An appraisal of favorability in current book reviewing.
22
I LLI N S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007.
Transcript of An appraisal of favorability in current book reviewing.
I LLI N SUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
PRODUCTION NOTE
University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign Library
Large-scale Digitization Project, 2007.
zl 2 Jniversity of Illinois Library School
m.e2 OCCASIONAL PAPERSNumber 57 December 1959
An Appraisal of Favorability in Current Book Reviewing
by Guy A. Marco
Librarian, Amundsen Junior College
Chicago, Illinois
That book reviewing has tended to be affirmative rather than negative
is a fact generally recognized by librarians and occasionally pointed out in
the literature. 1 But this propensity to praise has not often been examined
statistically, and there has been no study of individual reviewers in these
terms. The present paper attempts to measure favorability in the book re-
viewing scene as a whole and with regard to individuals, by means of aggre-
gate figures and a simple statistical index.
The source for all data was the 1957 volume of the Book Review Digest
(cited hereafter as BRD). This volume was analyzed by a research, team com-prised of students in a book selection class taught by the present author at the
New York State College for Teachers, Albany, during the summer term of1958. Each of the twenty-eight students was assigned to a segment of thevolume, and prepared a score card for each reviewer encountered. The scorecard showed how many reviews were written by each critic, and how many ofthese fell into the various classes of favorability: "entirely favorable" (graded+ by BRD), "favorable with reservations" (graded +-), "unfavorable with somefavorable comments" (graded -+), and "entirely unfavorable" (graded -).It must be stressed that the grades +, +-, etc. were in no case determined bythe investigators; they were the grades printed in the BRD "to indicate thedegree of favor or disfavor of the entire review, " as the editors put it. Somereviews are cited but not graded in BRD; these ungraded reviews are countedin the total for each critic but not used to compute his favorability index. Tocheck the accuracy of the BRD grades a sampling of reviews were read intheir entirety and appraised. In every case it was felt that the sign in theBRD did indeed reflect the tone of the whole review. 2 The data were thencumulated for each critic, resulting in some three thousand score cards.
In order to reduce the number of score cards to be analyzed, thosefor reviewers of fewer than five books were not included in the final presenta-tion. This restriction to the more prolific reviewers limited the final number
2
to 506. There are two parts to the presentation. In Part One the reviewersare listed alphabetically with pertinent data. In Part Two they are arranged
by favorability index, descending from the highest to the lowest. To simplifymeaningful comparison, this ranking is by index ranges rather than by exact.
scores (e. g., 280-289, rather than 280, 281, 282, etc.). The sub-arrange-ment, number of graded reviews, also uses the range principle (e. g., 10-12graded reviews, 21-35 graded reviews, etc.) in the interests of clarity andvalid comparison from a statistical point of view. The precise score andnumber of graded reviews for any individual may be located by reference toPart One.
The favorability index was devised by the present investigators toexpress concisely the degree of favor in each reviewer's total output. It isdetermined easily. First each evaluation grade is given a numerical valuewhich expresses its degree of favorability or plusness:
3 + Completely favorable2 +- Mostly favorable1 -+ Partly favorable0 - Not favorable at all
Ungraded reviews are not counted in determining the index, which results fromadding the numerical values and dividing by the number of graded reviews. Forexample, the index for George Adelman is computed as follows:
3 x 10 ( + reviews) 302 x 3 (+- reviews) 61 x 2 (-+ reviews) 2
38 + 15 (graded reviews) 2. 53
The actual formula used identifies the data columns in Part One by means ofletters, A through G, with A representing the "Total Books Reviewed" columnand G.the "Favorability Index" column. Therefore:
G = 3B +2C +DA-F
It will be seen that the highest possible index is 3. 00, indicating all reviews tobe +, and the lowest possible index is 0. 00, indicating all reviews to be -.
Such an index necessarily represents an oversimplification of the manyfactors involved, and must be used with caution. Nonetheless, it does havevalidity--when thoughtfully applied--both for comparing reviewers and forpredicting future performance. The groupings in Part Two were devised tominimize the weaknesses of the index by gathering for comparison the reviewersof approximately the same number of books and by omitting from the comparisons
c
authors'of fewer than ten graded reviews. The validity and predictive powerof the index increase with the number of reviews under consideration.
The aggregate index for all reviews in Part One is 2. 75. This
figure may serve as an objective norm of average favorability in current re-
viewing, a norm to which all critics may be reasonably compared. Drawn
from 9,402 reviews, the aggregate index also suggests quite strongly how
close current reviewing is to complete acceptance and unquestioning praise.
Some periodicals do not identify their reviewers. All reviews
which appeared anonymously in such sources are grouped under the title
of the periodical, e.g., The New Yorker had 286 unsigned reviews, Time 99,
etc. (Signed reviews from The New Yorker, however, are listed only under
the names of the reviewers.)
The members of the class which compiled the basic data were
Vincent Aceto, Frances Clark, George Cole, Elma Daniel, Evelyn Dorion,Edna Hawkins, Margaret Johnson, Patricia Jones, Rae Lewis, CatherineMcCann, Patricia May, Carol Mead, Elizabeth Meyer, Gertrude Munyan,Marie Passarelli, Martha Rose, Emily Rosenfeldt, Roberta Smith, MariettaSpataro, Keith Stott, Nancy Trudell, and Basil Walker. The author wishes toextend particular thanks to Catherine McCann and to his wife for their assist-ance in the final tabulating and checking, and to Ross and Vivian Cardwellwho helped formulate the favorability index and organize the final presen-tation of the data.
Abbreviations
ATL AtlanticCC Christian CenturyCOM CommonwealCSM Christian Science MonitorCST Chicago Sunday TribuneCW Catholic WorldHB Horn BookLJ Library JournalMAN Manchester GuardianMLA Music Library Association NotesNAT NationNR New RepublicNS New Statesman & NationNYH New York Herald TribuneNYT New York TimesNY New YorkerSA School ArtsSFC San Francisco ChronicleSPE SpectatorSPR Springfield RepublicanSR Saturday ReviewYR Yale Review
4
PART ONE: ALPHABETICAL LISTING
Reviewer & Publication
Adams, Mildred NYTAdams, Phoebe ATLAdelman, George LJAdlow, Dorothy CSMAlbright, W. F NYHAllen, Walter NATAmerican Pol. Sci. Rev.
Ames, A.C. CSTAmis, Kingsley SPEAnderson, Lois LJAnderson, P. G. LJAndrews, J. L. LJArnold, Stanleigh SFCAsh, Lee LJBacon, Martha NYHBaehr, H. W. NYHBaker, Augusta SRBaker, Carlos NYTBalliett, Whitney NYBarkham, John NYTBarnett, Abraham LJBaro, Gene NYHBarr, Donald NYTBarraclough, Geoffrey SPEBarrett, M. L. LJBarron, Louis LJBates, Marston NYTBayley, John SPEBeck, Warren CSTBeelke, R. G. SABellows, S. B. CSMBenet, James SFCBenet, R. C. SRBensen, D R. SRBerger, Meyer NYTBergin, T. G. SRBernt, H. H. A. LJBeroizheimer, H. F. LJBerry, Mabel LJBess, Donovan SFCBettersworth, J. K. NYT
Total BooksReviewed
5201814
716
628
87516
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695135108101362321
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Fav.Index
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Birney, Hoffman NYTBishop, C. H. COMBittner, William SRBlake, E. J. LJBlakesley, Richard CSTBlasco, D. M. LJBoatwright, Taliaferro NYHBooklist & SBB
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Bookmark 69Book Review Advisory Comm. LJ 5Borland, Hal NYT 12Boston, Howard NYT 6Boucher, Anthony NYT 130Bourne, Joanne NYT 6Bowland, E. J. LJ 9Boyle, F. A. LJ 9Bradshaw, L. M. LJ 5Bram, Joseph LJ 5Breaden, R. P. LJ 8Bresler, R. T. LJ 11Bridenbaugh, Carl NYH 10Bridges, Hal SR 9Briggs, ASA NS; MAN 7Brinnin, J. M. YR 9Brinton, Crane NYT 11Brogan, D. W. SPE; NYT 11Brooks, R. S. SPR 7Brown, J. E. LJ 16Brown, R. A. NYT 7Brunn, R. R. CSM 6Bruun, Geoffrey NYH 24Buck, R. M. CST 6Buell, E. L. NYT 49Bullock, F. H. NYH 28Bulman, L. T. LJ 17Burdick, H. F. LJ 10Burger, Marjorie NYT 5Burger, N.K. NYT 25Burnette, Frances LJ 8Burns, J. A. LJ 20Butcher, Fanny CST 19Butz, R. C. SFC 8Byam, M. S. LJ 14Cahoon, Herbert LJ 29Campbell, J. C. NYH 7Canham, E. D. NYT; CSM 6
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Capers, Charlotte NYTCarmer, Carl SRCarson, Gerald CSTCatholic WorldCathon, L. E. LJCavendish, Henry CSTChamberlin, W. H. CSTChase, Polla SFCChicago Sunday TribuneChristian Science MonitorChubb, T. C. SRChurchill, Allan SRCiardi, John SRCinquemani, F. L. LJCline, Sylvia LJCobb, Jane NYTCockshut, A.O.J. MANCole, E. M. LJCommager, H. S. NYTCondit, M. 0. LJConklin, Gladys LJConquest, Robert SPECooney, T. E. SRCoste, Julie LJCournos, John COMCowen, R. C. CSMCraig, G. A. NYH; SRCrane, Milton CSTCrisler, Ben NYTCromie, Robert CSTCrossman, R. H.S. NSCuff, Sergeant SRCurley, T. F. COMCurrent HistoryDaiches, David NYHDaly, R. M. LJDavis, L. R. NYT; CSTDavis, R. G. NYTDavis, S. R. CSMDeal, Borden NYTDeLargey, M. S. LJDempsey, David NYTDerleth, August CSTDeutsch, Babette NYHDillon, R. H. LJfobbins, E. T. LJDodson, D. B. SR
859
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Goldman, E. F. NYH; NYT; SR 7 5 - - 2 3.00
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Gould, Gordon CST 5 5 - - - - 3.00
Graff, H. F. NYT 9 8 - 1 3.00Gray, James SR;NYH 9 6 2 1 - - 2.55
Greene, Henry CST 15 10 3 - - 2 2.76
Gregory, Horace NYT 5 3 1 - - 1 2.75
Grimm, B. E. LJ 14 13 1 - - - 2.92
Gross, S. C. NYT 5 4 1 - - - 2.80
Guerard, Albert NAT 5 3 1 - - 1 2.75Hadas, Moses NYH 5 4 - - - 1 3.00Hall, E. C. LJ 15 9 1 - 1 4 2.63
Hall, Elvajean LJ 9 9 - - - - 3.00
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9
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Hormel, O. D. CSM 50 48 - - - 2 3.00
Hough, Graham MAN 5 1 3 1 - 2.00
Hoyt, Olga NYT 7 7 - - - - 3.00
Hughes, Riley CW 46 26 5 1 2 11 2.54Hutchinson, W. H. SFC 10 8 1 - - 1 2. 88lles, Frances MAN 7 4 1 - - 2 2.80Jackson, Charlotte SFC 43 41 1 - - 1 2.98James, Henry LJ 10 7 - - - 3 3.00James, Miriam NYT 13 10 2 - - 1 2.83Janeway, Elizabeth NYT 12 4 4 1 - 3 2. 33Johnson, Elizabeth LJ 13 8 2 - 2 1 2.33Johnson, G. W. NYH 12 8 3 - - 1 2.72Johnson, P. H. NS 8 - 2 - - 6 2.00Johnson, S. J. LJ 11 11 - - - 3.00Johnson, Vernon MAN 9 3 4 1 - 1 2.25Johnston, J. A. LJ 12 9 1 - 1 1 2.63Jones, D. S. LJ 8 7 1 - - - 2.87
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Jones, H. M. NAT 6 - 4 1 - 1 1.80Jones, J. C SR 7 6 1 - - - 2.85
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*Apparently the BRD did not index Hicks' regular column in the Saturday Review.
10
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7 - - -
8 6 - 64 1 - 2
5 1 - - 124 20 5 - 5
6 1 - - -
3 2 - - 15 1 - - 5
15 2 - - 25 - - - 2
5 1 - - -
4 3 - 1 15 - - - 15 2 - - 2
83 14 2 5 28
3.002.882.503.002.922.832.802.843.003.001.952.763.003.003.003.002.803.002.503.002.883.002.632.41
2.782.902.832.662.833.002.572.802.832.392.852.602.832.883. 002.832.252.832. 712.68
13
+ +- -+ - o
San Francisco Chronicle 39 35 - - 2 2 2.83Sawyer, Roland CSM 5 4 1 - - - 280Scherr, J. M. LJ 30 29 - - - 1 3.,00Schott, V. W. LJ 8 6 1 - 1 - 2.50Schreiber, Louis LJ 7 4 1 - - 2 2.80Schumacher, Dorothy LJ 16 15 1 - - - 2.93Schwartz, Harry NYT 5 3 - 1 - 1 2.50
Schwerin, Kurt LJ 10 9 - - - 1 3.00
Scoggin, M. C. HB 33 28 2 - - 3 2.94
Scott, W. T. NYH 13 8 1 - 1 3 2.60
Scrutton, Mary NS 15 6 5 2 1 1 2.14Searles, P. J. NYH 14 13 1 - - - 2.92
Seldes, Gilbert NAT 5 4 - - 1 - 2,40
Selvig, Forrest SFC 6 5 1 - - - 283
Severns, Hannah LJ 6 6 - - 3.00
Shaw, S. G. LJ 6 6 -- 3.00Shipman, J. C. LJ' 10 10 - - - - 3.00
Shorey, Katherine LJ 8 8 - - - 3.00
Shrapnel, Norman MAN 17 11 1 - - 5 2.91Silverman, Al SR 6 4 - - - 2 3.00
Simmons, Walter CST 5 4 1 - - - 2.80Simon, S. L. LJ 16 14 1 - - 1 2.93Simpson, Elaine LJ 12 8 - - 4 - 2.00Skinner, M. C. LJ 18 16 - - 1 - 2.82Slaughter, F. G. NYT 14 11 - - 3 3.00Slocum, Grace LJ 8 6 - - - 2 3.00Smith, E. H. NYH 24 19 2 - - 3 2.90Smith, E. T. LJ 16 10 3 - - 3 2.76Smith, H. E. LJ 10 8 1 - 1 2.88Smith, J. A. NS 7 6 - - - 2,56Smith, T. F. LJ 5 3 1 - 1 - 2.20Smith, W. C. J of Religion 5 5 - - - 3.00Spectorsky, A. C. NYT 7 5 2 - - - 2.71Sprigge, Cecil MAN 5 3 2 - - - 2.60Stallings, Sylvia NYH 17 11 1 - - 5 2.91Stanford, Alfred NYH 6 6 - - 3.00Stein, J. W. LJ 5 4 - - - 1 3,00Stern, Fritz SR 5 4 - - - 1 3.00Stern, James NY T 8 6 - - - 2 3.00Stevenson, D. L. NAT 5 2 - - - 3 3.00Stewart, R. W. LJ 12 8 - - 1 3 2.66Stone, Jerome SR 6 1 - 1 - 4 2.00Sullivan, Richard CST 38 24 6 - 2 6 2.63Sykes, Gerald NYT 8 5 1 1 - 1 2.56Taubmnan, Howard NYT 6 6 - - - - 3.00Taylor, A. J. P. NS 7 2 3 1 1 - 1.85
14
Taylor; F. H. NYH
Taylor, Millicent CSMTaylor, N. E. CSMTilden, David NYH
TimeTimes (London) Lit. Supp.Trohan, Walter CSTTubby, R. P. LJTunstall, Caroline NYH
Turpin, E. W. LJUrban, R. H. LJVan Norman, C.E. NYT
Vogler, Lewis SFCVon Kruhm, Paul LJVor:melker, R. L. LJ
Wagenknecht, Edward CST
Walbridge, E. F. LJWalker, Gerald SR
Walker, H. E. LJWalker, Juanita LJWalker, Stanley, NYH
Walsh, Chad NYTWarshasky, Stanford LJWasserman, Paul LJWasson, Donald LJWay, O. R. LJWeeks, Edward ATLWeigle, Edith CSTWeinberger, C. W. SFCWenger, M. B. LJWennerblad, Sonja LJWenning, T. H. NYHWest, Anthony NYWhite, Max NYTWhitford, H. C. LJWickenden, Dan NYHWilliams, David MANWilliamson, S. T. NYT; SRWillingham, J. R. LJWillis, K. T. LJWilson, A. J. SPEWindreich, Leland LJWinnick, Pauline LJWint, Guy MANWinterich, J. T. SR; NYHWinwar, Frances NYT
1114
810
99490
821
988566
16
31
4999197
11
613
13
813
911
11
10
5669
25
779
23
55
8
7
12
7
712
610
56279
4
17
63
5455
15
22
32
4
917
5
10
2
11
9511
8
10
11
7
454824
468
22
4
15
5
11
4
I NNUMPOWAN+-411
12113ow
21
1me
do
562
1am
Iso1-4
12
2
11
3-
-,
-
1
1
3
-+ - 0
- - 1- - 1
-- - -
1 6 247 14 77
- - 4
- - 2
- - 2
- 2 3- - 3
- 1 -
- - 1
- - 1
- - 4
1 101 - 2
- 1 1
- - 1- 1 -- 1 3
--1 2
- 3 -
- - 1- - 1
- - 1
- - 2
- - 1
- - 1
- 3
1 - 2
- - 1
--, - i
2.632.922.853.002.582.593.002.892.851.803.002.802, 503.003.002.812.762.423.002.832.832.722.003.002.692.422.842.882.903. 002.103.003.002.663.002.952.803.002. 883. 002.802.502.662.832.912.56
Wolffers, Jules CSMWood, Percy CSTWoods, G. A. NYTWoodward, H. B. SRWoodward, R. C. LJWright, L. B. NYTWyndham, Francis SPEYates, William CSTYoung, M. C. LJ
TOTALS
79
277
105855
+ +-- - - o5 - - 25 1 - - 3
21 3 1 - 23 3 - - 1
103251
12
- ,-- -
- - 11
- - 4
9402 584034 11912191435AGGREGATE INDEX
15
3. 002.832.802.503.002.752.503.001.20
2.75
16
PART TWO: LISTING BY FAVORABILITY INDEX
Index 300 (Entirely Favorable)Number ofGraded Reviews
10-12
13-15
16-20
21-25
26-35
36-50
51-100
Quehl, Judith NYTKrutch, Joseph NYT; NYHWoodward, R. C. LJMalone, Mary LJWenger, M. B. LJShipman, J. C. LJ
Perdue, Helen LJPreston, Stuart NYTMarshall, J. D. LJSlaughter, F. G. NYTHeimanson, R. H. LJ
Foreign Affairs
Pippett, Aileen NYT
Willis, K. T. LJ
Johnson, S. J. LJCole, E. M. LJMarsh, Pamela CSMLibaire, B. B. LJWasserman, Paul LJTilden, David NYH
Conklin, Gladys LJPlumb, R. K. NYTPritchett, V. S. NSChicago Sunday TribuneVormelker, R. LJ
Plaut, A. S. LJMcDonald, G. D. LJAndrews, J. L. LJ
Christian Science MonitorBarrett, M. L. LJ
Scherr, J. M. LJ
Hormel, 0. D. CSM
Bookmark
Bishop, C. H. COM
Index 290-299Winterich, J. T. SR; NYTShrapnel, Norman MANKlaw, Barbara NYHLee, Charles NYTWeinberger, C. SFC
Simon, S.L. LJBrown, J. E. LJSearles, P. J. NYHLancaster, G. P. CSM
Holden, Raymond NYTSchumacher, D. LJCatholic World
Kilpatrick, C. E. LJStallings, Sylvia NYHDavis, L. R. NYT; CSTMitgang, Herbert NYTBenet, James SFC
Osborn, A. D. NYH; LJGrimm, B. E. LJAdlow, Dorothy, CSMTaylor, Millicent CSM
Heiser, W. C. LJ
Barron, Louis LJRedman, B. R. SR
10-12
13-15
16-20
21-25
26-35
36-50
51-100
Parker, B. M. CSTWickenden, D. NYHHavighurst, W. SR; NYH; CSTBurger, N. K. NYT
Harrison, W. K. LJPeterson, V. NYT; NYH
New Tech. Books
Goodwin, Polly CSTFreedley, G. LJ
Libby, M. S. NYH
Index 280-28'9James, Miriam NYTBe rnt, H. H. LJDerleth, A. CSTPfeiffer, John NYT
Martin, A. B. LJWeeks, Edward ATL
Tubby, R. P. LJRoss, Mary NYHGannett, Lewis NYHPeden, William SRSkinner, M. C. LJDaniel, George SPE
Bullock, F. NYH
Cahoon, Herbert LJPhilbrick, R. CSTWagenknecht, E. CST
Buell, E. L. NYTSan Francisco Chronicle
Index 270-279Mayne, Richard NSJohnson, G. W. NYHWalsh, Chad NYTHart, Lyn LJ
New York TimesGreene, Henry CSTMonheit, Albert ILJ
Reynolds, Horace NYTBrinton, Crane NYTPorter, R. W. CSM
Ferguson, Delancey NYH
Pym, Christopher SPEBellows, S. CSMCowen, R. C. CSM
Walker, Juapita LJOko, D. K. LJ
Dobbins, E. T. LJEngle, Paul CST
Manster, S. P. SR
Plant, Richard NYT; SRBaker, Carlos NYTBridenbaugh, C. NYHMcFate, Margaret LJ
Randall, Averill LJSmith, E. T. LJ
Miller, C. LJWoods, G. A. NYTBlakesley, R. CSTSmith, E. H. NYH
Scoggin, M. HB
Jackson, C. ATL; SFC
Hawkins, R. R. LJHenderson, R. LJ
17
101
10-12
13-15
16-20
21-25
26-35
36-50
10-12
13-15
18
16-20
21-25
26-35
36-50
51-100
101
10-12
13-15
16-20
21-25
26-35
36-50
9
51-100
101
10-12
13-15
16-20
21-25
Butcher, Fanny CST
Hass, V. P. CST
Ames, A. C. CST
Walbridge, E. F. LJ
Cuff, Sergeant SR
Kirkus, Viginia
Index 260-269Blasco, D. M. LJQuennell, Peter NYTHall, E. C. LJTaylor, F. H. NYHScott, W. T. NYH
Cavendish, Henry CSTCraig, G. A. NYH; SRBurns, J. A. LJ
Drake, Drexel CST
Feld, Rose SR; NYHHarrison, J. G. CSM
Sullivan, R. CST
New York Herald Tribune
London Time s
Sandoe, James NYH
Index 250-259Herman, G. B. LJ
Ash, Lee LJMaddocks, M. CSMAdelman, G. LJ
None
Cathon, L. E. LJHirsch, F. E. LJ
Bruun, Geoffrey NYH
Johnston, J. A. LJKeene, Frances NYTBayley, John SPEOboler, E. M. LJ
Wasson, Donald LJBulman, L. T. LJ
Adams, Phoebe ATL
Dempsey, David NYT
Boatwright, T. NYH
Hogan, William SFC
Foell, E. W. CSM
Richardson, M. NSHodges, E. LJEdmonds, M. LJ
Cobb, Jane NYT
26-35
36-50
51-100
101
10-12
13-15
16-25
26-35
10-12
13-35
36-50
10-12
13-15
10-12
13-15
10-12
13-15
16-20
10-12
Johnson,
Hodgart,
None
Index 230-239E. LJP. MAN
Rolo, C. J. ATL
Index 220-229Crossman, R. NS
Allen, Walter NAT
Index 210-219Manthorne, J. LJ
Scrutton, Mary NS
Index 200-209Simpson, Elaine LJ
None
Levin, Martin SR
Index 190-199Herr, Marian LJ
Fuller, Edmund SR; CSTBooklist & SBB
None
Time
Times (London) Lit. Supp.Boucher, Anthony NYT
Index 240-249Kelly, James NYT
Byam, M. S. LJ
None
Quigley, Isabel SPE
19
Hughes, Riley CW
New Yorker
Duchene, Anne MAN
Field, Carol LJ
Paulding, G. NYH
Wennerblad, S. LJ
20
13-35 None
36-50 Pisko, E. S. CSM
Index of 140 (no scores between 141-189)
10-12 Nyren, Dorothy LJ
FOOTNOTES
1. Most recently by L. C. Merritt, "The Pattern of Modern Book ReViewing, "In: Merritt, L. C., et al.: Reviews in Library Book Selection. D troit,Wayne University Press, 1958.
2. The reliability of these grades is stressed by Merritt, op. cit., p. 13.
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