USE ON EXTRATERRESTRIAL MISSIONS,Report Number(s):

SAMTR6634 (SAMTR6634)SAMTR-66-34 (SAMTR6634)

Please know that electronic delivery of the requested material or correspondence related to this case is preferred andaccepted in lieu of paper copies via snail mail.Thank you so much fo r your time, and I am very much looking forward to your response.Sincerely,

John Greenewald, Jr.

1E


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UNCLASSIFIED AD63

AN EMERGENCY DENTAL KIT ENCASEMENT FOR USE ONEXTRATERRESTRIAL MISSIONS

SYSTEMS RESEARCH LABS INC SAN ANTONIO TX

APR 1966

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.


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SAM-TR-66-34

(0 AN E ~ f f i R G E N C Y DENTAL KIT ENCASEl\lENTF O R ~ usE ON EXTRATERRESTRIAL IVIISSIONS

JACK H. FEHGUSON, n.s.JACK L. HARTLEY, Lieutenant Colonel, DC, USAF

. ( .

April 1966

lTSA F School of A e r o ~ p l H ' e l\fedlcineA e r o . ~ p u c e MediClll Dhltdon ( A l ' ~ C )

Brooks Air Forre llx:t!


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(Qualified requesten may obtain copies of this report from DDC. Ordtn willbe e x p e d l t ~ t if placed thro>ugh the librarian or other person dt"signated to requestdocuments from DDC.

When U. S. Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used forany purpose other than a definitely related government procurement operatlon, thegovernment thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever; and th efact that the government may have formulated , furnished, or in any way suppliedthe said drawings, specifications, or other data is not to be regarded by implicationor otherwise, as in any manner licensing the holder or any other person or .::orpora-tion, or conreylng :my ri.ghts or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patentedin\'ention that may in any way be related thereto.

Di stribution of this document Is unlimited.


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---

AN EMERGENCY DENTAl KIT ENCASEMENT FOR USE ON EXTRATERRESTRIAL M

JACK H. FERGUSON, B$.JACK L. HARTLEY, Lieutenant Colonel, DC, USAF


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i i

FOREWORD

This report W i . t ~ prepared in the Systems RP.sellrch Lnborato1ies, San Antonio.Texas, under task No. 775303, contract No. AF 41(609)-2724. The work was initiatedon 24 January 19G6. The paper was submitted for publkation on 27 J11nuary 1966.The plastics used in the study and the manufacturers are as follows: polycarhonate (Lexan) by General Electric, ABS (acrylinitrile-butadiene-st>rene) . (Cycoloc) b ~ Marbon, pulyethylene (Marflex) by Phillips Petoleum, acrylic by DuPont ChemicalCo ., polyester resin F i ~ r g l a a by Cook Cilemical Co. and Ferro C.-Hporation, urethRnefoam (Coro!oam) by Cook Chemical Co., and urethane foam (Nopco!oam) by Nopco

Chemical Co.

This report has been r e v i ~ w e d and is llpprovcd.

~ L . - A I J f i ~ ~ D E L L I ~ ~ Colonel, MC. USAFCommander


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PREFACE

The purpose of this inve!;tigatwn 111 to develop a suitable 1 n d o ~ u r e fo r th e instruments, materials, and d rugs which have been determmed to be neressary for emergenc)"buddy" dental care during prolonged space !light.

The approach was to obtain, by contract, a most suttable material wh1ch must bestrong, compact, lightweight, an d nontoxic in an altered environment . The kit shouldretain the contents securely and permit the selection and return uf mdividual itemsas necessary.

Work is c o n t . i n u i n ~ on methods o! storage in the spare vehicle, on th e selection ofmethods of opening an d closing the kit, and on the determtnation of a suitable colorso as to indicate it s emergency nature.

The contents of th e kit, with modifications as necessar), will be presented 111 asubsequent report after an adequate trial of th e items currently proposed.

Use of an inclosure for a basic dental-treatment ki t ha s been suggested fo r isolntt'dbases, remote sites, mass casualty situations, field and missionary operations fortreatment by trained personnel. This initial report s. therefore, presE.'nted fo r useby others who ma y have a similar requirement to provide Jental care unde1 unusualcircumstancf.'s .

i


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ABSTitAM'

Steps have been taken to construct an emergency d.ental kit for "buddy" or st.>lf-ear eduring prolonged space fhght. [nitial steps taken included a material study, materialselection, n design study, prototype design, and destructive testing of a mcdel. Alsoincluded IS an explanatiOn of the properties of Lexan and Nopcofoam, the "!laterialsselected, as wei! as of th e other materials c o n s i d ~ r e d A design based or: sandw1chconstrut"tJOn ha s been developed and the characteristics of this clesign ar e summarized .

\ '


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Alf fMfRGEICY DflfTAl KIT fiWEMOO FOR USE ON EXTRATERRESTRIAL MISSIONS'

i. INTRODUCTIONA study of the controlling factors necessarily precedes the fabrication of an emergencydental kit for aerospace use. Steps taken in, the material and design .;cudy include review-. ing the pertinent requirements, analyzing dataavailable on plastic material, selecting appro

priate materials, and designing the container.A model, in accordance with prototype specifications, has been constructed from plasticmaterial to provide additional data . The datawere obtained from destructive testing of themodel. Results of the investigation of suitablematerials and ki t design are presented. Theyform the basis for the construction of a prototype that is to be a tentative solution to therequirement. Alterations will be made asnecessary to comply with the exacting demands

.. of space flight.

II. MATERIAL AND DESIGN STUDY.... j Key parameters

.. Material and design studies were based on certain key parAmeters which are the primaryi: limiting factors in constructing the kit. The,i unique environment of space requires the caseto survive t h ~ high G forces of insertion and:if perhaps re-entry. In addition, orbital G forces,classicaUy called zero G are very small; hence,when the case is uncovered, it must retain all$,', items in their proper places. As -the spacei ,?f c ~ b i n at.n_tosphere is closely controlled, ~ o i l ~ a t e -r1als ubhzed must be gas-free or nontoxic un~ 4 i der conditions of reduced pressure. Moreover,since the entire unit must be lifted fromI ' ' r : : : '. earth to orbit, weight is a very important:; ; consideration.' \, ' !< - , ~ ~ ~ "-:.. ' \ .,; .!>. It\.'''\ . ;. \

Secondary limitations involve color thatwill contrast with other space cabin equipment,sterilization of kit and contents prior to themission, removal and reinsertion of instruments, frequency of use, and probable storagelifeFinally, for time and economic considera

tions, the chosen material muP.t be currentlyavailable.Materials considered

Plastic material was investigated because ofthe apparent savings in weight. I t may beformed at relatively low temperatures and withcomparatively simple forms. The design material must be strong enough not to deform underextended load. Physical c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ~ deter-. mined by established defiJrmation technics fornonelastic materials may only be used tts nninitial guide. The viscoelastic behavior ofplastics requires that actual performance testsbe conducted on finishP.d products to ensurethat they meet all the criteria established

Two types of polyurethane foam werestudied, as were five types of material for thehigh-strength, or load-carrying portion of thecase. Corofoam, which uses Freon, and Nopcofoam, which is water-activated, were the foammaterials considered. The high-strength materials studied included polyester reinforced withFiberglas, acrylic sheet, linear polyethylenesheet, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, and polycarbonate sheet. Table I shows the relativemerit of the materials considered.Corofoam, used very widely, was the firstfoam to be considered. It adheres well to po]y.

ester resin and has good physical pro;>erties inl


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a very light density. Corofoam has one seriouslimitation, however, which precludes it s use inthis application; it uses Freon 11 and Freon 12during the formation of t h ~ cellular structurefrom the basic materials. The Freon takespart in th e reaction and then remains as ahalocarbon which is approximately 90% of th (volume of th e closed cells. The Freon, or anequivalent gas, is essential to the react!::.i withth e isocyanate in Cook's process. ro avoid allpossibility of toxicity, Corofoam was eliminated as were all other foams that are based onthis type of reaction.

Nopcofoam was also considered. I t is awnter-bRSed foam. Water is used as the blowing agent to react with the isocyanate andforms C02 which creates th e cellular structure.The carbon dioxide rapidly diffuses out of the

.foam. Loss of this gas is detrimental to theinsulation qualities of the materia). Since insulation was not a critical consideration, theother properties were evaluated. Strength calculations show that Nopcofoam as a core issufficiently strong to be used with any thermose t (Fiberglas reinforced) or thermo9lastfcmaterial In this design. Fu11herrnore, it hasexcellent adhesion qualities and may beadapted to use with any of the other materialsused. A& a last consideration, Nopcofoamhas been used in the padding in the astronauts'chairc, which indicates it s acceptability forspace flight.

Polyester reinforced with Fiberglas was thefirst material considered for the outer laminateor high-strength layer . This material is usedextensively at present in making "Mndwich"

TABLE IPropertie1 of pla1tic1

Lexan Cyeolae Marnex Aery ie Polyester Corofoam Nopc.'ofoam~ a l n " Relative merit 1 2 s 4 II II IToxicity A A t l I AStrength/wehrH ratio A B c c A A APrevious apace uae Yn Yea No No No No YnMoldablllty B A B B B A ADimension stability A B B B 8 8 , BChemleal realatanee A B A B c N/A N/ATemperature realatanee A 8 c c B A ABonrlabillty . \ A .c n A A AMold ahrinkace A A c c B N/A N/AMaterial atNncth B B c B A c cLlrht welrht .. B - 8 8 c c A AMachinability A B B B c N/A N/AFlammability No tt tt tt tt tt t tColon avllable A A 8 B c N/A N/A--

A = actlltnt ; U = C = octptablt.rol,earbanal { l . eUI I ) , AilS {ae..,.llllltrl ..butaolltll.,.b'NIIt IC1fl\lr.tl, pob'tlh71ou Ularrlu), Polrr ,...,. N l a f o ~ W d wit-. Fl w . lu , uMhano t011m {Corofoaml , uNthant f011m {NoiiGOtoaml .tOoocl d o e u t ~ ~ t n t a t l o l l but 1101 P...,lo111lr 111od.tCould not bt .-.mmtllded bJ OuPo111.Ulhlmum unu...t -'" 11',4)."('laaod cella tantalll fluornrball,ttSiow bur11l1111.

2

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pands. The Fiberglas reinforcement does notpresent a problem with regard to toxicity, andthe finished laminate has adequate strength.There are, h n w e v problem areas which ruleout this approach. The first is toxicity. Present t{>Chnics do not completely cure polyesterresins. At best, there is still approximately2';"{ unreacted monomers which may be irritating if given off as gas. Fabrication technicdoes not allow fine-mold detail to be attained,and where the detail is accomplished, theFiberglas probably will not be present as areinforcement. As a final consideration,vacuum-formL1g technics do not allow the removal of all mccess resin. This results in anoverall weight that would be 21)% to 50%higher than can be obtained with thermalsheet. One fincl difficulty is in the toxicityinformation available. Several polyester manufacturers have indicated by personal communication that they cannot provide information onthe toxicity of polyesters.

Acrylic sheet was considered very early inthe study. Several large manufacturers, il'cluding OuPont, have many varieties of acrylicavailable. Tile mechanical properties are ac-ceptable in general, but resistance to heat isnot as good as other materials available.Moreover, acrylic sheet is not as predictable invacuum-forming operations as some other preferred plastics. Toxicity information fromDuPont indicated that they could not nffirmthat acrylir.s would remain nontoxic underspace-flight. conditions.

Linear polyethylene could be userj. for theouter latTiinate .layer, bufit is not preferable toeither polycarbonate or acrylonit!ile-butadiP.nestyren,!. ThE: polyethylene is not as accEptablefor ~ . e v e r a l reasons. For one thing, thestrength-to-weight ratio is not as high as theother two plastics mentioned. In addition, itdoes not allow equal bonding strengths in sandwich construction. Although many experiments attest to its nontoxicity, it is not aproven product for space use. On the otherhand, the pl:ysical properties are good, itsrigidity is excellent, and it withstands heatwell. Should molding problems arise with thechosen material during .prototype fabrication,this material ~ o u l d be an acceptable alternate.

.- .. - - - - : - - - - ---p . t . . l l ........ M:r -

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) is analternate for the outer laminate, should unforeseen reasons preclude the use of a pr.lycarbonate. ABS materials have been p ~ e v i o u ! l l y used in space flight. They provide an excellentbonding surface for foam-core structures andare second only to polycarbonate material instrength-to-weight ratio. Vacuum-mold characteristics are extremely well defined, and cool-ing effects aft.er forming are small. Thisthermosheet is available in a wide selection ofphysical properties and colors.

The most appropriate material ..!onsideredappean! to be a polycarbonate. The particularmaterial chosen for prototype evaluation iscalled Lexan. I t has been previously used inspace flight. I t is nontoxic and adaptable tovacuum-forming. Lexan has the higheststrength-to-weight ratio of any thermoformplastic considered. I t is very heat-resistantand will withstand a wide variety of t:hemicalsolutions. I t should allow the closest attainment of the empty-case design goal of 450 gm .Design considerations

F a l : - r i c a i o n methods applicable to the formation of solid objects of i r r e ~ u l a r form asopposed to sheet or bar stock include injectionmolding, sheet forming, and normal machiningoperations. Injection molding as was previouslydiscussed in a proposal by the Systems Research Laboratories is not acceptable for thisproject. Injection molding would be prohibitively expensive and would not allow any modification of design at an intermediate stage ofdevelopment. Hii:nd-machining each containeris not practical either because of the time involved. The choice of sheet-forming, usingvacuum assists, was verified to be technicallypreferable.One feature of vacuum-forming should benoted at this point. Although studies have

been conducted, accurate prediction of the finalthickness and molecular structure can not bemade when a thermal sheet is drawn over an .irregular surface. To name but a few of thevariables, one must include the time to heat thesheet, the spectrum of the heat source, the3 '1


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------- -------


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temperature of the mold, the lime taken todraw the plastic, th e interrelationships of th emold cavities, the past history of the plastkto be formed, the moisture present, and therate at which the vacuum is applied. T h u ~ . while a particular material may be preferablein theory, not until actual performance testshave been conducted may it safely be concludedthat . a particular material is completelyacceptable .

On completion of the study, it was decidedto begin construction of a model and by thismeans arrive at a solution for a final designto thP. developmentaf problems. The modelwould demonstrate the correlation between engineering design and manufacturing approximations. Adequate specifications and detaildrawings were completed to described the responsibility of the manufacturer. These papersare not the limit of contact between SystemsResearch Laboratories and Hill ManufacturingCompany, because continuing supervision andtechnical assistance were foreseen to oe necessary during the manufacturing process. Thespecifications and drawings did, however, formthe basis fo r the fabrication of a model (fig. 1)which permitted collection of important data.Experience in fabrication of this model andincorporation of a different in.qtrument fromthe 0riginal se t indicates that a uw dimensionsof the original design will be revised.

The prt>totype container is now under con::.truction with a few minor revisions incorporated as determined by the results of destructivetesting of the model and consultations withthe project monitor. Thus, th e specificationsare considered sufficiently complete to adequately meet all requirements except the

mounting po::.itiun .md fmal ~ o n t . t i n e r coloThe p r u t u t ~ pe cont aml:!r ba:-ed t:n t he::.e :-peLfications \\Ill all tJ\ \ the Dentctl Sl i ~ t \ Di\ i ~ i u(CSAF SA)f) to make a complete Haluatiuof the waterial and desig-n


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I OltiGIHA TI N G AC"l"l\/1 ry (Curpurt -.uthor)1z,. RCPQR 'T ~ E C U R C L.ASS J: : C A '! t O,..Systems Research Laboratories, Inc. Unclassified

432 B. Josephine Street 12 CAO.;PSSL Antonio, Texas 78215 I3 REPORT TITLE

AN El1ERGENCY DEN'.,:AL KIT F.NCASEMENT FOR USE ON EXTRATERRESTRIAL MISSIONS4 OESCFt iPTIVE NOTES (TYJUI Gl report en d /nc l turvo da t u )Progress report 24-27 Jan. 1966IsAUTHOR (S) iLaot n4111o . l i n t n m ~ ln t l la /)Ferguson, Jack H.Hartley, Jack L., Lieutenant Colon>!l, DC, USAF

6 REPORT OATE I 7" TOTAl. NO 0" P A G E ~ l7b NO:: REFSApr. 1966 I 5r;; CO tH A A CT OR CR- : ; NO AF 41(609)-2724 I,. O RIG I"A TO A ' I APORT NUM!II!:R(5)Ib. PAOJEC T NO ' SM!-TR-66-34c Task No. 775303 !&b OTHEII "JPOi ' IT NO(SJ (.-\ny othe r numbro U.et my b eu / fnedlhi ,.portI


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Un classifi edSt>c-unty Class lftcatlon

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Dental sciencesKit, dental emergencyDental kitSpace flight, dental care

LI .. K A L iNK B L INY. CROI.E \ T

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RO l. EOI . t l WT~ - 1 - - ~ - ~ - -! IIIIII!

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